MOHON MAAF ATAS KENDALA TEKNIS

Introducing of QAQC for

Economic Minerals Exploration

Okki Verdiansyah
(INTY Lecturer, CPI PHE gold-basemetal)

GEOLOGINET x GEOMNRLZ x ITNY

Sharing Session #9

06 Juli 2020
Outline

1) Sampling Methods in Exploration

2) QA – QC
3) Studi Kasus

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 4

Sampling Methods

antarafoto.com
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 Poin penting dalam sampling
4

✓ the significance of sampling

✓ sample preparation
✓ sampling procedure
✓ sampling protocol.

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 Jenis pengambilan sampel
4

1. Spot sample (singkapan)

2. Channel Sampling
3. Pit Sampling
4. Trenching Sampling
5. Coring (core sampling)

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 Kondisi tipe sumber sampel batuan

Permukaan
• Outcrop (singkapan) Bawah permukaan
• jelas Cutting
• Subcrop Hasil hancuran bersama lumpur
• Tidak jelas batas, bentuk dan polanya saat pemboran yang dinaikkan ke
• Batu besar di tinggian, bentuknya masih permukaan. Umumnya pada
angular pemboran softrock
• Subcrop silisifikasi 5 m, di bukit x Drill Core
• Float Hasil pemboran inti, berbentuk
• gelindingan, pada lereng, koluvium, scree, silinder, dengan jenis diameter PQ,
longsoran,. HQ, NQ tergantung kondisi
• Stream float
• pada tubuh air, sungai, tranportasi

minahexploration.com
http://billbukers.jigsy.com/

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 Berdasarkan akurasi - kedetilannya

• Grab sampling
• mengambil tanpa melihat
karakternya, tanpa memilah
• sample tahap awal, sampel di
sungai, atau lainnya
• besar sample, tergantung kondisi
awal.
• Biasa dilakukan pada bongkaran mdpi.com
singkapan atau material
• Selective sampling
• memilih karakter tertentu, misal
bagian veinlet sulfida dipisahkan
dari kuarsa.
• besar sample tergantung target

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 Berdasarkan akurasi - kedetilannya

Chip sampling
• Mencuplik, sepotong, sebagian kecil adari batuan target.
• Mengambil beberapa titik/sebagian vein kuarsa (10 cm) pada singkapan besar
(2m).
• Channel sampling
• Mengambil sepanjang jalur tertentu tanpa putus, disesuaikan dengan
perbedaan karakter yang ada
• Diambil pada trench, singkapan, underground tunnel, dll

Dari keseluruhan metode, hanya channel

sampling yang mempunyai nilai baik dan dapat
dipakai untuk tahapan resources

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 Chip sampling

https://www.slideshare.net/pramodgpramod/sampling-techniques-for-mineral-deposit

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Channel sampling

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Channel sampling

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 Channel sampling pada trench/parit

https://resourceworld.com/ Geologyhub.com

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Core sampling protocol

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 Geologic Data Collection : Key Feature

Location Data
✓ - sample, map, mine, drill location
✓ geographic data : state, county, section, township, range, latitude, longitude, coordinates, elevation,
mining district, mine, pit, bench, level. working. claim. claim corner, identify the unique location of
geologic data points
✓ Data cannot be used if geologist does not know where they came from

Lithologic Data
✓ to describe rock, sample, or unit should include color, texture, mineralogical characteristics, lithology,
and rock type
✓ Primary structure (bedding, laminations, etc)

Structural data
✓ Clear description quatitative description of selvages, gouge zones, and fragment size, healed or re
cemented character of breccias
✓ RQD data, natural fracture, Fold
✓ Weathering and oxidation data
✓ Quantification of structural data
 Geologic Data Collection : Key Feature

Alteration Data
✓ nature, mineralogy, intensity, and distribution of features.
✓ Color, texture, mineralogy, intensity, fracture or vein/veinlet relationship, control, stages, mineralization
association, and pervasiveness with respect to the overall effect on rock mass
✓ weathering and oxidation intensity
✓ Quantification data

Mineralization Data
✓ nature, intensity, mineralogy, and distribution of the desired resurce
✓ primary and secondary
✓ quatity of minerals, intensity, character of veinlets, vein, or disseminations, supergen features, weathering and
oxidation intensity, associated gangue mineralogy
✓ Sulfide content, mineral, metal ration, gangue mineralogy, metallurgical studies and testing
✓ Vein age relationship
✓ Assay work should includedesired ore elements, deleterious elements (arsenic, etc.) and iron or sulfur or both
to caculate total sulfide content

