Type of the Paper (Original Article or Review)

Conserving Ongole Crossbreeds with an Approach to the Value of Existence and Willingness to Pay
Farmer’s in Yogyakarta Indonesia
Elisa Christian Adhie Ernanto1, Rini Widiati2, and Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti2*
1
Student at Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 3, Bulaksumur,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2
Department of Livestock Social Economics, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Jl Fauna 3, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
*Correspondence: trianggraeni@ugm.ac.id

Abstrak

Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi dan mengukur existence usaha serta menganalisis Willingness To Pay peternak untuk menjaga

keberadaan sapi PO.

Metode: Penelitian dilakukan di Kelompok Taruna Mandiri Kecamatan Ngemplak Kabupaten Sleman dengan pertimbangan merupakan kelompok ternak sapi

PO yang mempunyai jumlah anggota terbanyak di Kabupaten Sleman. Penentuan responden secara sensus sebanyak 40 peternak. Pengumpulan data

dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen penelitian. Identifikasi eksistensi usaha meliputi ketersediaan input,

perkembangan output dan aksesibilitas penunjang sapi PO digunakan skala Likert. Pengujian konsistensi item pernyataan diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya.

Metode Contingent Valuation digunakan untuk mengestimasi Willingness to Pay peternak dalam mempertahankan usaha .

Hasil: Nilai keberlanjutan usaha dari eksistensi input (0.896), output (0.985), dan penunjang (0.885) masuk kategori tinggi. Nilai WTP terbesar yaitu

pembelian ternak betina muda dengan nilai rerata sebesar Rp 14.5000.000/ekor , diikuti pengolahan limbah sebesar Rp11.509.000/tahun dan asuransi induk

sebesar Rp 40.000/ekor/tahun. Agregat nilai WTP kelompok sebesar Rp 1.350.000.000/tahun.

Kesimpulan: Kelompok ternak dapat mempertahankan keberadaan sapi PO karena dukungan eksistensi usaha , pemanfaatan limbah kotoran untuk

peningkatan pendapatan, dan kemauan membayar peternak. Di sisi lain dukungan pemerintah untuk memberikan subsidi pada sistem pembibitan tetap

dipertahankan untuk menjaga keberadaan sapi PO

Kata Kunci: nilai keberadaan , eksistensi usaha, sapi Peranakan Ongole, Willingness To

Pay

Abstract

Objective: The objective of the research was to identify and measure the value of existence, thus to analyze Willingness To Pay of farmer to keep the

existence of Ongole Crossbreeds.

1
Methods: The research was conducted in the Independent Taruna Group, Ngemplak District, Sleman Regency with the consideration that it is a PO cattle

group that has the largest number of members in Sleman Regency. Determination of respondents by census as many as 40 farmers. Data was collected through

interviews using a questionnaire as a research instrument. The identification of the existence of the business includes the availability of inputs, the

development of outputs and the accessibility of supporting PO cattle using a Likert scale. Testing the consistency of statement items is tested for validity and

reliability. The Contingent Valuation method is used to estimate the Willingness to Pay of farmers in maintaining their business.

Results: The value of business sustainability from the existence of input (0.896), output (0.985), and support (0.885) is in the high category. The largest WTP

value is the purchase of young female cattle with an average value of IDR 14.500.000/head, followed by waste treatment of IDR. 11,509,000/year and parent

insurance of IDR. 40,000/head/year. The aggregate value of the group's WTP is IDR. 1,350,000,000/year.

