LAPORAN RESMI

PRAKTIKUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II

Materi :

KESETIMBANGAN FASA

Disusun Oleh :

Vincentius Noel Hizkia Jordanata

Kelompok : 9 - Kamis

Rekan Kerja : 1. Agita Ardelia Kinanti

2. Diva Amanda Kusumawardani
3. Muhammad Rizal Aditya Nugraha

LABORATORIUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
SEMARANG
2022
 LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
PRAKTIKUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

Materi : Kesetimbangan Fasa

Kelompok : 9 - Kamis
Anggota : 1. Agita Ardelia Kinanti NIM. 21030121140155
2. Diva Amanda Kusumawardani NIM. 21030121140193
3. Muhammad Rizal Aditya Nugraha NIM. 21030121140118
4. Vincentius Noel Hizkia Jordanata NIM. 21030121140116

Semarang,
Mengetahui
Dosen Pengampu Asisten Pembimbing

Dr. -Ing. Ir. Silviana, S.T., M.T., IPM., ASEAN Eng. Maria Asel
NIP. 197412162000122001 NIM. 21030119130079
 LAPORAN SEMENTARA
PRAKTIKUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II

Materi :

KESETIMBANGAN FASA

NAMA : Vincentius Noel Hizkia Jordanata NIM : 21030121140116

GROUP : 9-Kamis

REKAN KERJA : 1. Agita Ardelia Kinanti

2. Diva Amanda Kusumawardani

3. Muhammad Rizal Aditya Nugraha

LABORATORIUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
SEMARANG
2022
 LEMBAR KUANTITAS REAGEN
LABORATORIUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

LEMBAR KUANTITAS REAGEN

MATERI : Kesetimbangan Fasa

HARI/TANGGAL : Kamis, Maret 2022
KELOMPOK : 9 - Kamis
NAMA : 1. Agita Ardelia Kinanti
2. Diva Amanda Kusumawardani
3. Muhammad Rizal Aditya Nugraha
4. Vincentius Noel Hizkia Jordanata
ASISTEN : Maria Asel

KUANTITAS REAGEN

NO. JENIS REAGEN KUANTITAS

1. Kurva Standar (Densitas) %W (0, 10, 20,…, 90, 96)

Basis Volume 15 ml
2. Diagram T vs x,y
Etanol teknis 55 ml
Aquadest 20 x 5 ml

TUGAS TAMBAHAN :
Pelajari diagram T vs x,y

CATATAN : Semarang,
ASISTEN

Bawa mm block, tisu, lap, kapas

T distilasi 95°C
Kalibrasi piknometer
Buat kurva densitas (metode densitas) (Maria Asel)
NIM. 21030119130079
 Fluid Phase Equilibria 376 (2014) 1–21

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Fluid Phase Equilibria

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fluid

Experimental study of the density and derived (excess, apparent, and

partial molar volumes) properties of binary water + ethanol and
ternary water + ethanol + lithium nitrate mixtures at temperatures
from 298 K to 448 K and pressures up to 40 MPa
I.M. Abdulagatov a,∗ , Lala A. Akhmedova-Azizova b , N.D. Azizov c
a
Geothermal Research Institute of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
b
Technical University, Department of Industrial Ecology and Industrial Safety Properties of Aqueous Systems, Baku, Azerbaijan
c
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, Baku, 370601, Azerbaijan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Densities of binary water + ethanol and ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures have been measured
Received 16 December 2013 over the temperature range from 298 K to 448 K and at pressures up to 40 MPa using the constant-volume
Received in revised form 23 May 2014 piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat. The measurements for water + ethanol mixture
Accepted 24 May 2014
were made for four compositions of 0.0163, 0.0343, 0.0730, and 0.0946 mol fraction of ethanol. The mea-
Available online 2 June 2014
surements for thernary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures were performed in the same temperature and
pressure ranges for twelve concentrations. The combined expanded uncertainty of the density, pressure,
Keywords:
temperature, and concentration measurements at the 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2
Apparent molar volumes
Density is estimated to be 0.06%, 0.05%, 20 mK, and 0.015%, respectively. The derived volumetric properties such
E
Excess molar volumes as excess (Vm ), apparent (V˚ ), and partial (V̄2∞ ) molar volumes were calculated using the measured values
Ethanol of density for the binary water + ethanol mixture and for pure water and ethanol. The small and negative
Lithium nitrate values of excess molar volume for the mixtures were found at all experimental temperatures, pressures,
and over the entire concentration range. The excess molar volume minimum is found at concentration
about 0.4 mol fraction of 1-propanol. The concentration minimum of the derived apparent molar volumes
V˚ near 2 mol kg−1 (dilute mixture) was observed.
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction is leading considerable changing thermodynamic properties of

