Anken - An Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitiling Procedures of The Movie Entitled - Into The Wild

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN SUBTITILING
PROCEDURES OF THE MOVIE ENTITLED “INTO THE

WILD”
A Research Paper
Submitted to English Department of FPBS UPI

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
Anken Nur Kania

0900059
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
2014
AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-
INDONESIAN SUBTITILING
PROCEDURES OF THE MOVIE
ENTITLED “INTO THE WILD”
Oleh
Anken Nur Kania
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Anken Nur Kania

2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
April 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
An Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitling Procedures of the Movie

Entitled “Into the Wild”
A Research Paper
By:
Anken Nur Kania
0900059
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-supervisor
Prof. Dr. Nenden Sri Lengkanawati, M.Pd. Muhammad Handi Gunawan, M.Pd.
NIP 195111241985032001 NIP 197301132009121002
Head of Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.

NIP 196211011987121001
ANALISIS PROSEDUR PROSES PENYELARASAN
DIALOG BAHASA INGGRIS-INDONESIA DALAM
FILM “INTO THE WILD”
AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN
SUBTITILING
PROCEDURES OF THE MOVIE ENTITLED “INTO THE
WILD”
Anken Nur Kania

1
Nenden Sri Lengkanawati
2
Muhammad Handi Gunawan
Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui prosedur penerjemahan dan menganalisis

kualitas dari penerjemahan subtitle dalam film “Into the Wild”. Studi kasus
kualitatif digunakan sebagai metode dalam pengumpulan data. Dalam proses
pengumpulan data, 300 kalimat di subtitle pada film dipilih dengan menggunakan
metode sampling interval sebagai sampel untuk dianalisis dan tiga orang yang
berpengalaman dalam penerjemahan diminta untuk menilai kualitas penerjemahan
subtitle. Hasilnya dibandingkan dengan penilaian dari peneliti berdasarkan teori
kualitas penerjemahan yang baik oleh Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, dan Leonard
Foster (1958) dalam Venutti (2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) dalam
Munday (2001), Benjamin (1969/2000) dalam Munday (2001), dan Massoud
(1988) dan El Shafey (1985) dalam Abdellah (2005). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa ada sembilan prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan di subtitle pada film
berdasarkan teori Newmark (1988), Vinay dan Darbelnet (2000) dalam Munday
(2001), Dryden dalam Munday (2001), Catford (1965) dalam Munday (2001),
Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999), dan Harvey (2003), yaitu: literal,
transference, cultural equivalent, shift, compensation, reduction and expansion,
paraphrase, kombinasi prosedur seperti couplets, triplets, dan quadruplets, dan
beberapa kalimat yang tidak diterjemahkan. Peneliti dan tiga orang yang
1
Prof. Dr. Nenden Sri Lengkanawati, M.Pd. is a senior lecturer at English Education Department
Anken Nur Kania, 2014
An Analysis of English-Indonesian subtitiling procedures of the movie entitled “into the
wild”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Faculty of Language and Arts Education Indonesia University of Education.
2
Muhammad Handi Gunawan, M.Pd. is a lecturer at English Education Department Faculty of
Language and Arts Education Indonesia University of Education.

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berpengalaman dalam penerjemahan menilai bahwa subtitle pada film “Into the
Wild” berkualitas dan memenuhi kriteria penerjemahan yang baik. Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian, studi selanjutnya mengenai penerjemahan subtitle pada film
diharapkan untuk melakukan analisis yang lebih mendalam mengenai prosedur dan
kualitas penerjemahannya.
Kata kunci: Penerjemahan, Penerjemahan Subtitle, Prosedur Penerjemahan,

Kualitas Penerjemahan.
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed at finding out the English-Indonesian subtitle translation
procedures and analyzing the quality of its translation. A qualitative case study was
used as a conceptual framework for collecting the data. In order to systematically
conduct the study, 300 sentences of the film subtitle were selected by using
sampling interval method as the sample to analyze and three persons who are
experienced in translation field were asked to judge the quality of English-
Indonesian subtitle translation. It was compared with the researcher judgment based
on the good translation theories from some experts, such as Larson (1998), Nida,
Lewis, and Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti (2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler
(1979) in Munday (2001), Benjamin (1969/2000) in Munday (2001), and Massoud
(1988) and El Shafey (1985) in Abdellah (2005). The findings obtained from the
analysis show that there are nine translation procedures used in the film subtitle
based on Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden
in Munday (2001), Catford (1965) in Munday (2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke &
Cormier (1999), and Harvey (2003) theories, those are: literal, transference,
cultural equivalent, shift, compensation, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, the
combination of procedures, such as couplets, triplets, and quadruplets, and some
untranslated sentences. Then, the English-Indonesian film subtitle that has already
been judged by the researcher and by the three persons who are experienced in
translation field was qualified and fulfilled the criteria of good translation. Finally,
from the result of the research, the further study about subtitle translation is
expected to conduct more comprehensive analysis of its translation procedures and
quality.
Keywords: Translation, Subtitle Translation, Translation Procedure, Translation

Quality

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ........................................................................................... i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ................................................................. ii
PREFACE .............................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES ........................................................................ ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................1
B. Statements of the Problems..........................................................................3
C. Aims of the Study ........................................................................................3
D. Scope of the Study .......................................................................................4
E. Significance of the Study .............................................................................4
F. Clarification of Related Terms.....................................................................5
G. Organization of the Paper ............................................................................6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................. 7
A. Definition of Translation..............................................................................7
B. Theories of Translation ................................................................................9
1. The Skopos Theory ............................................................................... 9
2. The Equivalence Theory ..................................................................... 10
C. Process of Translation ............................................................................... 11
D. Procedures of Translation ..........................................................................13
1. Literal Translation ............................................................................... 13
2. Transference ........................................................................................ 14
3. Naturalization ...................................................................................... 14
4. Adaptation ........................................................................................... 15
5. Cultural Equivalent ............................................................................. 15
6. Functional Equivalent ......................................................................... 15

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7. Descriptive Equivalent ........................................................................ 16
8. Synonym ............................................................................................. 16
9. Through-Translation ........................................................................... 16
10. Shifts or Transpositions ...................................................................... 17
11. Modulation .......................................................................................... 17
12. Recognized Translation....................................................................... 18
13. Translation Label ................................................................................ 18
14. Compensation...................................................................................... 17
15. Componential Analysis ....................................................................... 19
16. Reduction and Expansion.................................................................... 19
17. Paraphrase ........................................................................................... 20
18. The combination of procedures........................................................... 20
19. Notes, Additions, Glosses ................................................................... 21
20. Denominalization ................................................................................ 21
21. Explicitation ........................................................................................ 22
22. Implicitation ........................................................................................ 22
E. Quality of Translation ............................................................................... 22
F. Subtitling Theories .....................................................................................24
1. Audio Visual Translation (AVT) ........................................................ 24
2. Definition of Subtitle .......................................................................... 25
3. The Effective Subtitle ......................................................................... 26
G. Synopsis of the Film and The Recent Researchers ................................... 27
1. Synopsis of the Film ........................................................................... 27
2. Related Research Reports ................................................................... 28
H. Synthesis ................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................. 31
A. Research Questions ................................................................................... 31
B. Aims of the Study ..................................................................................... 31
C. Research Design ........................................................................................ 31
D. Data Collection.......................................................................................... 33

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1. Research Sample ................................................................................. 33
a. Systematic Sampling ....................................................................... 33
b. Purposive Sampling ........................................................................ 34
2. Research Instrument............................................................................ 34
a. In-depth interview ........................................................................... 34
3. Research Procedure ............................................................................. 35
a. Procedure used in the subtitle translation........................................ 35
b. Translation Subtitle Quality ............................................................ 35
E. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 36
1. Procedure used in the English-Indonesian subtitle translation ........... 36
2. English-Indonesian translation subtitle quality ................................... 37
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................... 39
A. Data Presentations and Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitle
Translation Procedures .............................................................................. 39
1. Literal .................................................................................................. 39
2. Transference ........................................................................................ 42
3. Cultural Equivalent ............................................................................. 43
4. Shift ..................................................................................................... 45
5. Compensation...................................................................................... 47
6. Reduction and Expansion.................................................................... 47
7. Paraphrase ........................................................................................... 51
8. Combination of procedures (Couplets, Triplets, and Quadruplets) .... 53
9. Untranslated Sentences ....................................................................... 58
B. Data Presentations and Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitle
Translation Quality.................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ......................................67
A. CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................................67
B. SUGGESTIONS..........................................................................................68
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................69
APPENDIX 1 The Total of the Analyzed Film Subtitle

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APPENDIX 2 The Analyzed Sample of Translation Procedure and Quality
APPENDIX 3 Official Letters
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES
Figure 2.1 Larson’s Process of Translation........................................................... 13

Table 3.1“Into the Wild” Movie Subtitle .............................................................. 35
Table 3.2“Into the Wild” Movie Subtitle Analysis ............................................... 36
Table 3.3“Into the Wild” Movie Subtitle Procedures .......................................... 36
Table 4.1 The Amount and Percentage of English-Indonesian Subtitle Translation
Procedures ............................................................................................................ 40
Table 4.2 Literal Translation Procedures ............................................................. 40
Table 4.3 Transference Translation Procedures ................................................... 42
Table 4.4 Cultural Equivalent Translation Procedures ........................................ 43
Table 4.5 Shift Equivalent Translation Procedures ............................................. 45
Table 4.6 Compensation Translation Procedures ................................................. 47
Table 4.7 Reduction Translation Procedures ....................................................... 47
Table 4.8 Expansion Translation Procedures ....................................................... 50
Table 4.9 Paraphrase Translation Procedures ...................................................... 51
Table 4.10 Couplets Translation Procedures ....................................................... 53
Table 4.11 Triplets Translation Procedures ......................................................... 55
Table 4.12 Quadruplets Translation Procedures .................................................. 56
Table 4.13 Untranslated Sentences ...................................................................... 58
Table 4.14 The Amount and Percentage of English-Indonesian Subtitle
Translation Quality based on the Researcher Judgment ....................................... 60
Table 4.14 The Amount and Percentage of English-Indonesian Subtitle
Translation Quality based on the Three Translators Judgment............................. 61

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An Analysis of English-Indonesian subtitiling procedures of the movie entitled “into the wild”
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introduction of the research. It discusses the

background, statements of the problems, aims of the study, scope of the study,
significance of the study, and organization of the paper.
A. Background of the Study

In the modern society nowadays, film has become a part of people’s living
and exerted a strong influence on the formation of people’s language, living
patterns and even values (Chang, 2012:71). Film also has beneficial effects on
learners’ language performance in listening and speaking, because the
dialogues work together with visual images, sound tracks and music (Chung,
1999; Lin, 2002; Weyers, 1999 in Chen, 2012:89 and Chang, 2012:71).Most
of the films are produced in Hollywood. They have many good films quality
from many genres and are imported by our country.
Since English is not the daily language for Indonesian, either in spoken or
written form, many of them cannot understand the western film’s dialog.
Especially for people who are learning language from the film. Thus, film
subtitle is needed to facilitate the communication between the viewers and the
film. According to the research result that was conducted by Bianchi and
Ciabattoni (2008), subtitle can increase the comprehension of language in
terms of vocabulary recognition and memorization in EFL learning. In
addition, according to Sponholz (2003) in Ghaemi and Benyamin (2010:41),
watching subtitled programs can foster foreign language acquisition and
improve reading skills.
Unlike literary translation, subtitle translation is a process of transferring a
verbal language into a written text, and highly dependent on subtitling

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equipment to present or transfer information to the viewers (Zhang and Liu,
2009:113). The translation of utterance should be synchronized with the
settings of the scenes, the identity of the characters, their movements,
gestures, facial expressions, pauses and lip movements (Chang, 2012:71).
In order to make the subtitles meet the quality requirements, the translator
needs the translation procedures. Newmark (1988:81) states: “translation
procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language.”
However, the translation procedures that are used should be simple and
understandable, because simultaneously the viewers should read the subtitle
and watch the film at the same time. The effective subtitle will give the
viewers a good response toward the film, even more to those who learn
language from the film. On the other hand, the ineffective subtitle will make
the viewers not understand the meaning of the utterance and give the learner a
bad result of the study. Therefore, the subtitle itself should be appropriate with
the context of dialogue and the culture of the source language towards the
target language in the dialogue. This is supported by Espindola and
Vasconcellos (2006:45) who states that subtitling is seen as a point of contact
and as a culture procedure, where different social practices meet in the
shaping of oral and written exchange.
The study of translation in film subtitling has already been conducted by
some previous researchers. Arie Firmansyah analyzed “Analysis of Subtitling
Strategies on the Movie Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets” in 2008.
The result showed that Gottlieb’s strategies are most applied in translating
movie subtitle.
Meanwhile, another research paper entitled “An Analysis of Translation
Procedures in the Subtitle of Perfume” by Tresna Dinda in 2010 shows a
different result. The researcher used some types of translation procedures that
are declared by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), Harvey
(2003), Catford (1965), Larson (1998), Dryden in Munday (2001), and

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Gottlieb in Taylor (2000) and judged that the translation of the movie subtitle
is qualified only according to the theories that she analyzed by herself, without
asking those who are experienced in translation fields.
The film subtitle that would be investigated in this study is “Into the Wild”
which is a 2007 American drama which is adapted of the 1996 non-fiction
book. It is based on the true story of Christophers McCandles who travels
across North America and spends his life in Alaskan wilderness in the early
1990s. This film has won many awards and overall quality is good, hence the
researcher challenges to observe the quality of subtitle translation in this film,
because it will give either a good or bad impact to the viewers.
Therefore, based on the preceding elaboration of arguments, this research
is specifically designed to analyze the procedure of translating the subtitle of
the film. In addition, to provide the additional support towards the research
result, the researcher would also seek the help from three persons who are
experienced in translation in analyzing the quality of subtitle translation to
compare it with the researcher judgment based on the good translation theories
from some experts.
B. Statements of the Problems

This research is carried out to analyze the following research questions.
1. What translation procedures are used in the English-Indonesian subtitle of
“Into the Wild” movie?
2. How is the quality of English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into
the Wild” movie?
C. Aims of the Study

Specifically, this research is focused on two objectives.
1. The study is aimed at investigating the translation procedures that are used
in translating the English-Indonesian subtitle of “Into the Wild”.