Conclusions: Livestock groups can maintain the existence of PO cattle because of the support of business existence, utilization of dung waste to increase

income, and willingness to pay farmers. On the other hand, government support to provide subsidies and Siwab or its extension Mandatory cattle breeding is

maintained to maintain the presence of PO cattle

Keywords: existence value, business existence, Ongole Crossbreeds cattle, Willingness To

Pay

INTRODUCTION

Cattle farmer in Indonesia dominated by traditional scale system. Livestock is used as saving, kept in densely populated village and carried out from
generation to generation [1]. The smallholder cattle farming business is managed intensively and traditionally, managed by local people on a scale of 1 to 2
heads. Limited resources make business had a risks to problems. The greater the access of farmers to resources, more greater also the opportunity for
developing business [2].
Ongole crossbreed is the largest population of cattle in Indonesia. This cattle must be maintained in order to keep the purity and sustainability according to the
agro-ecosystem and local farmer preferences [3]. The existence of Ongole crossbreed depends on the farmer’s preference. Farmer choose Ongole crossbreeds
because its adaptable to climate, resistant to tick infection and skin diseases, and good feed conversion [4].
The operational cost in cattle fattening is for purchase of calf, feed and labor. It makes farmers more wise to manage their operational in order to meet the
profitable business [5]. The breed of calf can affect the preference of farmer. It can affects also on Willingness To Pay from farmers to keep the sustainability
from their business. Willingness To Pay is an individual’s willing to pay for good services [6].
Ngemplak Subdistrict is one of the locations that has a lot of beef cattle. The number of beef cattle in this area in 2020 was recorded at 2469 heads [7].
Ngalian village Ngemplak Subdistrict Sleman District has 32 farmer groups, one of which is called Taruna Mandiri. Taruna Mandiri is one of the groups in
the advanced group category. Taruna Mandiri is the one of the groups that trying to conserve the existence of Ongole crossbreed through forming a livestock
village and manure processing to increase the economic value of the environment.
The beef cattle area in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is located in the Regencies of Kulon Progo, Gunungkidul, Sleman and the city of Yogyakarta. The
development of the area is strengthened by the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Indonesia No.43/Kpts/PD.410/2015 January 16, 2015 concerning The
designation of National Areas for Beef Cattle, Buffaloes, Goats, Dairy Cattle, Sheep and Pigs [8]. Regulation related to germplasm conservation included in
Minister of Agriculture Regulation No.35/Permentan/OT.140/8/2006 mentioned that must be considered in exploration, identification, characterization, and or
evaluation of livestock genetic resources are maintaining and storing livestock genetic resources in accordance with its physical condition and designation [9].

2
Ongole crossbreed is one of the local cattle that are not pure breeds which have the potential and thus threatened about its existence [10]. Based on the
description above, it is necessary to analyze the willingness to pay of farmers and the factors that influence it to maintain the sustainability of Ongole
crossbreed, especially in Sleman District.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Location and Timeline

The selection of Sleman District as the research location for the consideration that this area has potential cattle to be developed and many cow herd
cages have been formed.
The location is determine by purposive sampling with consideration that Ngaliyan has a Ongole crossbreed group called Taruna Mandiri. Taruna
Mandiri applies an integrated biosystem model for cattle, agricultural crops and organic fertilizer management. The research was carried out for 2 months,
starting from July to August 2021.

