2021-08-18 Klasifikasi Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Terhadap Kesehatan
2021-08-18 Klasifikasi Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Terhadap Kesehatan
Kimia Berbahaya
terhadap
Kesehatan
18 Agustus 2021
NARASUMBER
Mahasiswa mendapatkan
pengetahuan tentang:
Ingestion: Ingestion is the least significant route of entry in industry while in environmental
toxicology it is the most.
Inhalation: Particles less than 10 micron in diameter may reach the alveoli. If soluble, approximately
40% are then absorbed. Inhalation accounts for approximately 90% of industrial poisoning.
The Skin: In the skin there is again no selective uptake. Fat-soluble compounds are absorbed readily
as are organic solvents.
Injection: May be possible e.g. needlestick injuries or grease gun injection into skin.
Kuis:
2. Mercury
3. Hydrogen Sulphyde
Kuis:
Lengkapi informasi pada tabel di bawah ini!
https://echa.europa.eu/
No. Bahan Kimia Piktogram H Code
1. Formaldehyde
2. Mercury
3. Hydrogen Sulphide
Berbagai Contoh Penyakit Akibat Kerja terkait
Pajanan Bahaya Kimia
How many people in the World die each
year as a consequence of their work?
Accident - related
Fatal Injuries:
Work related 300,000
Mortality KUIS
Source: International Labour Organisation - Global Estimates of Fatalities Caused by Work Related Diseases
and Occupational Accidents - 2014
PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN KERJA
WHO memperkirakan secara global di seluruh dunia terjadi:
✓2.000.000 kematian akibat kerja setiap tahun
✓386.000 kematian/tahun karena pajanan bahan kimia di udara
lingkungan kerja
✓152.000 kematian/tahun karena bahan karsinogenik di tempat
kerja
✓37% Lower Back Pain karena pekerjaan
Source http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/en/ (accessed February 2010).
Invisible Under-reporting
Technology
Low Dose
Additive &
Synergetic Competency
Hypersensitive
Individual
Research Regulation Vs
Best Practice
38
"All substances are poisons, there is none
which is not a poison. The right dose
differentiates a poison and a remedy"
– Paracelsus (1525) –
The toxic effects of a substance depend upon:
41
KUIS:
Sebutkan 1 contoh penyakit akibat
pajanan bahan kimia berbahaya!
Occupational-related Cancer
Deaths Worldwide
3500 3300
3000
3000
2500
No. of Deaths
2500 2300
2000
1400
1500
1000
500
0
2000 2010 2020 2025 2040
Year
• Approximately 200 ‘Acute chemical poisoning’ cases
in the UK in the 2005 with long term consequences.
Approximately 1% Fatal, 40% ‘Major’ injuries.
• This included:
• People affected by pesticide incidents
(principally organophosphates in
agriculture)
• Gas (Carbon Monoxide) poisonings and
exposure to fumes in confined spaces
• Acid/Alkali injuries
• Includes workers exposed to Lead at Work
• “Dusty Lung”
47
Most common agents
for occupational asthma
(SWORD* 2010-14 & 2015-19), UK
53
Peraturan terkait Nilai
Ambang Batas
○ Chemical agents such as gases, vapours, fumes, mists, dusts and aerosols.
○ Physical agents such as noise, vibration, heat, cold and radiation (ionising and
non-ionising)
When setting hygiene standards for hazardous agents, the effects the agents might have on the body have to
be considered namely:-
○ Contact
○ Local toxic effects at the site of contact (skin, eye, respiratory tract etc.)
○ Absorption
○ Transport, Metabolism, Storage
○ Systemic toxic effects, remote from the site of contact (any organ system e.g. blood, bone, nervous
system, kidney etc.)
○ Excretion
○ Acute toxicity i.e. the adverse effects occur within a short time of exposure to a single dose, or to
multiple doses over 24 hours or less e.g. irritation, asphyxiation, narcosis
○ Chronic toxicity.
Setting of Occupational Exposure Limits
The data for setting hygiene standards includes the use of:
○ Animal studies
○ Human research and experience
○ Epidemiology (the statistical study of disease patterns in groups of individuals)
○ Analogy.
Kuis:
Sebutkan 3 jenis Nilai Ambang Batas!
Referensi Internasional:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
TWA (Time Weighted Average) adalah nilai pajanan atau intensitas
rata-rata tertimbang waktu di tempat kerja yang dapat diterima oleh
hampir semua pekerja tanpa mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan
atau penyakit, dalam pekerjaan sehari-hari untuk waktu tidak
melebihi 8 jam perhari dan 40 jam perminggu.
Jenis-jenis STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) adalah nilai pajanan rata-rata
tertinggi dalam waktu 15 menit yang diperkenankan dan tidak boleh
terjadi lebih dari 4 kali, dengan periode antar pajanan minimal 60
TLV-C
TLV-STEL
TLV-TWA
Kuis:
Sebutkan 1 contoh bahan kimia yang mempunyai notasi SEN!
○ Notasi ‘sen’ mengacu pada bahan kimia yang berpotensi menyebabkan sensitisasi.
Bila terdapat bukti yang spesifik rute pajanan yang menyebabkan sensitisasi maka
dituliskan DSEN (dermal sensitization) atau RSEN (respiratory sensitization).
Sensitisasi dapat disebabkan oleh pajanan melalui jalur pernapasan, kulit atau
konjungtiva. Jika seseorang sudah mengalami sensitisasi walaupun hanya satu kali,
maka pajanan berikutnya terhadap bahan kimia yang sama walaupun pada kadar
yang sangat rendah, biasanya dapat mengakibatkan reaksi alergi yang berat/serius.
Contoh: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
Kuis:
• Sebutkan 1 contoh bahan kimia yang mempunyai notasi SKIN!
○ Notasi ‘Skin’ mengacu pada bahan kimia yang berpotensi berkontribusi secara
signifikan terhadap total pajanan melalui rute kulit, termasuk membran mukosa dan
mata, baik melalui kontak dengan uap, cairan maupun padatan. Notasi ini harus
diperhatikan, terutama bila bahan kimia tersebut kontak dengan kulit karena dapat
menyebabkan over-exposure meskipun konsentrasi pajanan di udara lingkungan
kerja di bawah NAB. Contoh: Benzene
A1. Terbukti karsinogen A2. Diduga karsinogen
pada manusia. pada manusia.