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2. The study is intended to analyze the quality of English-Indonesian subtitle
translation in the movie “Into the Wild”, whether the translation is
qualified or not.
D. Scope of the Study

This research will focus only on finding out the types of translation
procedures based on the theories from Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet
(2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford (1965) in
Munday (2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999), and Harvey (2003);
and identifying the translation quality of English-Indonesian subtitle of Into
the Wild movie based on the theories of some criteria of good translation that
are declared by some experts, such as Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and
Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti (2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) in
Munday (2001), Benjamin (1969/2000) in Munday (2001), and Massoud
(1988) and El Shafey (1985) in Abdellah (2005).
E. Significance of the Study

The findings of this study are significant for three aspects.
1. From theoretical perspective, this research is expected to make a
contribution to the area of translation procedures in the movie and enrich
the previous research findings, because it involves the opinion of three
persons who are expert in translation in analyzing the quality of movie
translation.
2. From professional significance, it is also expected that the research would
provide reference to the professional translators or students in choosing the
appropriate translation procedure in translating literary works, especially
movie subtitle.

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3. Practically, this research is expected to give a practical guidance for both
of the translators and students in improving their translation skills.
F. Clarification of Related Terms

To avoid misunderstanding in this chapter, the researcher has clarified
some of the terms below.
1. Translation Procedure
a. Translation - Rendering the meaning of a text into another language in
the way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988:5).
b. Procedure (n) – The official or usual way of doing something
(Cambridge, 2004).
c. Translation procedure – The procedures of translation that are used for
sentences and smaller units of language (Newmark, 1988:81).
d. Translation procedure in this study refers to the procedure used in
translating the English-Indonesian subtitle of “Into the Wild” movie
based on Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday
(2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford (1965) in Munday (2001),
Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999), and Harvey (2003) theories.
2. Translation Quality
a. Quality (n or adj) - How good or bad something is (Cambridge, 2004).
b. Quality in Translation - Quality is relative and absolutes of accuracy
cease where the end user (i.e. client) imposes his own subjective
preferences of style in Target Text (Al-Qinai, 2000:498).

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c. Quality in this study refers to the evaluation of the English-Indonesian
subtitle translation of “Into the Wild” movie, whether it fulfills the
criteria of good translation that are declared by some experts, such as
Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti
(2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) in Munday (2001), Benjamin
(1969/2000) in Munday (2001), and Massoud (1988) and El Shafey
(1985) in Abdellah (2005) or not.
G. Organization of the Paper

This paper of study is organized into five chapters as follows:
Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter provides background, statements of the problems, aims of
the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, and organization of
the paper.
Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter focuses on literature review which provides the basic
theory in conducting the research.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter contains the methodology of study and the description of
procedures used in investigating the data of the research, including the
research questions, the aims of study, the data collection and data analysis.
Chapter IV: Finding and Discussion
This chapter presents the result of the study including the analysis of
the data based on the theoretical framework.
Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter contains the writer’s interpretation of the research
findings in a form of conclusions and suggestions.

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter focuses on literature review which provides the basic theory
in conducting the research. There are seven main points that will be elaborated in
this chapter as follow: Definition of Translation, Theories of Translation, Process
of Translation, Procedures of Translation, Quality of Translation, Subtitling
Theories, and Synopsis of the Film and The Recent Researchers.
A. Definition of Translation
The term “translation” is defined variously by the point of view of many
experts. Larson (1998:3) states that basically, translation is a change of form.
The form is referring to the words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraph.
The change of form is done by replacing the form of source language to the
form of receptor or target language.
According to Newmark (1988:5), translation is perceived as rendering the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the
text. In line with that theory, Munday (2001:5) states that translation refers to
the changing of an original source text of one language into a target text in a
different language.
Furthermore, Jakobson (1959/2000:114) in Munday (2001:5) divides and
defines translation into three categories as follow:
1. Intralingual translation or ‘rewording’. It is an interpretation of verbal
signs through other signs of the same language. This translation is similar
to paraphrase, because it occurs when we rephrase an expression or text in
the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or
written. Another example is when a lecturer explains the material in front
of the class and the students make a note from what he says.

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2. Interlingual translation or 'translation proper'. It is an interpretation of
verbal signs through the same and other signs some other languages. For
example, the interpreter in a conference who interprets the English
language from the speaker into Indonesian to the audience.
3. Intersemiotic translation or ‘transmutation’. It is an interpretation of verbal
signs through signs of non-verbal sign systems. This translation occurs if a
written text were translated, for example, a film version of a novel and an
advertisement that represents in image.
Meanwhile, Hatim and Munday (2004:6) in Munday (2009:7) define
translation as:
1. The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL, conducted by a
translator, or translators, in a specific socio-cultural context.
2. The written product, or TT, which results from that process and which
functions in the socio-cultural context of the TL.
3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena
which are an integral part of 1 and 2.
Other definitions are proposed by Bassneet (2002:6) who defines that

translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into another, but
also a process of negotiation between texts and cultures. It means that
translation is not only transmitting a language, transferring the meaning, and
conveying the message, but also transmitting a cultural aspect of the SL.
Besides that, Nida and Taber (1969:12) postulate that translation is
reproducing the receptor language from the closest natural equivalent of the
source language message, in terms of meaning and style. According to them,
in reproducing the message, meaning aspect is the first concern as well as the
importance of form and style, because translation is not merely changing one
language to another, but also conveying the message from SL to TL.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a
process of rendering a thought from one language to another language

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accurately in a written form by conforming its grammar, syntax, and cultural
aspect.
B. Theories of Translation
1. The Skopos Theory
There are two main theories of translation; those are skopos theory and
equivalence theory. Skopos is a theory of translation that was proposed by
the German translator, Hans J. Vermeer in 1978 (Munday, 2001:78).
Skopos is the Greek word for ‘aim’ or ‘purpose’. It focuses on the purpose
of translation (Munday, 2001:79).The sender is responsible for specifying
intention and by using a text he tries to achieve a purpose. The receiver
uses the text with a certain function, depending on his/her own
expectations, needs, previous knowledge and situational conditions (Jabir,
2006:38)
In line with that theory, Nord (1997:29) in Jensen (2009:15) says that
according to the skopos theory, all texts are perceived as serving a specific
purpose. Therefore, the translator should translate in a way which enables
the text to function in the situation that is used and with the people who
want to use it.
Reiss and Vermeer formulated their theory by use of six rules (Reiss &
Vermeer 1984:119 in Munday 2001:79). These are:
a. A target text (TT) is determined by its skopos.
It means that the purpose of the TT is the main determinant for the
chosen translation methods and strategies. These methods and
strategies are used to produce a functionally adequate or appropriate
result (Jensen, 2009:15).

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b. A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning
an offer of information in a source culture and SL.
c. A TT does not initiate an offer if information in a clearly reversible
way.
d. A TT must be internally coherent.
It means that the TT must be coherent for the TT receivers. The
receiver must be able to understand the TT, and the TT has to be
meaningful in the communicative situation and target culture (Jensen,
2009:16).
e. A TT must be coherent with the ST.
It means that there must be coherence between the ST information
received by the translator, the interpretation the translator makes of
this information and the information that is encoded for the TT
receivers.
f. The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos
predominating.
2. The Equivalence Theory

Equivalence is a key concept in a translation theory of the 1960s and
1970s which defines as the connection of translational between an entire
ST and a TT in a degree of correspondence between the texts or the text
units (Pym, 2007:271; Munday, 2009:185). It means that the translation
will have the same value as (some aspect of) the ST. Sometimes the value
is on the level of form, on the level of reference, or on the level of function
(Pym, 2007:273). For instance, in the level of form, two words of SL are
translated by two words in TL, such as “puppy love” which is translated
into “cinta monyet” in Indonesian. In the level of reference, Sunday is
always the day before Monday. In the level of function, black is a sign for
a color of death in West, but in East, the color of death is white.

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According to Jakobson (1959/2000) in Munday (2001:37), equivalence
focuses on the structure and terminology of language rather than any
inability of TL to render a message from SL.
Furthermore, Nida (1964) in Bassnett (2002:34) divides equivalence
into two types; those are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence.
Formal equivalence focuses on the message itself, in both form and
content. It concerns with the formal relationship between ST and TT
structures, such as when a noun phrase in the ST is substituted by a noun
phrase in the TT. It is also called by a “gloss translation” which aims to
allow the reader to understand the SL context as much as possible
(Bassnett, 2002:34; Munday, 2009:191).
On the other hand, dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of
equivalent effect, where the relationship between receiver and message
should aim at being the same as between the original receivers and the SL
message (Nida, 1964 in Bassnett, 2009:34). This focus requires translators
to adjust their texts to the target culture, to harmonize them linguistically
in terms of grammar and lexis, and to make them sound natural (Munday,
2009:84).
Meanwhile, Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:90) in Munday (2001:58) use
the term equivalence for one of their translation procedures where
languages describe the same situation as in the original by different
stylistic or structural means. By equivalence, the practice of employing an
established equivalent idiom in the TL will be easier to understand
(Munday, 2009:186).
Based on the brief explanation about two translations theories above;
those are skopos and equivalence theory, it can be concluded that skopos
theory is the theory used for the reader, because it is aimed at making the
reader understand the message and the purpose of the text from the
translator. On the other hand, the equivalence theory is used for the

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translator itself, because it is aimed at conveying the message of the writer
to the reader as same as the original one.
C. Process of Translation
According to Munday (2001:5), the process of translation is the act of
producing the translation, otherwise known as translating. Newmark (1988:19-
25) proposes three ways of translating as follow:
1. Choosing a method of approach whether the translator will translate the
source text sentence by sentence for the first paragraph or chapter, to get
the feel and the feeling tone of the text; or translate the source text after
reading the whole text two or three times, and finding intention, register,
tone, mark the difficult words and passages, then start translating when the
translator has taken their bearing.
2. Translating the translation with four levels, those are:
a. The SL text level (the textual level). In this level, the translator starts
to translate the SL to the TL by using literal translation and transposes
the SL grammar (clauses and groups) into the TL equivalents, then
translates the lexical unit into the appropriate sense.
b. The referential level. In this level, the translator visualizes and builds
up the essential parts of the text, both of the comprehension and the
reproduction process. In other words, the translator gains the
perspective from the language.
c. The cohesive level. This level follows both of the structure and the
moods of the text. At this level, the translator reconsiders the lengths
of paragraphs and sentences, the formulation of the title, and the tone
of the conclusion to summarize an argument at the beginning of a
final sentence.
d. The level of naturalness. In this level, the translator attempts to make
the translation of common language appropriate to the writer or the

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speaker in a certain situation. In other words, the translation product is
making sense and following the grammatical structure.
3. Revising the procedure of the translation which constitutes at least half of
the complete process.
Meanwhile, Larson (1998:4) identifies the translation process through the
diagram as follow:
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Text to be Translation
translated
Discover Re-express
the meaning the meaning
Meaning
Figure 2.1 Larson’s Process of Translation (1998:4)
According to the diagram above, the first process to produce the meaning
of the text is to analyze the grammatical and semantic structure of the original
text. After the source text has been analyzed, the translator transfers and
restructures it into a target language.