Materials
The material in the research is a sample of Taruna Mandiri farmers who are members of its. Sampling of farmers was carried out by census, which took all
respondents as many 40 farmers.
Methods
This research uses pre survey and survey methods. The pre survey is carried out to determine the research location that will be used as respondent and
interviewed for primary data collection. The next step is a survey of all farmers using a questionnaire through interview. To determine the value of intangible
benefits and costs, an exploratory study was conducted through indepth interview with the management of the livestock group.
Data Analysis
Identification and measurement of existence value with 2 measurements, namely:
a. Identification of business existence from the aspect of input availability, output development and accessibility of supporting PO cattle villages using a
Likert scale with 5 ranges of statements, namely 5(SS), 4(S), 3(N), 2(TS), 1(STS) which the validity and reliability of the question items have been tested.
Availability of inputs is identification of livestock ownership based on the composition of livestock types, both male, female, heifer and calf in tail units and
livestock units (UT), changes in the function of group pen land and utilization of production inputs (land, capital, livestock, labor). The development of output
includes the development of production scale and sales volume as well as by-products with selling value, while accessibility includes the availability of water
sources, road conditions, and market facilities.
b. The measurement of existence value is how much preference breeders have to maintain the presence of PO cattle through the assessment of the farmer's
willingness to pay or Willingness to Pay (WTP) based on aspects of input availability, output development, and accessibility. PO cow. This approach asks
farmers directly what is the maximum value they are willing to pay for the benefits of having PO cattle that they will receive. The steps taken in the approach
include:
1) Setting Up the Hypotetical Market
At this stage, farmers are given an overview about the advantages of livestock, the benefit from conserving Ongole crossbreed for increasing income and pre-
serving livestock germplasm. It is intended that respondents can decide about price are willing to pay for conserving Ongole crossbreed. Based on this back -
ground, a hypothetical market is created with the following scenario:
If the existence of Ongole crossbreed becomes extinct, it will be replaced by imported cattle from abroad whose availability of stock is limited because there
are restrictions on imported cattle. In addition, the cost of imports is expensive and takes a long time and the quality assurance of broodstock or progeny is
also unpredictable.
2) Getting bid value
The bid value in this study was obtained through indepth interview with respondents by questionnaires to obtain the maximum value that respondents wanted
to pay for the conserving Ongole crossbreed. The technique used to get the bid value is by using the bidding game. This technique is done by asking respon-
dents repeatedly whether they want to pay a certain amount. The amount will be increased or decreased depending on whether the respondent is not willing to
pay the previously offered amount. Bidding will stop when the respondent has met the estimated point of willingness to pay (WTP).
3) Measuring average value of WTP
The value is calculated based on the total auction value obtained in the previous stage and divided by the number of respondents. The average value of WTP is
calculated by the formula:
n

E WTP = ∑ Wi ( Pfi)
i=1
where:
E WTP = estimated average WTP of respondents (Rp)

3
Wi = WTP value - i (Rp)
Pfi = Relative frequency - i
n = Total respondent
i = Respondent -i (i= 1,2,……,39)
4) Aggregating total WTP data
The calculation of the total WTP data aggregation is obtained by means of the WTP average value that has been obtained multiplied by the number of respon -
dents. The total WTP calculation uses the following formula:
TWTP = EWTP x Ni
where:
TWTP = Total WTP value (Rp)
EWTP = estimated average WTP of respondents (Rp)
Ni = Total respondent

RESULTS

Characteristic of Farmer
Characteristics of breeders including age, formal and non-formal education, experience in raising livestock, number of family members, and
type of work describe the potential of resources as one of the production inputs.
Table 1. Characteristic of farmer

Component Frequency (n=40) %

Age 32 80.00
Productive (16 to 65) 8 20.00
Non-productive (<16 and >65)
Formal education 5 12,50
Primary level 8 20.00
Secondary level 24 60.00
Higher secondary level 3 7,50
Graduate
Non-formal education 5 12,50
Cattle farming 15 37,50
Reproduction 20 50,00
Fertilizer processing
Household size (number) 13 32.50
1-2 26 65.00
3-5 1 2.50
>5
Farming experience (year) 16 40,00
1 to 5 7 17,5
6 to 10 17 42,5
> 10
Main occupation 25 62,50
Farmer 4 10,00
Private employee 1 2,50
Self-employee 1 2,50
Paid labor 6 15,00
Student 3 7,50
Civil servant

Characteristics of respondents indicate that 80% of farmers are in productive age, formal education is equivalent to high school (60%). Most of
the farmers participate in fertilizer processing training activities to increase income in addition to livestock reproduction and seed selection. This is related to
the number of families where family members also play a role in fertilizer processing and the use of fertilizer for planting vegetables so that they can carry out

4
the integration of crops and livestock. Farming experience more than 10 years shows that the business can be relied upon to help household income in addition
to the main job as a rice and horticultural farmer.
Table 2. Average livestock (IDR/farmer)