Accurate volumetric (density, excess, apparent, and par-
tial molar volumes) data of aqueous solutions is crucial for
understanding many industrial and natural processes. In many
applications these processes occur at high temperatures and high
E ), apparent (V ) and partial (V̄ ∞ ) molar
pressures. The excess (Vm
˚ 2
volumes are very useful tools for understanding the interac-
tions between the solute and solvent molecules occurring in the
mixtures. Alcohol is the standard example of associated fluids.
Alcohol molecules strongly affect water structure which leads to
anomaly of the thermodynamic properties of the water + alcohol
mixtures. Alcohol molecules re-building water’s structure which
∗ Corresponding author. Present address: Applied Chemicals and Materials Divi-
sion, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO
80305, USA. Tel.: +1 303 497 4027; fax: +1 303 497 5224.
E-mail address: ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov (I.M. Abdulagatov).
aqueous alcohol mixture. Studies of the apparent and partial molar
volumes of aqueous mixtures are used to examine solute–solvent,
solute–solute, and solvent–solvent (structural) interactions, i.e.,
provide useful information on the nature of interaction between
E , reflect
solute and solvent molecules. The excess properties, like Vm
of the origin of the non-ideality in the mixture, especially in the
mixtures that show strong interactions between the unlike (solute
and solvent) molecules. The volumetric properties (density, excess
and partial molar volumes) are providing very useful information
on the structural and intermolecular interaction between the
solvent and solute molecules with different sizes, shapes, and
chemical nature. For deeply understanding of the nature and
physical and chemical mechanism of aqueous alcohol mixture
properties anomalies the accurate experimental study of the
volumetric properties are needed.
As well-known when an electrolyte is added, strong electro-
static interactions take place. The solution structure varies and
properties of the solution considerable change. This is frequently

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2014.05.032
0378-3812/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 I.M. Abdulagatov et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 376 (2014) 1–21 9

1015
1040

P = 40 MPa

975 2 1015

/ (kg·m-3)
2 990
/ (kg·m-3)

935

965
895

1 940

855
915
1

815
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 890
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x / (mole fraction)
m / (mol·kg-1)
Fig. 3. Measured densities of aqueous ethanol mixtures as a function of concen-
tration along the two selected isotherm–isobars. 1—T = 448.15 K; 2—T = 323.15 K;  Fig. 5. Measured densities of ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures as a function
and △, 10 MPa; 䊉 and , 40 MPa; dashed lines are interpolated data. of molality (LiNO3 ) along the selected isobar of 40 MPa for various isotherms and
fixed concentration of ethanol (3.86 mol%). 䊉, 448.15 K; , 398.15 K; △, 348.15 K; ,
298.15 K; dashed lines are interpolated data.

in Fig. 2 together with the pure water values calculated from

IAPWS formulation [100] for the same isobars. As one can see,
all measured isobars for the mixture in -T projection shows
the behavior close to the quadratic functions of temperature just
like for pure water. Therefore the temperature behavior of the
density of aqueous ethanol mixture basically is governing by
water’s properties. Fig. 3 demonstrates concentration dependence
of the present density data for water + ethanol mixtures along two
selected isotherm–isobars. As one can see from this figure, the
density monotonically decreases as the concentration of ethanol
increases. The pressure and concentration behaviors of the density
of ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures are presented in Figs.
4 to 6 together with the values for the binary water + ethanol
mixture. These figures illustrate how the addition of LiNO3 is
affecting on the density of water + ethanol mixture. As one can see
from Figs. 5 and 6 ethanol addition is decreasing the density of the
ternary mixture while LiNO3 is increasing the density.
We compared our density measurements for water + ethanol
mixtures with the available data reported by other authors [5–56]
(see Table 1). The numerical comparison with other reported data,
especially at high temperatures and high pressures, is difficult due
to temperature and pressure differences between the present and
reported data. Therefore, the accurate graphical-analytical and
numerical interpolation techniques were used in order to be able
to compare with other published data. In order to get the values
of density for comparisons with other reported data the polyno-
mial interpolation and extrapolation procedures were applied to
selected ranges of direct experimental data. The uncertainty of the
interpolation and extrapolation procedures is very small because
the interpolation and extrapolation ranges are very small and
linear. Fig. 7 shows the comparison of the present density data
for water + ethanol mixtures with the values reported by other
researchers [8,12,16,19,20,23,24,30,31,35,36,39–42,45,47,48,51]

945
1040 T = 298.15 K T = 448.15 K

930
1030

1020
/ (kg·m-3)

915

1010
900

1000

885
990

980 870
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
P / (MPa) P / (MPa)

Fig. 4. Measured densities of binary water + ethanol and ternary water + ethanol + LiNO3 mixtures as a function of pressure for two selected isotherms and various molalities
of LiNO3 at fixed concentration of ethanol (3.86 mol%). 䊉, m = 0.0 (binary water + ethanol mixture); , m = 0.0457 mol kg−1 ; , m = 0.4757 mol kg−1 ; m = 0.8599 mol kg−1 ; ,
1.0931 mol kg−1 (ternary mixtures).
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