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D. Procedures of Translation
According to Newmark (1988:81), translation procedures are used for
sentences and smaller units of language. Therefore, it is possible to a sentence
to have more than one translation procedure. Newmark (1988), Vinay and
Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford
(1965) in Munday (2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999), and Harvey
(2003) divided the translation procedures into some categories bellow:
1. Literal Translation
Literal translation is the basic translation procedure where word-for-
word translation transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the
primary meanings of all the SL words (Newmark, 1988:69). In other
words, the SL grammatical constructions are converted into the nearest TL
equivalent, but the lexical words are translated word by word. Dryden
(1680/1992:17) in Munday (2001:25) uses the term “metaphrase” which
corresponds to literal translation. Meanwhile, Vinay and Darbelnet
(2000:86) in Munday (2001:57) say that the translator may judge literal
translation to be 'unacceptable' because it gives a different meaning, has no
meaning, impossible for structural reasons, does not have a corresponding
expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL, and
corresponds to something at a different level of language.
Example:
- SL: I don't want anything.
- TL: Aku tidak mau apapun.
2. Transference
Transference (loan word, transcription) is the process of transferring a
SL word to a TL text (Newmark, 1988:81). In other words, it is the

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process of transliterating the original term (Harvey, 2003:5). Meanwhile,
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:84) in Munday (2001:56) use the term
“Borrowing” where the SL word is transferred directly to the TL. In line
with this theory, Gottlieb (1992) in Ghaemi and Benyamin (2010:42)
proposes the term “Imitation” which means that the process of translation
maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and places.
Example:
- SL: West Virginia.
- TL: West Virginia.
3. Naturalization
Naturalization succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to
the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of
the TL (Newmark, 1988:81). Harvey (2003:4) says that naturalization
happens due to the cross fertilization between two language.
Example:
- SL: May and June.
- TL: Mei dan Juni.
4. Adaptation
Adaptation is a procedure which involves changing the cultural
reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target
culture (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000:90 in Munday, 2001:58). In other
words, Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999) use this term to replace a
socio-cultural reality from the SL with a reality specific to the target
culture in order to accommodate for the expectations of the target
audience.
Example:
- SL: Dear Sir.

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- TL: Yang Terhormat.
5. Cultural Equivalent
Cultural Equivalent is an approximate translation procedure where a
SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word (Newmark, 1988:81).
Meanwhile, Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:90) in Munday (2001:58) say that
this term is particularly useful in translating idioms and proverbs. In other
words, the language describes the same situation by different stylistic or
structural means.
Example:
- SL: You little pinhead!
- TL: Kamu bodoh!
6. Functional Equivalent
Functional Equivalent procedure is applied to cultural words that
require the use of a culture-free-word, but the function of TL is similar to
the SL referent. Sometimes, it uses a specific term, so the SL word should
be generalized. This procedure can be used when a SL technical word has
no TL equivalent so there will be connotational or denotational differences
between the SL and TL term (Newmark, 1988:83 and Harvey, 2003:2).
Example:
- SL: Identification card.
- TL: Kartu Tanda Pengenal.
7. Descriptive Equivalent
Descriptive equivalent or self-explanatory translation is used when a
SL word needs to be generalized by using an explanation or description,
because it cannot be rendered directly to the TL word (Newmark, 1988:83-
84 and Harvey, 2003:6).

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Example:
- TL: Revolver.
- SL: Senjata api yang memiliki silinder.
8. Synonym
Synonym is a procedure which is used when a precise equivalent for
TL may or may not exist. Therefore, the translator uses the sense of a near
TL equivalent to a SL word in a context. A synonym is only appropriate
where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not
important enough for componential analysis (Newmark, 1988:83-84).
Example:
- SL: I’m freezing.
- TL: Aku kedinginan.
9. Through-Translation
Through-translation or is also known as calque or loan translation is
the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations, the
components of compounds or phrases. (Newmark, 1988:84). According to
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:85) in Munday (2001:56), calque sometimes
has a semantic change.
Example:
- SL: ILO (International Labor Organization).
- TL: Organisasi Buruh Internasional.
10. Shifts or Transpositions

Shifts or transposition is a translation procedure that is proposed
Catford and Vinay and Darbelnet (Newmark, 1988:85). Vinay and
Darbelnet (2000: 88 and 1995: 94-9) in Munday (2001:57) mentions
that transposition is a change of one part of speech for another without

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changing the sense. In other words, transposition is the only translation
procedure concerned with grammar (Newmark, 1988:88).
There are four types of shift that are proposed by Newmark
(1988:85-88) as follow:
a. The change from singular to plural and in the position of adjective.
b. The shift which is required when an SL grammatical structure does
not exist in the TL.
c. The shift where literal translation is grammatically possible but
may not accord with natural usage in the TL.
d. The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical
structure.
Example:
- SL: A year and a half had passed in what Dad called “suspended
animation”.
- TL: Sudah satu setengah tahun lewat yang ayah sebut animasi yang
tahan.
11. Modulation
Modulation is a procedure that changes the semantic and the point of
view or perspective of TL (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000 in Munday,
2001:57 and Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier, 1999:161). Therefore, the
translator can convey the same event of two languages in a different way.
There are eight types of modulation that are proposed by Vinay and
Darbelnet in Newmark (1988:89) as follow:
a. Abstract for concrete,
b. cause for effect,
c. one part for another,
d. reversal of terms,
e. active for passive,

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f. space for time,
g. intervals and limits, and
h. change of symbols.
Example:
- SL: You didn’t buy me more than one.
- TL: Kamu hanya beli satu.
12. Recognized Translation

Recognized translation is normally used when the translator deals with
the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term
(Newmark, 1988:89).
Example:
- SL: General Manager.
- TL: Manajer Umum.
13. Translation Label

Translation label is a provisional translation, which is used for a new
institutional term and should be made in inverted commas, which can later
be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation
(Newmark, 1988:90).
Example:
- SL: Heritage Language.
- TL: Langue d’heritage.
14. Compensation
Compensation happens when the translators change an element in the
SL that cannot be used in the same form as in the TL with another element
used in another place (Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier, 1999:125-126). In
other words, it occurs when the loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or

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pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part,
or in a contiguous sentence (Newmark, 1988:90).
Example:
- SL: Son of a bitch!
- TL: Kurang ajar!
15. Componential Analysis

Componential analysis is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense
components, often one-to-two, -three or -four translations (Newmark,
1988:90).
Example:
- SL: Set.
- TL: Mengatur, menentukan, memasang, babak.
16. Reduction and Expansion

Reduction and expansion are rather imprecise translation procedures,
which you practice naturally in some cases (Newmark, 1988:90).
Meanwhile, Gottlieb (1992) in Ghaemi and Benyamin (2010:42) also
proposes the term “Expansion” and uses the term “Condensation” and
“Decimation” for “Reduction”. Condensation is the shortening of the text
in the least obtrusive way possible while decimation is an extreme form of
condensation where perhaps for reasons of discourse speed, even
potentially essential elements are omitted.
Example:
- SL: Your father and I, we want to make a present to you.
- TL: Kami ingin berikan hadiah untukmu.
Expansion is used when the original text needs an explanation, because
of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the TL (Newmark, 1988:90). In
other words, Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999) use the term

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“Amplification” which means the use of more words in the TL to re-
express an idea or to reinforce the sense of a SL word because the message
of TL cannot be expressed concisely.
Example:
- SL: Now you're in the wild, what are we doing?
- TL: Karena kamu sekarang sudah ada di alam, apa yang akan kita
lakukan?
17. Paraphrase
Paraphrase is a procedure where the explanation of the meaning of a
segment of the text is needed (Newmark, 1988:90). In the meantime,
Gottlieb (1992) in Ghaemi and Benyamin (2010:42) says that paraphrase
is resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original cannot be
reconstructed in the same syntactic way in the target language. In line with
those theories, Dryden (1992:17) in Munday (2001:25) says that
paraphrase involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds
to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.
Example:
- SL: I'm taking you out to where we're going.
- TL: Aku akan membawamu ke tujuan kita.
18. The combination of procedures

Couplets, Triplets, and Quadruplets are the combination of two, three,
or four procedures for dealing with a single problem (Newmark, 1988:91).
Example of Couplets between Literal and Cultural Equivalent:
- SL: Let me turn off the light.
- TL: Biarkan aku matikan lampunya.
Example of Triplets between Shift, Transference, and Functional
Equivalent:

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- SL: Notifying them that Chris' abandoned car had been identified by
the Arizona Highway Patrol.
- TL: Yang beritahu bahwa mobil yang dibuang Chris terlacak oleh
polisi lalu lintas Arizona.
Example of Quadruplets between Reduction, Cultural Equivalent,
Transference, and Naturalization:
- SL: When they arrived at the apartment, there was a “For Rent” sign
up and the manager said that Chris had moved out at the end of May.
- TL: Ketika mereka tiba di aparetemen, ada tulisan “Untuk disewa”
dan manajer bilang Chris sudah pindah sejak akhir Mei.
19. Notes, Additions, Glosses

Notes, additions, and glosses are the procedures where the translator
gives additional information within the text, notes at bottom of page, notes
at end of chapter, and notes or glossary at end of book (Newmark,
1988:91-92).
Example:
- SL: Debrecen >The city of Debrecen, in West Hungary.
- TL: Debrecen > Kota Debrecen, di sebelah barat Hungary.
20. Denominalization
Denominalization occurs when a noun or nominal structure from the
ST is transformed into a verbal structure in the TT (Delisle, Lee-Jahnke &
Cormier, 1999:132).
Example:
- SL: Dia sudah bersuamikan orang Minang.
- TL: She already has a Minang person as her husband.

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21. Explicitation
Explicitation is used to introduce precise details into the TT for
clarification (Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier, 1999:139). Meanwhile,
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995: 34) in Becher (2011:17) say that explicitation
is a stylistic translation procedure which consists of making explicit in the
TL what remains implicit in the SL because it is apparent from either the
context or the situation. Becher (2011:18) says that explicitation is
observed where a TL is more explicit than the SL.
Example:
- SL: Confiscation révolutionnaire.
- TL: Seized during the French Revolution.
22. Implicitation
Implicitation is used to increase the meaning of the TL by not
explicitly rendering elements of information from the SL in the TL
(Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier, 1999:145). Bacher (2011:19) states that
implicitation is observed where a TL is less explicit (more implicit) than
the SL.
Example:
- SL: Be sure the iron is unplugged from the electrical outlet before
filling with water.
- TL: Selalu lepaskan besi sebelum mengisi tangki.
E. Quality of Translation
In translation field, quality is defined as relative and absolutes of accuracy
cease where the client imposes his own subjective preferences of style in TL
(Al-Qinai, 2000:498). In line with that theory, House (1997:3) in Bittner
(2011:76) states that the quality of a translation depends largely on the
translator’s subjective interpretation and transfer decisions, which are based

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on his linguistic and cultural intuitive knowledge and experience. Thus,
although standardization of quality is difficult to be measured, some experts
propose some criteria in getting a good translation quality.
Larson (1998:6) explains that there are three criteria of the best
translation:
1. The TL uses the normal language forms of the receptor language.
2. The TL communicates to the receptor language speaker, as much as
possible, the same meaning that was understood by the speaker of SL.
3. The TL maintains the dynamic of the original SL, which means the
translation is presented in such way that will evoke the same response
as the SL attempted to evoke.
In addition, Nida in Venutti (2000:134) summarizes four basic
requirements of a good translation, those are: making sense, convey the spirit
and manner of the original text, having natural and easy form of expression,
and producing a similar response.
Meanwhile, Nida and Taber's (1969) in As-Safi (2012:12) state that a good
TL product is semantically accurate, grammatically correct, stylistically
effective and textually coherent as the SL text. In other words, the translator's
main attention should not be focused only on the accurate semantic
transference of SL message into the TL, but also on the appropriate syntax and
diction in the TL, which are explicitly the translator's (not the source author's)
domain.
Besides that, Newmark (1988:192) states that a good translation can fulfill
the intention of the original and convey the facts acceptably. In line with that
theory, Leonard Forster (1958:6) in Venutti (2000:131) defines a good
translation as “one which fulfills the same purpose in the new language as the
original did in the language in which it was written.” While Lewis in Venutti
(2000:268) says that a good translation should be a double interpretation,
faithful both to the language or message of the original and to the message-