Type head Animal Unit

Heifer 1,15 ± 0,05 0,38 ± 0,01

Young male 1,00 ± 0,04 0,60 ± 0,02
Young female 1,18 ± 0,04 0,71 ± 0,02
Calves male 1,10 ± 0,05 0,28 ± 0,01
Calves female 1,11 ± 0,05 0,28 ± 0,01

Total 5,54 ± 0,23 2,25 ± 0,07

The average livestock ownership was mostly young females of 1.18 ± 0.04 heads or 0.71 ± 0.02 UT. Although breeders prefer the fattening
system over nurseries because of the relatively short maintenance period of 7.00 ± 0.21 months, some breeders have mothers and young females to maintain
the population of PO cattle in the group.
Table 3. Problems in Ongole crossbreed

Kind of problem Frequency (n=40) %

Difficult to get pregnant 26 65,00

Low selling price 36 90,00
PO cattle still have many local genes 13 32,50
The stock of cows in the barn is low 4 10,00
Slow growth 1 2,50

Based on the survey, the price of male PO cattle is IDR. 15,000,000/head, while the price of the parent is IDR. 14,000,000/head. The price of
males is higher because there are more carcasses than females. The presence of PO cattle must also be maintained because it is difficult to get pregnant, so
many breeders rely on IB for population increase or better known as contract marriages of IDR. 350,000/head until they are pregnant.
Measurement of existence value
a. The existence of farming from input
Table 4. Existence construction from input

Item Construction

1 Plan for changing the function of the group’s cage land 3

a. The cage stay in there 2
b. There are no plans yet 1
c. The cage will be moved
2 Land threats from natural disasters 3
a. Never experienced threats 2
b. Sometimes affected by natural disasters 1
c. Always affected by natural disasters
3 Land use in the cage 3
a. Will add plots for pens and plant fodder or grass 2
b. There is a plan to add plots for cages and plant animal feed 1
c. There is no plan to add plots for pens and plant fodder
4 Village treasury land rental regulations 3
a. Rent increases gradually and regular and land tax borne group 2
b. Rent increases gradually and there is no tax plan borne by the village 1
c. Rent increases depending on the condition and there is no tax plan borne
by the village
5 Group business to get capital in business 3
a. Financiers are available and easy to get loans 2
b. Financiers are available and its a bit difficult to get a loan 1
c. Financiers are very rare and difficult to get loans
6 Source of capital used for business 3
a. 50 percent comes from own capital 2

5
 b. 25-50 percent comes from own capital 1
c. < 25 percent comes from own capital
7 Distance to find forage (mugut = Javanese) 3
a. < 1 km 2
b. 1-5 km 1
c. 5 km
8 Availability of concentrate feed (pollard/bran) 3
a. Can be obtained any time and a lot 2
b. Can be obtained any time with a limited amount 1
c. Difficult to obtain and limited amount
9 Distance of buying concentrate feed 3
a. < 1 km 2
b. 1-5 km 1
c. 5 km

10 Availability of labor in the cage 3

a. Increase 2
b. Constant 1
c. Decrease
11 Participation in group meeting 3
a. There is always a meeting every month 2
b. Meet, more than 3 times in one year 1
c. Never
12 Use of concentrates as feed for beef cattle 3
a. Always 2
b. Sometimes 1
c. Never
13 How to manage livestock manure 3
a. Made organic compost of a bacterial starter 2
b. Mixing manure with remnant feed and urine, 1 month turned over and 1
used for fertilizer
c. Mixing manure with remnant feed and urine, it is needed at any time
for new fertilizer to be dismantled
14 Mating system 3
a. Artificial insemination with frozen semen 2
b. Natural by renting cattle from a group cage 1
c. Natural by renting cattle from other cage
15 Cage shape 3
a. Stage cage with cement 2
b. Semi stage cage 1
c. tratag (Javanese) bamboo or cement
d. floor cage with cement