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2020
Outline

1) Sampling Methods in Exploration

2) QA – QC
3) Studi Kasus

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2020
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 6 QA QC

❑ Quality Assurance (QA): FUTURE

➢ information collected to demonstrate and
quantify the reliability of assay data.
➢ Quality Assurance provides a measurement of
the uncertainty in the underlying data.
➢ All of those planned or systematic actions
necessary to provide adequate confidence in
the data collection and estimation process
(CIM 2003 )

❑ Quality Control (QC): PAST

➢ procedures used to maintain a desired level of
quality in the assay database.
➢ Quality Control leads to corrections of errors
or changes in procedures that improve overall
data quality.
➢ the use of statistical tools to ensure that the
systems are in statistical control

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 QA QC

QA/QC must be addressed during the collection, recording and

storage of any of the data.

This programme should be concerned with, but not limited to, data
verification, drill sample recovery, sample size, sample
preparation, analytical methods, the use of
duplicates/blanks/standards, effects of multiple periods of data
acquisition and consistency of interpretation in three dimensions.

The results of the QA/QC programme form part of the database and
must be recorded

Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum guide to Best Practice (CIM 2003)

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 QA QC

1. Drill Core Sampling

Storage, logging, documentation, sampling interval
(2m/1m..), inserting blank/CRM (1:20)
2. Sample Preparation
Sample processing, drying-crushing-spliting-pulverizing-
subsample.
3. Analysis (laboratory)
Certified Laboratory, Assay type
4. QAQC Procedurs

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 Core sample : Sample Collection, Preparation and Analysis

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 Sampling Error

Two basic types :

1) Contamination
▪ Contamination errors occur at any stage in exploration and is a much larger issue
for precious metals. From gold smearing on a saw blade, then being deposited on
another sample, to a logger logging core with a gold ring on, any redepositing of a
metal or material where it isn’t supposed to be is considered contamination. Rarer
examples are cross contamination at the lab level, maybe a crusher between
samples wasn’t cleaned properly, maybe a sample got mixed improperly

2) Procedural
• Procedural errors are errors resulting from deviations from the sampling
procedures. Perhaps a sample tag is mixed up or not recorded properly, maybe the
core cutter cut the sample improperly, or maybe the lab didn’t mix the sample
properly.

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 QAQC Procedurs

• Insertion of blanks, duplicates (of both types) and standards occur at

regular intervals in sampling. For example every 10th sample is a blank,
every 25th sample is a standard, every 50th sample is a core duplicate.
• These QA/QC samples are inserted and sent to the lab as if they were
actual rock samples – the lab does not know they are blanks/standards or
duplicates. In addition labs typically do internal duplicate checks (every
10th sample) and automatically retest all assays above a specific grade.
• The entire QA/QC procedure is usually lengthy and covers everything from
sample handling at all levels of exploration and processing as well as
defined protocols for insertion of standards/blanks and duplicates.
Companies are required to keep portions of all samples included in reports
for future retesting during an audit if the project advances beyond a simple
exploration project.

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 QAQC

Key Concept :
Precision + Accuracy

Use this material :

Precision → Duplicate
Accuracy → CRM
Contamination → Blanks
SRK consulting, 2011

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SRK consulting, 2011

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 QAQC Procedurs

Standards or Certified Reference Materials (CRM): are samples of known

or accepted value that are submitted to assess the accuracy of a laboratory.
A systematic difference from the expected CRM result indicates a bias within
or between assay batches. Standard samples may be purchased
commercially or may be prepared internally and it is recommended to submit
standards that span the practical range of likely assay values.

Lab penyedia :
•Rocklabs
•OREAS
•AMIS
•MineralStats Inc
•Geostats PTY LTD
•Nrcan (Canada natural resources)

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CRM source
CRM

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 5 Classification of Standart

An analysis of the standard is

classified as
✓ “Passed” if it plots between +2
standard deviation (SD) and -2SD
of the certified mean.
✓ “warning” if it plots between
+2SD and +3SD or between -2SD
and -3SD.
✓ “failure” if it plots above +3SD or
below -3SD.