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orienting cast of its own language. It means that a translation should
accurately render the meaning of the source text, without distortion.
In the meantime, Tytler (1979:15) in Munday (2001:26) indicates three
general rules of a good translation:
1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the
original work.
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with the
original.
3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
While Benjamin (1969/2000:17) in Munday (2001:169) says that a good
translation can express the central reciprocal relationship between languages.
It means that the translation does not seek to be the same as the original, but it
is intended to bring together the two different languages.
Massoud (1988) in Abdellah (2005:26) sets criteria for a good translation.
According to him, a good translation is easy to be understood, fluent and
smooth, and idiomatic. A good translation also reconstructs the cultural or
historical context of the original, distinguishes between the metaphorical and
the literal, and makes explicit what is implicit in abbreviations, and in
allusions to sayings, songs, and nursery rhymes. Last but not least, a good
translation conveys the meaning of the original text as much as possible.
In addition, El Shafey (1985:93) in Abdellah (2005:26) says that a good
translation should capture the style or atmosphere of the original text and
should have all the ease of an original composition.
Therefore, based on those opinions above, it can be concluded that a good
translation should be clear, understandable, and convey the same meaning as
the original.
F. Subtitling Theories
1. Audio Visual Translation (AVT)

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The term Audiovisual Translation (AVT) is mostly used for the
audiovisual language transfer (Shakernia, 2001:740). Audiovisual
translation itself is defined as “the process by which a film or television
program is made comprehensible to a target audience that is unfamiliar
with the original source language” (Branauskiene, 2008:14 in Shakernia,
2001:740).
According to Baker and Hochel (1998:74) in Ghaemi and Benjamin
(2010:39), the most widespread forms of AVT are Subtitling and Dubbing.
Subtitling is visual, involving the superimposition of a written text onto
the screen, while dubbing is a process which uses the acoustic channel for
translational purposes (Munday, 2009:141).
Its definitions show that the term Audiovisual Translation relates to
visual image and soundtrack, and subtitling itself involves on it.
2. Definition of Subtitle
According to Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1993:1775) in
Palmer (2005:8), the noun subtitle is defined as:
a. a secondary or explanatory title;
b. a printed statement or fragment of dialogue appearing on the screen
between the scenes of a silent motion picture or appearing as a
translation at the bottom of the screen during the scenes of a motion
picture or television show in a foreign language.
In Ghaemi and Benjamin (2010:40), O’Connell (2007:169) defines
subtitling as “supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding
written text on screen.” While Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997:161), define
subtitling as “the process of providing synchronized captions for film and
television dialogue.” In addition, Gottlieb (2001:87) in Munday
(2009:148) defines it as the rendering in a different language of a verbal
message in filmic media, in the shape of one or more lines of written text,

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which are presented on the screen in synch with the original verbal
message.
Traditionally, there are two types of subtitles, those are interlingual
subtitles, which imply transfer from a SL to a TL, and intralingual
subtitles, which there is no change of language (Díaz Cintas, 2003 in
Ghaemi and Benjamin 2010:40).
Subtitling is different from other types of translation, because it
involves the formal (quantitative) and textual (qualitative) constraints. The
formal constraints are the space factors (a maximum of 2 lines and 35
characters) and the time factor, while textual constraints are those imposed
on the subtitles by the visual context of the film (Gottlieb, 1992 in Ghaemi
and Benjamin, 2010:42).
From those definitions above, it can be seen that subtitle is a printed
translation of a dialogue of a foreign-language film, while subtitling is the
process of making the subtitle which transfers the dialogue in the film in
spoken language into a written language and appears on the screen at the
bottom.
3. The Effective Subtitle

Different from other translation types, a subtitled text has to be shorter
than the audio, because simultaneously the viewers need the necessary
time to read the subtitle and watch the film at the same time (Munday,
2009:148).
According to Antonini (2005:213) in Munday (2009:148), the words
contained in the original dialogues tend to be reduced by between 40 and
75 percent to give viewers the chance of reading the subtitles while
watching the film at the same time. In the subtitle itself, it consist of one or
two lines of 30 to 40 characters including spaces) that are displayed at the

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bottom of the picture, either center or left-aligned (Gottlieb, 2001 in
Munday, 2009:149).
There are three principal operations that the translator must carry out
in order to obtain effective subtitles proposes by Antonini (2005:213-214
in Munday, 2009:148), those are:
a. Elimination which consists of cutting out elements that do not
modify the meaning of the original dialogue, but only the form,
such as hesitations, false starts, and redundancies; and removing
the information that can be understood from the visuals, such as a
nod and shake of the head.
b. Rendering which refers to dealing with features such as slang,
dialect and taboo language.
c. Simplification which indicates a condensation and fragmentation
of the original syntax to promote comfortable reading.
G. Synopsis of The Film and Related Research Reports

1. Synopsis of The Film
Into The Wild is a 2007 American drama which is adapted of the 1996
non-fiction book of the same name by Jon Krakauer. The duration of this
film is 148 minutes. This film has won many awards for the best feature
film in Gotham Awards, the best foreign language film in São Paulo
International Film Festival, and many more. This Film is also nominated
for USC Scripter Award which proves that the script has a good quality.
Therefore, the researcher challenges to observe the procedure of English-
Indonesian subtitling and the quality of subtitle translation in this film.
Into The Wild is based on the true story of Christophers McCandles, a
young Emory University graduate who travels across North America and
spends his life in Alaskan wilderness in the early 1990s. McCandles starts

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his journey after graduating as a freshman at Emory. He donates his
$25,000 savings anonymously to charity and decides to leave society
because he discovers that his father secretly had a second family when he
was childhood and he thinks that money can’t buy him happiness.
During his wandering, McCandless never telling anyone where he is
going, and he changes his name into “Alexander Supertramp”. He meets
many people and tells them that he’s going to make a book after his final
journey to Alaska. They gives them suggestion to not to go to Alaska and
wait until spring, but he’s just too stubborn. After two years spending his
life in the road, he finally settles down in Alaska in winter. He lives alone
in the bus which is found in Alaskan wilderness with nothing more than
basic supplies.
McCandless writes on his diary everyday. When his supplies begin to
run out and he loses significant weight, he realizes that that nature is only
a distraction for a short while, and happiness is only real when it shared
with others. Eventually, when he will return to society, the river turns into
torrent, so he returns to the bus. He gets lost in Alaskan wilderness.
Unfortunately, he eats potato seeds with a poison type of sweet pea which
causes him to starve to death. Two weeks later, his body is found by
moose hunters.
2. Related Research Reports

The study of translation in film subtitling has been already conducted
by some previous researchers. Arie Firmansyah analyzed “Analysis of
Subtitling Strategies on the Movie Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets” in 2008. The result showed that Gottlieb’s strategies are most
applied in translating movie subtitle.
Meanwhile, another research paper entitled “An Analysis of
Translation Procedures in the Subtitle of Perfume” by Tresna Dinda in

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2010 shows a different result. The researcher used some types of
translation procedures that are declared by Newmark (1988), Vinay and
Darbelnet (2000), Harvey (2003), Catford (1965), Larson (1998), Dryden
in Munday (2001), and Gottlieb in Taylor (2000) without mentioning the
language units that were used, whether it was in the form of words,
phrases, or sentences. The researcher also judged the quality of subtitle
translation of the movie only according to the theories that she analyzed by
herself, without asking those who are experienced in translation fields.
Nevertheless, the translation quality itself is specifically conducted by
Prihatini Sapartini in 2009 with the research entitled “The Analysis of
Quality Translation of Bandung Yellow Pages Pocket Travel Series
(January-June 2008 Edition)”. Although the subject of the research is not
about subtitle, but this research has a similarity in analyzing the quality of
translation. In analyzing the quality of translation, the researcher gave a
questionnaire to ten English students of Indonesia University of Education
who takes translating majoring and found that overall translation is
qualified. The researcher also interviewed the respondents to get more
information about the common problem that found in translation.
Those studies relate each other, although the way of analyzing is not
the same. Specifically, this research focuses in analyzing the subtitling
procedures based on Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) in
Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford (1965) in Munday
(2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999), and Harvey (2003)
theories. In addition, to provide the additional support towards the research
result, the researcher would also seek the help from three persons who are
experienced in translation in analyzing the quality of subtitle translation to
compare it with the researcher judgment based on the good translation
theories from some experts.
.

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H. Synthesis
This chapter has explained the theoretical foundation relates to this
study. Translation is a process of transferring a thought from one language
to another language in a written form and finding the equivalent meaning
of the text. The process of translation according to Larson (1998:4) is
elaborated into several steps. Firstly, the process to produce the meaning
of the text is to analyze the grammatical and semantic structure of the
original text. After the source text has been analyzed, the translator
transfers and restructures it into a target language.
Before translating the TL, the translator should understand the main
theories of translation; those are skopos and equivalence theory. The
skopos theory is the theory used for the reader, because it is aimed at
making the reader understands the message and the purpose of the text
from the translator. On the other hand, the equivalence theory is used for
the translator itself, because it is aimed at conveying the message of the
writer to the reader as same as the original one.
Therefore, the procedure used in translating the SL should appropriate
with the context of the SL, because the incorrect translation procedure
used will give the bad result of the TL and the bad impact to the reader.
Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden
in Munday (2001), Catford (1965) in Munday (2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke
& Cormier (1999), and Harvey (2003) translation theories divided the
translation procedures into 22 categories, those are literal translation,
transference, naturalization, adaptation, cultural equivalent, functional
equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonym, through-translation, shifts or
transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label,
compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion,
paraphrase, the combination of procedures (couplets, triplets, quadruplets),

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notes, additions, and glosses, denominalization, explicitation, and
implicitation.
The good process of translation and the good process in choosing the
appropriate procedure will create a good quality of translation, because the
translation is clear, understandable, and convey the same meaning as the
original text.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the methodology of study and the description of

procedures used in investigating the data of the research, including the research
questions, the aims of the study, the data collection and data analysis.
A. Research Questions
This research is carried out to analyze the following research questions.
1. What translation procedures are used in the English-Indonesian subtitle of
“Into the Wild” movie?
2. How is the quality of English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into
the Wild” movie?
B. Aims of the Study

Specifically, this research is focused on two objectives.
1. The study is aimed at investigating the translation procedures that are used
in translating the English-Indonesian subtitle of “Into the Wild”.
2. The study is intended to analyze the quality of English-Indonesian subtitle
translation in the movie “Into the Wild”, whether the translation is
qualified or not.
C. Research Design
The theoretical framework of this study is qualitative and the approach is
case study. According to Baxter and Jack (2008:544), qualitative case study
methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena
within their contexts by using a variety of data sources. Furthermore, Denzin
and Lincoln (1994) in Joubish (2011:2083), define qualitative research as
multi-method in focus which involving an interpretive and naturalistic
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approach to its subject matter. It means that qualitative researcher study things
in their natural settings to interpret the phenomena in terms of people bring to
them. This study use the variety of empirical materials case study, personal
experience, introspective, life story interview, observational, historical,
interactional, and visual texts that describe routine and problematic moments
and meaning in individuals’ lives.
Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun (2012:426-427) describe the features of
qualitative research as follows.
a. The natural setting is the direct source of data, and the researcher is the
key instrument in qualitative research. It implies that the qualitative
researchers go directly to the particular setting of interest to observe and
collect the data.
b. Qualitative data are collected in the form of words or pictures rather than
numbers. It implicitly shows that the kinds of data collected in qualitative
research include interview transcripts, field notes, photographs, audio
recordings, videotapes, diaries, personal comments, memos, textbook
passage, and anything else that can convey the actual words or actions of
people.
c. Qualitative researchers are concerned with process as well as product. It
means that the qualitative researcher are likely to observe the meaning that
people give to certain words or action, how people interact with each
other, and how certain kinds of questions are answered.
d. Qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data inductively. It can be said
that the qualitative research does not formulate the hypothesis before seek
to test it out. According to Thomas (2003:3), in inductive analysis, the data
analysis is determined by both of the research objectives and multiple
readings and interpretations of the data.