Table 5. Score and achievement of existence from input

Existence of input (n=40)

No Statement Score achievement Achievement percentage

1 1 120 100 Valid

2 2 119 99,17 Valid
3 3 119 99,17 Valid
4 4 118 98,33 Valid
5 5 119 99,17 Valid
6 6 118 98,33 Valid

6
 7 7 97 80,83 Invalid
8 8 118 98,33 Valid
9 9 117 97,5 Valid
10 10 115 95,83 Valid
11 11 118 98,33 Invalid
12 12 112 93,33 Valid
13 13 117 97,5 Valid
14 14 118 98,33 Invalid
15 15 48 40 Invalid

*Maximum intensive class score: the highest score for each statement item (3) multiplied by the number of respondents (40) = 120
Categorization
Xn− Xi
C=
k
33−11
C= =7,33
3
Decsription:
C = class interval
Xn = maximum score
Xi = minimum score
K = total class
Table 6. Measuring class interval and determining the category of existence from input

No Class interval Motivation level

1 11-18.33 Low
2 18.34-25.67 Midium
3 25.68-33.01 High

Total score 1292

Mean score 32.3
Category high

b. The existence of farming from input

Table 7. Existence construction from output

Item Construction

1 Amount of cattle 3
a. Increase 2
b. Constant 1
c. Decrease
2 Selling livestock 3
a. Increase 2
b. Constant 1
c. Decrease
3 Development of manure compost, biogas 3
a. Increase (until buying from outside the group) 2
b. Constant 1
c. Decrease
4 Selling manure (compost and liquid fertilizer) 3
a. Increase 2
b. Constant 1
c. Decrease
5 Raising cattle can contributes to family income 3
a. 50 percent 2
b. 25-50 percent 1
c. < 25 percent

7
Table 8. Score and achievement of existence from output

Existence of output (n=40)

No Statement Score achievement Achievement percentage

1 1 113 94,17 Valid

2 2 118 98,33 Valid
3 3 106 88,33 Valid
4 4 50 41,67 Invalid
5 5 110 91,67 Invalid

*Maximum intensive class score: the highest score for each statement item (3) multiplied by the number of respondents (40) = 120
Categorization
Xn− Xi
C=
k
9−3
C= =2
3
Description:
C = class interval
Xn = maximum score
Xi = minimum score
K = total class
Table 9. Measuring class interval and determining the category of existence from output

No Class interval Motivation level

1 3–5 Low
2 6–8 Midium
3 9 – 11 High

Total score 337

Mean score 8.425
Category high

c. The existence of farming from support

Table 10. Existence construction from support

Item Construction Score

1 Use of electricity in group cage 3

a. Good 2
b. Good enough 1
c. Not good
2 Distance from group cage location to the nearest animal market 3
a. 0-2 km 2
b. 2-5 km 1
c. > 5 km
3 Condition of the road to the group cage 3
a. There are repairs, the road is on asphalt 2
b. Constant condition, there are plans for small road to be blocked 1
c. Bad road condition to walk on
4 Distance from the highway to the group cage 3
a. < 25 m 2
b. 25-100 m 1
c. 100 m
5 Adequacy and amount of water sources 3
a. Available and sufficient for all livestock 2
b. Available but not sufficient for all livestock 1
c. Not available

8
 6 Source of water 3
a. The well in the group cage 2
b. From home 1
c. Water spring
7 Condition of water spring 3
a. Good and well cared for 2
b. Fixed and no change 1
c. Not maintained and damaged
8 Animal market availability 3
a. Is in every village 2
b. Is in every district 1
c. Is in every sub-district
9 Source of electricity used 3
a. Register at PLN specifically for livestock 2
b. Register at PLN but mix with household 1
c. Take from the street power connection
10 Availabilitu of transportation to the nearest animal market 3
a. There are lots of public transportation 2
b. There is rarely public transportation 1
c. No public transportation available