Standards may fail due to sample

number mix-up or analytical error as
a result of poor equipment
calibration (analytical equipment or
weighing balance), incorrect dilution
factor or instrumental drift.

06 Juli 2020
 Standards – what interpretations can be made?
Laboratory QAQC

(A) Accurate data, with statistically valid

distribution of the standard values .
(B) Presence of “outliers” suggesting
transcription errors
(C) Biased assays
(D) Rapid decrease in data variability
(E) Drift of the assayed standard values

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Re- assay the error blank sample, if any

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 Duplicate

Field Splits/Duplicate are samples collected, prepared and assayed in an identical

manner to an original sample collected and submitted to provide a measure of the
total variance introduced by the entire sampling and assaying process (precision).

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 5 Blank Samples

Blanks or samples without mineralization are submitted with each batch of samples sent to the
laboratory. The blank material is collected from a location known to be devoid of any
mineralization or purchased from a reputed supplier. Results from these samples indicates any
contamination introduced during the sample preparation or analysis procedures.

✓ adalah sampel yg memiliki nilai 0 atau below detection

✓ Pemilihan blank sample
✓ Dilakukan oleh geologist, dengan mempertimbangkan karakter batuan yang kita miliki
✓ Contoh memakai batuan basalt fresh unaltered, memakai kuarsa murni, memakai
batugamping, dst.
✓ Dapat juga membeli ke Lab penyedia seperti OREAS

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 5 Blank Samples

“BLANK” FAILURE
--→ Contamination,
1) Blanks may fail due to contamination of the original sample during the sample collection,
sample preparation (crushing or pulverizing), or analysis.
2) Blanks may also fail due to carryover.
✓ Carryover is contamination of a blank by a previously analyzed high grade sample. This
can occur due to inadequate cleaning of equipment between samples at both the
sample preparation stage and sample analysis stage. Laboratories will often insert silica
sand in the sample sequence after high grade samples to properly clean the equipment.
✓ Carryover often applies to ductile materials such as native gold, or high content
sulphides or very soft materials like graphite.
3) Blanks may also fail due to sample number mix-up.
4) Blanks may also fail due to analytical error as a result of poor equipment calibration,
incorrect dilution factor, incorrect calibration on a balance, and/or instrumental drift

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 Blank Samples

Re- assay the error blank sample, if any

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Care the target

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 Auditing Laboratories and Preparation Facilities – What to Look out for!

Are samples stored and delivered in an

appropriate and orderly manner?
Good, orderly A QAQC disaster in the making!

SRK Consulting, 2011

 Auditing Laboratories and Preparation Facilities – What to Look out for!

•Are samples identifiable, labelled, etc?

•Are the sample transferred to and from the oven
safely (no risk of injury, dropping the pans or
confusion)
•Does stacking allow for complete drying?
•Is the temperature correct?

SRK Consulting, 2011

06 Juli 2020
 Auditing Laboratories and Preparation Facilities – What to Look out for!

•The Good, Bad and the Ugly

SRK Consulting, 2011

06 Juli 2020
Auditing Laboratories and Preparation Facilities – What to Look out for!

Crushing and Pulverising

•Blanks should detect any contamination

Cleaning apparatus is critical

 Auditing Laboratories and Preparation Facilities – What to Look out for!

Crushing and Pulverising

SRK Consulting, 2011

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Outline

1) QA – QC
2) Contoh QAQC di Eksplorasi

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6 Studi Kasus

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Studi Kasus : Lihir Project – Newcrest 2014

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From the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2013 there were 1600 CRMs analyzed for gold.
The median bias for that period was -4% (i.e. on average the assay results were 4% below the
CRM preferred value).
Figure 11.1 shows the pattern of results expressed in z-score units (one z is the same as one
standard deviation). Data have been curtailed at both ends; any z-score greater than 6 has been
attributed a value of 6 and any with a z-score below -6 has been attributed -6. This reduces the
impact of the outliers, many of which are a product of the poor precision at Lihir.
The red moving average line shows that the bias oscillated around -2 standard 36 Newcrest
Mining – Technical Report on the Lihir Property - 31 December 2013 deviations (equivalent to
about -5%) for much of the time followed by a period of reverse bias and then more moderated
bias (-3 to -4%) and improved precision.

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ESCOBAL MINE GUATEMALA

06 Juli 2020