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e. How people make sense out of their lives is a major concern to qualitative
researchers. Alternatively, the researcher captures the thinking of the
participants from their perspective.
Meanwhile, the case study itself is defined as a detailed study of an event,

an activity, or an on going process and it should be described in detail in order
to shed some light on what is going on (Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun, 2012:435).
Because this study has to be explained and described in detail and
systematically in the form of words, the descriptive method is also used in this
study. Yin (2003) in Baxter and Jack (2008:548) states that descriptive is the
type of case study that is used to describe an intervention or phenomenon and
the real-life context in which it occurred.
Therefore, from those explanations above, the most appropriate method is
qualitative case study.
D. Data Collection
1. Research Sample
Specifically, this research uses two of nonrandom sampling
methods.
a. Systematic sampling
As the main concern of this research, the sample of the data is the
English-Indonesian subtitle of the movie “Into the Wild”. It was found
that there are 1272 sentences in the subtitle of the movie. The
researcher chose 300 samples of sentences to be analyzed by using
systematic sampling that is proposed by Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun
(2012:97). In systematic sampling method, the researcher selects
every nth individual in the population for inclusion in the sample. The
distance between each selected sentence for the sample is called by

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sampling interval. Here is a simple formula that is proposed by
Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun (2012:98) to determine a sampling interval:
Therefore, it can be seen that the researcher selected every four

sentences on the text until the total of the sample reach 300 sentences.
b. Purposive sampling
In order to choose the participants to be the interviewee, the
researcher uses the personal judgments to select the participants as the
sample of the study that the information from them will provide the
data needed in the study (Fraenkel, Wallen & Hyun, 2012:100).
The sample obtained from the purposive sampling methods is
called by the typical sample. In other words, the selected participants
are considered or judged to be representative of what is being studied
(Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun, 2012:436).
Therefore, the researcher chose three persons who are experienced
in translation field as the respondents of the study for the in-depth
interview section, because the researcher believes that someone who is
experienced in the translation filed has already known the criteria of
good translation.
2. Research Instrument
a. In-depth interview
According to Boyce and Neale (2006:3), in-depth interview is a
qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive

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individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore
their perspectives on a particular idea, program, or situation.
In this research, the in-depth interview was conducted in the
informal form. The three persons who are experienced in translation
field as the interviewees were asked to check the quality of English-
Indonesian subtitle translation of the movie “Into the Wild”. The
researcher gave them the script which has already been analyzed. This
step was supported by the opinions from them about the quality of
subtitle translation.
3. Research Procedure
There are two main procedures employed in this research to answer the
research questions.
a. Procedure used in the English-Indonesian subtitle translation
1) Watching the original DVD of the movie “Into the Wild”.
2) Transcribing the original script both of English and Indonesian
from the movie.
Table 3.1“Into the Wild” Movie Subtitle
Num Time English Text Indonesian Text
1 00:00:48 - 00:00:49 Mom! Ibu!
2 00:00:50 - 00:00:51 Mom! Ibu!
3 00:00:51 - 00:00:52 Help me. Tolong aku.
4 00:00:55 - 00:00:56 What is it? Ada apa?
5 00:00:56 - 00:00:57 I wasn't dreaming, Walt. Aku tidak bermimpi tadi, Walt.
6 00:00:57 - 00:00:59 I didn't imagine it. Aku tidak berkhayal.
Note: These data were taken from the samples data (see appendix 1)
3) Reading and comparing the script between English and Indonesian

version.
4) Counting the total sentences of the subtitle.
5) Selecting the samples by using sampling interval method.
6) Analyzing the samples.
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b. English-Indonesian translation subtitle quality
1) Checking the quality of English-Indonesian subtitle translation
based on the criteria of good translation theories from Larson
(1998), Nida, Lewis, and Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti (2000),
Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) in Munday (2001), Benjamin
Time Quality of Translation
Translation
and English Text Indonesian Text Notes
Procedure Appropriate Inappropriate
Contexts
00:12:03 - An aesthetic Petualang alam yang Couplets (Cultural
00:12:11
voyager whose rumahnya ada di Equivalent and
(Monolog)
home is the road. jalanan. Shift)
00:12:16 - I'm taking you out Aku akan Paraphrase
00:12:18
to where we're membawamu ke
(Monolog)
(1985) in Abdellah (2005) in the script which has already been

analyzed. This step is conducted by the researcher.
2) Giving the synopsis of the study and the summary of the film to
each participant (three persons who are experienced in translation)
in order to make he understands what he will analyze.
3) Giving the informed consent to each participant to willingly take
part in the current study.
4) Giving each participant the script which has already been analyzed.

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going. tujuan kita.
Table 3.2 “Into the Wild” Movie Subtitle Analysis
5) Asking each participant to give a checklist in a “Quality of

Translation” column of every sentence to see whether the
translation is appropriate or not. If it is inappropriate, each
participant is asked to give a note of the correct translation.
6) Analyzing the data obtained.
E. Data Analysis
After the data has already been collected, the researcher will analyze the
data by using these following steps.
1. Procedure used in the English-Indonesian subtitle translation
a. Juxtaposing the English and Indonesian version.
b. Analyzing the translation procedures by using Newmark (1988), Vinay
and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001),
Catford (1965) in Munday (2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier
(1999), and Harvey (2003) theories that are found in that script.
Table 3.3
“Into the Wild” Movie Subtitle Procedure
Time and English Text Indonesian Text Translation
Context Procedure
00:12:03 - An aesthetic voyager whose Petualang alam yang Couplets (Cultural
00:12:11 home is the road. rumahnya ada di jalanan. Equivalent and Shift)
(Monolog)
00:12:16 - I'm taking you out to where Aku akan membawamu ke Paraphrase
00:12:18 we're going. tujuan kita.
(Monolog)
00:12:25 - So now, after two rambling Jadi setelah dua tahun tiba juga Literal

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00:12:30 years comes the final and akhirnya petualangan terakhir.
(Monolog) greatest adventure.
c. Calculating the percentage of each procedure by this formula:

P= x 100%
P = Percentage
F = Frequency of translation procedure
N = Total number of samples.
d. Discussing the data based on each translation procedure by using
skopos and equivalence theory. Further discussion is elaborated in
Chapter IV.
e. Drawing conclusions.
2. English-Indonesian translation subtitle quality

a. Calculating the percentage between the qualified and not qualified of
subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild” movie based on the judged
from the researcher and from three participants by using the formula:
P= x 100%
P = Percentage
F= Frequency of the qualified and not qualified subtitle translation
N = Total number of samples.
b. Discussing the data based on the theories from some experts, such as
Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti
(2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) in Munday (2001), Benjamin
(1985) in Abdellah (2005). Further discussion is elaborated in Chapter
IV.
c. Drawing conclusions.

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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the result of the study including the analysis of the
data based on the theoretical framework. The first part of this chapter is findings
that will present the result of data collection. The second part is discussions that
attempts to elaborate the findings of the research.
A. Data Presentations and Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitle

Translation Procedures
After examining the film entitled “Into the Wild”, the researcher found
1272 sentences in the dialogues and took 300 sentences from every fourth
sentence by using sampling interval method that has been elaborated in the
previous chapter as the selected sample of this study. Total of analyzed sample
data are attached in Appendix 1.
Based on the data that has been analyzed by using Newmark (1988),
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001),
Catford (1965) in Munday (2001), Delisle, Lee-Jahnke & Cormier (1999), and
Harvey (2003) theories of translation procedure, the researcher found nine
types of translation procedures in the English-Indonesian subtitle translation
of “Into the Wild” movie, included the untranslated sentences; those are
literal, transference, cultural equivalent, shift, compensation, reduction and
expansion, paraphrase, and the combination of translation procedures such as
couplets, triplets, and quadruplets.
To answer the first question of the research, the researcher calculated the
amount and the percentage of each procedure by using this formula:
P= x 100%
P = Percentage

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N = Total number of samples
The calculation is presented as the findings in the following table.
Table 4.1
The Amount and Percentage of English-Indonesian Subtitle Translation
Procedures
No Types of Procedure Amount Percentage
1 Literal 57 19%
2 Transference 17 5,7%
3 Cultural Equivalent 21 7%
4 Shift 38 12,7%
5 Compensation 2 0,7%
6 Reduction and Expansion 71 23,7%
7 Paraphrase 12 4%
8 Couplets, Triplets, and Quadruplets 68 22,7%
9 Untranslated Sentences 14 4,7%
TOTAL 300 100 %
Here are the elaborations of the table above, dealing with the translation of
English-Indonesian subtitle procedure according to Newmark (1988), Vinay
and Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford
(2003) theories.
1. Literal
Table 4.2
Literal Translation Procedures

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Source Language Target Language
1 Mom! Ibu!
2 I heard him! Aku dengar dia!
3 Thanks. Terima kasih.
4 Are they going to continue? Apa mereka akan teruskan?
5 I don't want anything. Aku tidak mau apapun.
6 Turning mistakes into gold. Mengubah kesalahan menjadi emas.
7 Look at this! Lihat ini!
8 Find my direction magnetically. Cari arahku secara megnetik.
9 I'm not destitute. Aku tidak miskin
10 Where's your family? Dimana keluargamu?
Literal is the procedure of transferring SL grammar and word order, as

well as the primary meanings of all the SL words (Newmark, 1988:69). In
other words, it distorts the sense and the syntax of the original (Levefere in
Bassnett, 2002:87). In the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the
“Into the Wild” film, there are 57 of 300 sentences that use literal
procedure.
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:86) in Munday (2001:57) state that the
translator may judge literal translation to be 'unacceptable' because it gives
a different meaning or has no meaning. But, the findings show that literal
translation can express the meaning of the SL which completely render
into the TL. There are no untranslated words in those samples above,
because the TL text transfers the entire message of SL text accurately, so
the viewer of the film can feel the same situation and the message as the
original one.
It is supported by the previous research findings by Dinda (2010)
entitled “An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Subtitle of
Perfume”. The researcher found that literal translation was the most

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frequently used translation procedures in translating the subtitle of
“Perfume”. Therefore, since literal translation is clear and communicative,
the subtitler can choose literal translation procedure to deliver the message
like the original one.
In literal translation, the words not only refer to the same thing, but
have similar associations (Newmark, 1988:70). It is proven by the example
above in the sentence “turning mistakes into gold” which is translated into
“mengubah kesalahan menjadi emas” instead of ”memutar kesalahan
menjadi emas”. The subtitler chooses the appropriate diction to translate
the word “turning”, so the SL grammatical constructions are converted to
their nearest TL equivalents (Newmark, 1988:46). It proves that those
examples above implement the equivalence theory, because the TL has the
same impact and meaning as the original one (Nida, 1964 in Bassnett,
2009:34).
The explanation above indicates that the translation fulfills the criteria
of good translation, because the translation is easy to be understood,
transfer the message accurately, and give the complete transcript of the
original work (Massoud, 1988 in Abdellah, 2005:26 and Tytler, 1979:15 in
Munday, 2001:26)
2. Transference
Table 4.3
Transference Translation Procedures
1 Chris, hi! Chris, hi!
2 Hey! Hey!
3 Hello. Hello.
4 Bye, Alex. Bye Alex.
5 Alaska. Alaska.

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6 Ron Franz. Ron Franz.
7 West Virginia. West Virginia.
8 My goodness. My goodness.
Transference is a term proposed by Newmark where SL text is

transferred into TL text (Newmark, 1988:81). Gottlieb (1992) in Ghaemi
and Benyamin (2010:42) proposes the term “Imitation” where the process
of translation maintains the same forms, typically with names of people
and places. In the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the
Wild” film, there are 17 of 300 sentences that use transference procedure.
Those sentences above are the example of transference procedure
used in the film subtitle. It can be seen from the same spelling and writing
between the SL and the TL text. In other words, the subtitler transliterating
the original term (Harvey, 2003:5). Unfortunately, there are some
examples that use transference procedure even though those are neither the
name of people nor place.
The sentence “Bye, Alex” in the example above should be translated
literally into “Selamat tinggal, Alex” and the sentence “My goodness”
should be translated by using compensation procedure, where the
pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part
(Newmark, 1988:90). So, the TL text will be “ya ampun”. If it is
translated literally into “kebaikan saya”, the meaning is inappropriate with
the context of the film, because in the film, it shows someone who feels
amazing with a particular thing. These translations cannot fulfill the
skopos theory, because the subtitler chooses the wrong translation
procedure which cannot enable the text to function in the situation that is
used (Nord, 1997:29 in Jensen, 2009:15).
3. Cultural Equivalent

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Table 4.4
Cultural Equivalent Translation Procedures
1 Just living on the cheap under the Hiduplah dengan hemat di bawah
sun. matahari.
2 Okay, keep it straight. Ok pertahankan terus.
3 Outdoorsman. Dia suka berpetualang.
4 All right. Ok.
5 Woman! Nona!
6 We're 10 deep! Kita dalam masalah!
7 You're pretty magic. Kamu hebat sekali.
8 You take care, kiddo. Jaga dirimu nak.
9 Come on. Mari.
10 You little pinhead! Kamu bodoh!
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:90) in Munday (2001:58),

cultural equivalent is particularly useful in translating idioms and
proverbs. In the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the
Wild” film, there are 21 of 300 sentences that use cultural equivalent
procedure.
From those examples above, it is clearly seen that the subtitler is not
only transmitting a language, transferring the meaning, and conveying the
message, but also transmitting a cultural aspect of the SL (Bassneet,
2002:6). The subtitler also maintain the equivalence theory in translating
the cultural aspect from the film subtitle, because he adjusts the texts to the
target culture, to harmonize them linguistically in terms of grammar and
lexis, and to make them sound natural (Munday, 2009:84).
It is impossible if those sentences are translated literally, because it
cannot describe the meaning of the same situation and will give a bad
impact to the viewer. For example, the sentence “just living on the cheap

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under the sun” will be “hanya tinggal pada murah di bawah matahari”.
“Keep it straight” will be “jaga lurus” and “take care” will be
“mengambil perhatian”. The idiom “we’re in 10 deep” will loss the
meaning if it is translated literally into “kita dalam 10 mendalam”.
Another example is the word “Woman!” which is translated into
“Nona!” As we know that literally, “woman” means “perempuan” or
“wanita”. But, in the context when a man was scolding at his wife, the
appropriate translation will be “Nona!” It is relevant with the skopos
theory where the purpose of the text is determined by situational
conditions (Jabir, 2006:38).
After all, the translation above is qualified, because the TL
reconstructs the cultural or historical context of the original and captures
the style or atmosphere of the original text and has the ease of an original
composition (Massoud, 1988 and El Shafey, 1985:93 in Abdellah,
2005:26).
.
4. Shift
Table 4.5
Shift Translation Procedures
1 When we finish eating, I’d love to Ketika kita selesai makan, aku ingin
see your workshop. melihat bengkelmu.
2 That's why. Karena itu.
3 They wanted us to choose which of Mereka ingin kita pilih dengan siapa
them we'd live with. kita ingin tinggal.
4 Well, Son, you can go get the Ya nak, kamu bisa ambilkan
lighter fluid. minyaknya.
5 I told you once. Aku sudah bilang.

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Shift is the translation procedure which concerned with grammar
(Newmark, 1988:88). In the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the
“Into the Wild” film, there are 38 of 300 sentences with shift as the
translation procedure used.
The shift procedures in those sentences above are used because the
literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with
natural usage in the TL Newmark (1988:85-88). The first sentence, “When
we finish eating, I’d love to see your workshop” is translated into “Ketika
kita selesai makan, aku ingin melihat bengkelmu.” If it is translated
literally into “Ketika kita selesai makan, aku ingin menyukai untuk melihat
bengkelmu,” the viewer of the film will not get the meaning of the
dialogue. The second sentences, “They wanted us to choose which of them
we'd live with” is translated into “Mereka ingin kita pilih dengan siapa
kita ingin tinggal.” If it is translated literally into “Mereka ingin kita untuk
memilih yang dari mereka kita akan hidup bersama,” the viewer could not
catch the meaning of the dialogue. The subtitle is not effective due to the
length of the TL which is too long. A subtitled text has to be shorter than
the audio, because simultaneously the viewers need the necessary time to
read the subtitle and watch the film at the same time (Munday, 2009:148).
The shift procedure in the film also consists of changing the
syntactical rules. It appears in the second sentences, “that’s why” which is
translated into “karena itu” instead of “itulah mengapa”. The change of
word order does not change the sense of meaning and still describes the
same situation as in the original by different stylistic or structural means
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:90) in Munday (2001:58).
In the fourth sentences, “Well, Son, you can go get the lighter fluid” is
translated into “Ya nak, kamu bisa ambilkan minyaknya.” The literal
translation is possible which turn the TL text into “Ya nak, kamu bisa
pergi mendapatkan minyaknya”, but it makes the TL unnatural. Therefore,

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the subtitler is correct by using shift as the procedure to translate the
sentence. It makes the TL natural and having an easy form of expression
Nida in Venutti (2000:134).
There is also a shift which is required when an SL grammatical
structure does not exist in the TL. It appears in the last example in the
sentence “I told you once” which is translated into “Aku sudah bilang”.
Literally, the word “told” means “mengatakan” and it is the past form of
the word “tell”. Because the past form is applied to the moment which has
already happened, the exact meaning will be “sudah mengatakan” or
“sudah bilang”.
As indicated in the sample above, the shift procedure used in the
translation process makes the TL text clear and understandable, because
the change of one part of speech for another does not changing the sense
(Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000: 88 and 1995: 94-9 in Munday, 2001:57).
5. Compensation
Table 4.6
Compensation Translation Procedures
1 Jesus! Astaga!
2 Shit, yeah. Sial ya.
Compensation happens when the loss of meaning, sound-effect,

metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in
another part, or in a contiguous sentence (Newmark, 1988:90). In the

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English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild” film, there
are only two of 300 sentences that use compensation procedure.
As indicated in the examples above, the exclamation “Jesus” in the
dialogue is translated into “Astaga” instead of translate it literally into
“Isa” which is the name of the prophet and the exclamation “Shit, yeah” is
translated into “Sial ya” instead of translate it literally into “kotoran, ya.”
In the “Into the Wild” film, these exclamations are used in the context
when someone expresses his anger and regret.
It is clearly seen that the subtitler works on skopos theory, because the
translation procedure used is appropriate with the purpose and meaningful
in the communicative situation and target culture (Jensen, 2009:16).
6. Reduction and Expansion

Table 4.7
Reduction Translation Procedures
1 So now, after two rambling years Jadi setelah dua tahun tiba juga
comes the final and greatest akhirnya petualangan terakhir.
adventure.
2 Your father and I, we want to make Ayahmu dan aku, ingin berikan
a present to you. hadiah.
3 And why did you do that? Kenapa?
4 You know, no fucking watch, no Tidak ada jam, peta, kampak,
map, no ax, no nothing. apapun.
5 We're talking about trying to juggle Kita membicarakannya.
blood and fire.
6 Especially if it's hot, you've got less Khususnya jika panas lebih tidak
time to do it. banyak waktu.
7 Who's gonna pay for the fourth Siapa yang akan bayar?
one?

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8 I think the freedom of this place is Kebebasan di tempat ini indah
just so beautiful. sekali.
Reduction is the process of shortening the text, but still maintains the
meaning of the whole text (Gottlieb, 1992 in Ghaemi and Benyamin,
2010:42). There are 69 of 300 sentences in the English-Indonesian subtitle
translation in the “Into the Wild” film that use reduction procedure.
According to Antonini (2005: 213) in Munday (2009:148), the words
contained in the original dialogues tend to be reduced by between 40 and
75 percent to give viewers the chance of reading the subtitles while
watching the film at the same time, therefore the subtitler tend to choose
reduction as the most frequently used procedure in translating the English-
Indonesian subtitle of the film “Into the Wild.”
Those examples above show that the subtitler shortens the TL text by
omitting the underlined words. Unfortunately, not all the TL text conveys
and maintains the same meaning of the SL text. For example, in the first
sentence, “So now, after two rambling years comes the final and
greatest adventure,” the subtitler omits the word “greatest”, so the TL
becomes “Jadi setelah dua tahun tiba juga akhirnya petualangan
terakhir.” In order to make the translation clear and natural, the word
“greatest” should not be omitted, so the TL text will be “Jadi setelah dua
tahun tiba juga akhirnya petualangan terakhir yang hebat.”
In the second sentences, “Your father and I, we want to make a
present to you” is translated into “Ayahmu dan aku, ingin berikan
hadiah.” There is no unclear object in the TL text. The viewer of the film
will be confused and start to wonder, to whom the present will be given.
The subtilter should not eliminate the word “to you”, so the TL text will be
“Ayahmu dan aku, ingin berikan hadiah untukmu.”

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The fifth sentences, “We're talking about trying to juggle blood and
fire” which is translated into “Kita membicarakannya” loss the meaning
and not relevant to the skopos theory, where the receiver cannot be able to
understand the TL. The subtitler clearly omits the idiom “trying to juggle
blood and fire” as the object of the sentence and replaces it into the third
person pronoun “nya” in Indonesian. However, the pronoun is unclear,
because in the previous dialogue, the people do not talk about “juggle
blood and fire.” The context of that dialogue is an answer of the question
“What are you talking about?” Nida and Taber (1969:12) postulate that
translation is reproducing the receptor language from the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, in terms of meaning and style.
Massoud (1988) in Abdellah (2005:26) also says that a good translation
should reconstruct the cultural or historical context of the original. Hence,
the phrase “trying to juggle blood and fire” should not be reduced, because
it is a kind of cultural equivalent and it should be translated into ”masuk ke
dalam bahaya.”
In addition, the Indonesian text from “we’re” in the sentence is not
“kita”, but “kami”. “Kita” is used when the second person is involved in
the conversation, while “kami” is used when the first person is talking
with the third person. Therefore, the TL text will be “Kami membicarakan
mengenai hal-hal yang membahayakan dirimu.” It is relevant with the
skopos theory where the TL text is meaningful in the communicative
situation and target culture (Jensen, 2009:16).
The sixth sentences, “Especially if it's hot, you've got less time to
do it” seems loss the meaning because the subtitler omits the underline
words as the important part of the sentence into “Khususnya jika
panas lebih tidak banyak waktu.” Reduction is needed to give the viewers
a chance to read the subtitles while watching the film simultaneously,
the TL text

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should be “Jika panas, kamu memiliki sedikit waktu untuk
melakukannya.”
The seven sentences, “Who's gonna pay for the fourth one?” is
reduced into “Siapa yang akan bayar?” Although the context of the
omitted words still relates with the previous dialogue, that is “I can't afford
four” which is translated into “Aku tidak bisa bayar yang keempat”, it
does not mean that the subtitler should omit that phrase. The subtitler
should makes the TL clearer and understandable by reducing and
translating the phrase “for the fourth one” into “itu” which refers to the
previous sentence. Therefore, the TL text will be “Siapa yang akan bayar
itu?”
Meanwhile, in the third sentences, “And why did you do that?” which
is translated into “Kenapa?” in the fourth sentences, “You know, no
fucking watch, no map, no ax, no nothing” which is translated into “Tidak
ada jam, peta, kampak, apapun,” and in the eight sentences, “I think the
freedom of this place is just so beautiful” which is translated into
“Kebebasan di tempat ini indah sekali,” the subtitler makes a
simplification, so the subtitle is effective. It means that the subtitler make a
condensation and fragmentation of the original syntax to promote
comfortable reading (Antonini, 2005, 213-214 in Munday, 2009:148).
Table 4.8
Expansion Translation Procedures
1 Two years he walks the earth. Dua tahun dia jalan di atas bumi.
2 Now you're in the wild, what are we Karena kamu sekarang sudah ada di
doing? alam, kita buat apa?

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Expansion is the process of translating the SL text by giving the
additional explanation in the TL text (Gottlieb, 1992 in Ghaemi and
Benyamin, 2010:42). In the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the
“Into the Wild” film, there are two of 300 sentences that use expansion
procedure.
In the first sentence, “Two years he walks the earth” is translated into
“Dua tahun dia jalan di atas bumi.” The expansion procedure used does
not maintain the dynamic of the SL, because the TL does not evoke the
same response as the original one (Larson, 1998:6). In order to get the
natural translation, the SL should be translated to be, “Dua tahun sudah
dia mengelilingi bumi.” The paraphrase procedure used in that sentence is
more appropriate than the first one. It can fulfill the same response of the
SL (Leonard Forster, 1958:6 in Venutti, 2000:131), so the viewer of the
film will not get misunderstanding while they are watching the movie.
The second sentences, “Now you’re in the wild, what are we doing?”
is translated into “Karena kamu sekarang sudah ada di alam, kita buat
apa?” The subtitler reinforces the sense of SL by adding the word in the
first sentence. Unfortunately, the last phrase “what are we doing?” is
translated inaccurately into “kita buat apa?” The subtitler chooses the
inappropriate Indonesian syntax and grammatical rules. It does not trigger
the same respond as the original text, like the equivalence theory, because
it cannot transfer the purpose and the meaning of the SL (Nida, 1964 in
Bassnett, 2009:34). Therefore, in order to get the natural meaning, the
correct translation of that phrase should be, “Apa yang kita lakukan?”
7. Paraphrase
Table 4.9
Paraphrase Translation Procedures

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1 I'm taking you out to where we're Aku akan membawamu ke tujuan
going. kita.
2 Me and you. Kita berdua.
3 Let me call you back. Aku telepon kamu nanti.
4 Whatever drawer he was opening Laci apapun yang dibukanya
now must have something pretty sekarang pasti ada permen.
sweet in it.
5 What more can the heart of a man Apa lagi yang diinginkan orang?
desire?
Paraphrase is a procedure where the explanation of the meaning of a

segment of the text is needed (Newmark, 1988:90). There are 12 of 300
sentences in the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the
Wild” film that use paraphrase procedure.
The first sentence, “I'm taking you out to where we're going” is
paraphrased into “Aku akan membawamu ke tujuan kita” instead of
translate it literally into “Aku akan membawamu ke luar kemana kita akan
pergi”. By paraphrasing, the TL is translated properly. The correct
procedure used by the subtitler produces a functionally adequate or
appropriate result (Jensen, 2009:15).
The second sentences, “me and you” which is translated into “kita
berdua” and the third sentences, “Let me call you back” which is
translated into “Aku telepon kamu nanti” maintain the equivalence theory,
because the subtitler transfers the original message without changing the
meaning of the text (Nida, 1964 in Bassnett, 2009:34). Even though the
literal translation is possible to be used, but the paraphrase procedure used
by the subtitler proves that he gains the perspective from the SL which
means that the essential part of original text is visualized according to the
subtitler intention (Newmark, 1988:25).

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The phrase “something pretty sweet” in the fourth example is
paraphrased into “permen” in the TL instead of “sesuatu yang cantik
manis”. By paraphrasing, the TL sounds natural and it makes the viewer
of the film understand the dialogue easily, because the subtitler cuts out
the elements that do not modify the meaning of the original dialogue
(Antonini, 2005:213 in Munday, 2009:148)
The last example, in the sentence “What more can the heart of a man
desire?” which is paraphrased into “Apa lagi yang diinginkan orang?”
instead of translate it literally into “Apa lagi yang dapat hati pria
inginkan?” proves that the subtitler brings together the two different
language. It means that the subtitler does not seek out the meaning as the
original, but tries to compose the meaning and give the ideas of the
original work (Tytler, 1979:15 in Munday 2001:26 and Benjamin,
1969/2000:17 in Munday, 2001:169). The appropriate procedure used also
indicates that the subtitler fulfills the skopos theory, because he can be
able to produce an appropriate result which makes the viewers achieve the
intention of the TL as the original text (Jensen, 2009:15).
As indicated from those examples above, it can be seen that by
paraphrasing, the TL sounds natural, clear, and enjoy to be read by the
viewers of the film. The subtitler uses an appropriate word when
transferring the message from SL text into TL text, so it conveys the same
content in the TL (Nida and Taber, 1982:105).
8. The combination of procedures (Couplets, Triplets, and Quadruplets)
Table 4.10
Couplets Translation Procedures
Source Language Target Language Combination
1 Let me turn off the Biar aku matikan Literal and Cultural

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light. lampunya. Equivalent
2 Datsun runs great. Datsun mobil yang Transference and
hebat. Paraphrase
3 Come on, tell me about Ayolah katakan. Cultural Equivalent
it. and Reduction
4 I am making the Aku mencari koneksi Cultural Equivalent
contacts for this untuk melancarkan and Paraphrase
business to work! bisnis ini!
5 Well, you just can't be Ya kamu tidak boleh Functional
crossing the borders menyebrangi Equivalent and
without any perbatasan tanpa Reduction
identification. KTP.
Couplets is a combination of two procedures for dealing with a single

problem (Newmark, 1988:91). There are 57 of 300 sentences in the
English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild” film that use
couplets translation procedure as indicated in the example above.
The first sentence “Let me turn off the light” is translated by using
literal and cultural equivalent translation procedure into “Biar aku matikan
lampunya.” The phrase “turn off” is transferred into a specific socio-
cultural context (Hatim and Munday, 2004:6 in Munday, 2009:7) into
“matikan”. If it is translated literally, the meaning will be “belok
matikan” which has no meaning at all.
The combination of cultural equivalent with another translation
procedure is also used in another sentence. It is clearly seen that the
subtitler combines the cultural equivalent with reduction as translation
procedure in translating the second sentences, “Come on, tell me about it”
into “Ayolah katakan.” The subtitler creates the effective subtitle by

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reducing the original dialogue naturally into 50% (Antonini, 2005: 213 in
Munday, 2009:148).
In the fourth sentences, the dialogue “I am making the contacts for
this business to work!” is translated by combining the cultural equivalent
and the paraphrase translation procedure into “Aku mencari koneksi untuk
melancarkan bisnis ini!” If the phrase “making the contact” is translated
literally into “membuat koneksi,” the TL sounds unnatural, because a good
translation should use the appropriate syntax and diction (Nida and
Taber's, 1969 in As-Safi, 2012:12).
It is common in our mind that “Datsun” is the brand of car, therefore
the subtiler chooses the transference and paraphrase procedure in
translating the sentence “Datsun runs great” into “Datsun mobil yang
hebat.” It is indicated that the TL maintains the the skopos theory, because
the TL is coherent for the viewers. It is meaningful in the communicative
situation and target culture (Jensen, 2009:16).
The last example of couplets procedure used is a combination
between functional equivalent and reduction in the sentence, “Well, you
just can't be crossing the borders without any identification” which is
translated into “Ya kamu tidak boleh menyebrangi perbatasan tanpa
KTP.” The subtitler tries to transfer the natural meaning from
“identification” in a specific term, so the TL needs to be generalized
(Newmark, 1988:83). In Indonesian, the “identification” is mostly
associated with the “identity card,” so the subtitler transfers it into “Kartu
Tanda Penduduk.” This translation maintains the dynamic of original text,
because the subtitler presents the TL which evokes the same response as
the SL attempts to evoke (Larson, 1998:6).
Table 4.11
Triplets Translation Procedures

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1 New Year's Eve, 1957, Malam tahun baru, Cultural Equivalent,
I was stationed in 1957, aku Transference, and
Okinawa. ditempatkan di Shift
Okinawa.
2 Anyway, whatever, but Yah, dan akhirnya Transference, Shift,
I ended up raising Reno besarkan Reno and Reduction
on my own. sendirian.
Triplets is a combination of three procedures for dealing with a single

problem (Newmark, 1988:91). There are nine of 300 sentences in the
English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild” film that use
triplets as indicated in the sample above.
In the first sentence, “New Year's Eve, 1957, I was stationed in
Okinawa” is translated into “Malam tahun baru, 1957, aku ditempatkan di
Okinawa.” The shift procedure is used because the SL grammatical
structure does not exist in the TL (Newmark, 1988:85). The phrase “I was
stationed in Okinawa” is a passive form, therefore it cannot be translated
literally. The word “Okinawa” is the name of place, therefore the
transference procedure is used by the subtitler. Meanwhile, the phrase
“New Year Eve” is translated naturally by using cultural equivalence
procedure into “Malam tahun baru.” The subtitler established equivalent
idiom in the TL that will be easier to understand (Munday, 2009:186).
Such translation can be regarded as skopos and equivalence theory,
because the subtitler choose the correct translation procedure and he
conveys the message of the writer to the reader as same as the original
one.
The next sentence, “Anyway, whatever, but I ended up raising Reno on
my own” is translated into “Yah, dan akhirnya besarkan Reno sendirian.”

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The subtitler uses the reduction procedure which is proven by the
untranslated the underlined words. Unfortunately, the subtitler omits the
subject as the essential part in the sentence. It makes the viewers start to
wonder “Who is raising Reno?” Therefore, in order to get the acceptable
translation, the TL should be changed into “Yah, dan akhirnya saya
besarkan Reno sendirian.”
Table 4.12
Quadruplets Translation Procedures
1 When they arrived at Ketika tiba di Reduction,
the apartment, there apartemen, ada Transference,
was a “For Rent” sign tulisan “Untuk di Cultural Equivalent,
up and the manager Sewa” dan manajer and Naturalization.
said that Chris had bilang Chris sudah
moved out at the end of pindah sejak akhir
May. Mei.
Quadruplets is a combination of four procedures for dealing with a

single problem (Newmark, 1988:91). There is only one of 300 sentences in
the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild” film that
combine four translation procedures as indicated in the example above.
There are four translation procedures used in the sentence “When
they arrived at the apartment, there was a “For Rent” sign up and the
manager said that Chris had moved out at the end of May” which is
translated into “Ketika tiba di apartemen, ada tulisan “Untuk di Sewa”
dan manajer bilang Chris sudah pindah sejak akhir Mei.” The first one is
reduction, where the subtitler omits the underlined word. The second one is
transference, where the subtitler maintains the same form of the name of

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people (Gottlieb, 1992 in Ghaemi and Benyamin, 2010:42), the next one is
naturalization where the subtitler adapts the word “apartment,” “manager,”
and “May” to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of
the TL (Newmark, 1988:81), thus the TL becomes “apartemen,”
“manajer,” and “Mei.” The last procedure used is cultural equivalent
where the phrase “For Rent” is translated into “Untuk di Sewa.” The
subtitler describes the same situation in the SL by different stylistic or
structural means (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000:90 in Munday, 2001:58).
Unfortunately, the Indonesian grammatical for the TL does not fulfill the
criteria of good translation, because the TL is not grammatically correct.
The “di” preposition is used separately when the next word is the
name of place. In order to get the same impact as the SL, the subtitler
should add the prefix di- and suffix –kan for the word “sewa.” Therefore,
the phrase “For Rent” is translated appropriately into “Untuk disewakan.”
9. Untranslated Sentences
Table 4.13
Untranslated Sentences
1 Nina Lynn Lockwynn. -
2 And on it went. -
3 I'm joking. -
4 Society! -
5 Fuck you! -
6 Let's go! -
7 Sorry. -

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8 No, no! -
In the English-Indonesian subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild”

film, there are 14 of 300 sentences which are untranslated. It consists of
the name of people and the other expressions. The subtitler does not
translate the name “Nina Lynn Lockwynn” into the TL text, in a context
when someone is calling out names of people. In this situation, the viewer
still can get the meaning of the SL text, because the name of people will
never change. But, it will be better if the subtitler uses the transference or
imitation procedure which maintains the same form of name and place
(Gottlieb, 1992 in Ghaemi and Benyamin, 2010:42).
In order to get the acceptable translation, the second sentences “And
on it went” should be translated by using shift procedure into “dan begitu
pula selanjutnya,” because the change of grammatical structure is needed
to create the natural meaning (Newmark, 1988:85). It is also appropriate
with the context of the previous dialogue where the narrator of the film
make reduplication when she tells the viewers about the Christopher’s
mark as follow: “A in Apartheid in South African Society. A- minus in
Contemporary African Politics and the Food Crisis in Africa. And on it
went.”
The next sentences, such as “I’m joking”, “Society!” “Sorry”, and
“Let’s go!” should be translated literally into “Aku sedang bercanda”,
“Masyarakat!”, “Maaf”, and “Mari kita pergi!” because the lexical
words which are translated word-by-word will the primary meaning of the
SL in those sentences (Newmark, 1988:69).
Meanwhile, the exclamation “Fuck you!” in the context where
someone is angry should be translated by using the compensation
procedure, so the TL text will be “Sialan kamu!” By using the appropriate
procedure, the viewer of the film will get the sense of the original text,

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because it evokes the same response as the SL attempts to evoke (Larson,
1998:6).
The last example, in the eighth sentences, the reduction procedure can
be used in translating the rejection “No, no!” into “Tidak!” because the
shortening of the text without changing the equivalent effect will create
the effective subtitle (Antonini, 2005:213 in Munday, 2009:148).
Therefore, by translating those untranslated words, the TL text is
comprehended easily. It will make the viewer of the film get the
information clearly, so there will not be the misunderstanding when they
watch the movie.
B. Data Presentations and Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitle

Translation Quality
Meanwhile, as explained in the research methodology, the quality of
subtitle translation in the “Into the Wild” movie will be carried out by
judging the analyzed script based on the good translation theories from
some experts by the researcher and by asking three persons who are
experienced in translation field. After the data has already been collected,
the researcher calculated the percentage between appropriate (qualified)
and inappropriate (unqualified) translation procedure by using this
formula:
P= x 100%
P = Percentage
N = Total number of samples
The calculation is presented as the findings in the following table:
Table 4.14

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The Amount and Percentage of English-Indonesian Subtitle Translation Quality
based on the Researcher Judgment
The table above shows the result of the judgment of the English-
Indonesian translation quality in the film “Into the Wild” based on the
criteria of good translation that are declared by some experts, such as
Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti (2000),
Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) in Munday (2001), Benjamin (1969/2000)
in Munday (2001), and Massoud (1988) and El Shafey (1985) in Abdellah

1 Qualified translation 232 77,3%
2 Unqualified translation 68 22,7%
TOTAL 300 100%
(2005).
It is indicated that the quality of English-Indonesian translation in the
film “Into the Wild” is qualified. It fulfills the criteria of good translation
that are declared by those experts above. Overall, the translation is making
sense, convey the spirit and manner of the original text, having natural and
easy form of expression, and producing a similar response (Nida in
Venutti, 2000:134). The translation also fulfills the skopos and
equivalence theory. It can be seen from the appropriate procedure used by
the subtitler which produce a functionally adequate result (Jensen,
2009:15). The use of appropriate translation procedure makes the viewers
get the same impact and feel the situation as the original one (Pym,
2007:271; Munday, 2009:185).
On the other hand, the result of the judgment of the English-Indonesian
translation quality in the film “Into the Wild” based on three persons who
are experienced in translation field is presented in the table bellow.

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Table 4.15
The Amount and Percentage of English-Indonesian Subtitle Translation Quality
based on the Three Translators Judgment

1 Qualified translation 231 77%
2 Unqualified translation 69 23%
TOTAL 300 100%
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the qualified translation reach
231 of 300 items (77%) and the unqualified translation reach 69 of 300 items
(23%). Therefore, it can be concluded that the sample of the data in the
subtitle of “Into the Wild” film that has already been analyzed is qualified.
According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the sample
of the data that has already been analyzed by the researcher and three persons
who are experts in translation fields is qualified, because it fulfills the criteria
of good translation from Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and Leonard Foster
(1958) in Venutti (2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) in Munday (2001),
Benjamin (1969/2000) in Munday (2001), and Massoud (1988) and El Shafey
(1985) in Abdellah (2005). Meanwhile, these are some examples of
unqualified translation based on the judge of the researcher and three experts
in translation field:
a. SL: Your mother and I will be glad to contribute the balance for
Harvard.
TL: Ibumu dan aku akan senang masuk ke Harvard.
Although reduction procedure of the long sentence in a subtitle is
needed to give viewers the chance of reading the subtitles while
watching the film simultaneously, the essential elements should not be

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omitted (Antonini, 2005:213 in Munday, 2009:148; Gottlieb, 1992 in
Ghaemi and Benyamin, 2010:42).
In the example of sentence above, it is clearly seen that the TL
does not capture the original meaning of the SL. The subtitler reduces
the essential part in the SL that will cause the viewers have a
misinterpretation of the purpose of the dialogue. The complete
translation of SL in the sentence above is transferred as follows:
SL: Your mother and I will be glad to contribute the balance for
Harvard.
TL: Ibumu dan aku akan senang menyumbangkan sisa uang kuliahmu
untuk Harvard.
In the sentence above, the “balance” is translated as “sisa uang
kuliah” because it is appropriate with the context of the previous
dialogue as follows: “How much do you have left in the college fund?”
which is translated into “Berapa sisa uang kuliahmu?” If the subtitler
needs to eliminate the dialogue because of space or time factor, the SL
will be clear and natural if it is translated as follows:
SL: Your mother and I will be glad to contribute the balance for
Harvard.
TL: Ibumu dan aku akan senang menyumbangkannya untuk Harvard.
The phrase “sisa uang kuliah” is replaced by the third person
pronoun “nya” so the reduction translation procedure of the sentence
above can give the ideas of the original one (Tytler, 1979:15 in
Munday, 2001:26).
Another inappropriate translation because of reduction procedure

also occurs in this sentence:
b. SL: You would like it, you would like it.
TL: Kamu suka.

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The subtitler omits the essential part of that sentence, so the TL
gives a different meaning. The meaning of the sentence “You like it” is
different from “You would like it.” In the first sentence, the subject of
the sentence has already liked the object, while in the second sentence,
the subject has not liked the object yet.
Therefore, in order to get good translation, the SL should be
transferred into:
SL: You would like it, you would like it.
TL: Kamu akan menyukainya.
c. SL: Your father and I, we want to make a present to you.

TL: Ayahmu dan aku, ingin berikan hadiah.
d. SL: Maybe he just wants his old car.
TL: Mungkin hanya ingin mobil lamanya.
Two examples above indicate that there are no subjects in the TL
which make the TL unclear and do not making sense. In the first
sentence, because the TL is not clear, there might be some questions
arise from the viewer, such as: “Who want to buy a present?” or “Who
will get the present?” while in the second sentence, the question might
be: “Who want the old car?”
So, in order to get the good translation that is easily understood by
the viewers, the subtitler should transfer the SL as follows:
SL: Your father and I, we want to make a present to you.
TL: Ayahmu dan aku, kami ingin berikan hadiah untukmu.
If the reduction is needed, the subtitler can eliminate the comma as
the punctuation in the sentence into:
SL: Your father and I, we want to make a present to you.
TL: Ayahmu dan aku ingin berikan hadiah untukmu.
For the second sentence, the SL should be translated as follows:

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SL: Maybe he just wants his old car.
TL: Mungkin dia hanya ingin mobil lamanya.
e. SL: We want to buy you a new car.

TL: Kita ingin belikan mobil baru.
The TL in the sentence above is not suitable with the original one,
because the subtitler chooses the wrong personal pronoun in the TL
and the wrong diction for the translation of “buy you” into “belikan.”
The equivalent effect in those sentences cannot be conveyed by the
subtitler, because the relationship between receiver and message is not
the same as between the original receivers and the SL message (Nida,
1964 in Bassnett, 2009:34).
Thus, to get a good translation, the subtitler should harmonize the
SL into:
SL: We want to buy you a new car.
TL: Kami ingin membelikanmu mobil baru.
There is a clear difference between “kami” and “kita” in
Indonesian. Although those pronouns are kind of first person pronoun
in plural, but the pronoun “kami” is used when we exclude the person
we talk to, while “kita” is used when we include the person we talk to.
Furthermore, the word “belikan” as the translation from “buy you” in
Indonesian is a kind of command word which is not appropriate with
the context of the sentence. The appropriate translation for “buy you”
is“membelikanmu” which serve the function as the verb in the
sentence.
f. SL: I'm joking.

TL: -
g. SL: Fuck you!

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TL: -
The untranslated sentences above absolutely inappropriate, because
the subtitler does not translate the SL, so the viewer of the film will not
understand the meaning of the SL. Therefore, to make the SL is clear,
the first sentence should be translated literally into:
SL: I'm joking.
TL: Aku bercanda.
Meanwhile, in translating the second sentence, the subtitler should
see the context of the previous dialogue and the purpose of the
sentence itself. Because that sentence is a kind of anger expression, so
the compensation procedure is more appropriate to use. In addition, the
appropriate procedure will produce the appropriate result (Jensen,
2009:15).
Therefore, in order to get a good translation, the SL should be
transferred into:
SL: Fuck you!
TL: Sialan kau!
h. SL: Bye, Alex.

TL: Bye Alex.
The main problem in the sentence above is because the subtitler
chooses the wrong translation procedure. The transference procedure
should not be used in the kind of sentence, because that is not the name
of people or places. In order to make the TL sounds clear and natural,
the SL should be transferred literally into:
SL: Bye, Alex.
TL: Selamat tinggal Alex.
i. SL: I'll keep this wisdom in my flesh.

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TL: Aku akan simpan kebijaksanaan ini dalam dagingku.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:86) in Munday
(2001:57), not all literal procedure is acceptable, because the meaning
of the TL is different to the SL. However, the literal translation
procedure used in the example of sentence above is no appropriate
with the context of the sentence which cause the TL sounds unnatural.
The literal procedure used should be changed into shift procedure,
because shift can be used where literal translation is grammatically
possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL Newmark
(1988:85-88).
Therefore, based on the judge of three persons who are expert in
translation field, the appropriate translation of the sentence is
transferred as follows:
SL: I'll keep this wisdom in my flesh.
TL: Aku akan simpan kebijaksanaan ini di dalam diriku.

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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter will discuss the conclusions that are taken from the result of
the research and suggestions for the further study based on the research.
A. CONCLUSIONS
This qualitative case study research focused on finding out the types of
translation procedures based on the theories from Newmark (1988), Vinay and
Darbelnet (2000) in Munday (2001), Dryden in Munday (2001), Catford
(2003); and identifying the translation quality of English-Indonesian subtitle
of Into the Wild movie. Therefore, after analyzing and classifying the collected
data, this study draws several conclusions related to the research questions and
the aims of the study.
First, after analyzing and classifying the translation procedure, it was
found that there were nine translation procedures used in the English-
Indonesian subtitle of “Into the Wild” movie. It was found that reduction and
expansion was the most applied procedure in the film (71 items or23,7%). It
was followed by the combination of procedures, such as couplets, triplets, and
quadruplets (68 items or 22,7), literal (57 items or 19%), shift (38 items or
12,7%), cultural equivalent (21 items or 7%), transference (17 items or 5,7%),
untranslated sentences (14 items or 4,7%), paraphrase (12 items or 4%), and
compensation (2 items or 0,7%).
Then, concerning the second research question about the quality of
translation in the movie of “Into the Wild”, the result indicated that the subtitle
that has already been judged based on the good translation theories from some
experts by the researcher and by three persons who are experienced in

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translation field was qualified and fulfilled the criteria of good translation that
are declared by some experts, such as Larson (1998), Nida, Lewis, and
Leonard Foster (1958) in Venutti (2000), Newmark (1988), Tytler (1979) and
Benjamin (1969/2000 in Munday (2001), and Massoud (1988) and El Shafey
(1985) in Abdellah (2005). Based on the researcher judgment, the qualified
translation reached 232 items or 77,3% and the unqualified translation reached
68 items or 22,7%. Meanwhile, the percentage of qualified translation based
on three persons who are experienced in translation field reached 231 items or
77% and the unqualified translation reached 69 items or 23%.
B. SUGGESTIONS
There are some points that should be noted for the improvement and the
development for the further study. The writer proposed some suggestions as
follows:
1. The translator should choose an appropriate procedure according to the
purpose of the text itself, because the inappropriate procedure used will
make the Target Language (TL) sounds unnatural and lead the reader to
the misunderstanding.
2. The translator should pay more attention to the Indonesian grammar and
choose the appropriate diction in translating the Source Language (SL) to
avoid misinterpretation of the SL.
3. For those who are interested in the same topic, the further study could
elaborate more comprehensive analysis by interviewing the sworn
translator relates to the quality of the film subtitle.

wild”

Anken - An Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitiling Procedures of The Movie Entitled - Into The Wild

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Anken - An Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitiling Procedures of The Movie Entitled - Into The Wild

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN SUBTITILING

PROCEDURES OF THE MOVIE ENTITLED “INTO THE

Submitted to English Department of FPBS UPI

Anken Nur Kania

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

© Anken Nur Kania

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

An Analysis of English-Indonesian Subtitling Procedures of the Movie

Main Supervisor Co-supervisor

NIP 195111241985032001 NIP 197301132009121002

Head of Department of English Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.

Anken Nur Kania

Department of English Education

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui prosedur penerjemahan dan menganalisis

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Kata kunci: Penerjemahan, Penerjemahan Subtitle, Prosedur Penerjemahan,

Keywords: Translation, Subtitle Translation, Translation Procedure, Translation

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

PAGE OF APPROVAL ........................................................................................... i

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES

Figure 2.1 Larson’s Process of Translation........................................................... 13

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

This chapter presents the introduction of the research. It discusses the

A. Background of the Study

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

B. Statements of the Problems

C. Aims of the Study

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

D. Scope of the Study

E. Significance of the Study

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

F. Clarification of Related Terms

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

G. Organization of the Paper

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Other definitions are proposed by Bassneet (2002:6) who defines that

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

2. The Equivalence Theory

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

Figure 2.1 Larson’s Process of Translation (1998:4)

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

10. Shifts or Transpositions

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

12. Recognized Translation

13. Translation Label

Anken Nur Kania, 2014

15. Componential Analysis

16. Reduction and Expansion

Anken Nur Kania, 2014