Table 11. Score and achievement of existence from support

Eksistensi sisi penunjang (n=40)

No Statement Score achievement Achievement percentage

1 1 118 98,33 Valid

2 2 83 69,17 Invalid
3 3 119 99,17 Invalid
4 4 117 97,50 Valid
5 5 119 99,17 Valid
6 6 120 100 Valid
7 7 120 100 Valid
8 8 82 68,33 Invalid
9 9 118 98,33 Invalid
10 10 118 98,33 Valid

*Maximum intensive class score: the highest score for each statement item (3) multiplied by the number of respondents (40) = 120
Categorization
Xn− Xi
C=
k
18−6
C= =4
3
Description:
C = class interval
Xn = maximum score
Xi = minimum score
K = total class
Table 12. Measuring class interval and determining the category of existence from support

No Class interval Motivation level

1 6 – 10 Low
2 11 – 15 Midium
3 16 – 20 High

Total score 712

9
 Mean score 17.8
Category high

Measuring WTP
Table 13. Types of activities and value of WTP

Types Minimum Maximum Mean

Purchase of livestock 10000000 17000000 13500000

(IDR/head) 11000000 18000000 14500000
heifer 10000000 12000000 11000000
young female 10000000 17000000 13500000
calf female
calf male
Insurance (IDR/heifer) 40.000 40.000 40.000
Waste treatment 18000 23000000 11509000

The largest WTP value is the purchase of young female with an average price of IDR. 13,500,000/head. Purchasing female hens is intended as
a potential replacement for the parent in the nursery system. Livestock insurance with a WTP value of IDR. 40,000/heifer. Livestock insurance is a subsidy
from the government to protect the existence of broodstock. Manure waste treatment with the label PON (Organic Fertilizer Ngaliyan) is mostly carried out by
young breeders with an average WTP value of IDR 11,509,000 / year. Waste treatment is indirectly related to the presence of PO cattle because with the
addition of income from the use of waste, the the parent is not sold all but some are kept.
Table 14. Distribution and aggregate WTP of farmers

WTP class (IDR) Total (farmers) Total

No %
(1) (2) (1x2)

1. 10000000 1 2,50 10.000.000

2. 20000000 18 45,00 360.000.000
3. 30000000 5 12,50 150.000.000
4. 40000000 4 10,00 160.000.000
5. 50000000 5 12,50 250.000.000
6. 60000000 7 17,50 420.000.000

Total 40 100,00 1.350.000.000

The largest WTP class that shows the appreciation of farmers to maintain the presence of PO cattle is in class 2 of IDR. 20,000,000/breeder (45%) while the
total WTP of livestock group is IDR. 1,350,000,000/year.
DISCUSSION
Respondent Characteristic
Farmers in the study area with productive age as much as 80% and 20% non-productive. Farmers have an average productive age of 44 years. Productive age
ranges from 16 to 60 years, while non-productive age is less than 16 years and more than 60 years. Business that owned by productive age of farmer will have
more potential to manage their farm [11]. A farmer’s age affects the efficiency in performing farm management decisions [12].
The level education of farmers in this area is dominated by high school, which is 60%. The smallest education level with the smallest number is tertiary
education, which is 7,5%. A higher level of education allows farmers to change their attitudes and behavior to act more rationally [13]. Other research said
that in cattle fattening business, farmer’s about 46,7% had primary education, 15,6% completed their secondary education, while 24,4% had up to graduate
education. This shows that literate people are more involved in the fattening business [14].
Farming experience in this area is about 40% of the respondents had 1 to 5 years, 17,5% had 6 to 10 years and dominated by 42,5% farmer had more than 10
years experience. Experience correlated with skill and application of technology. Farming experience usually obtained from their parents from generation to
generation. The long experience indicates that the knowledge and skill of farmer have better abilities [15].
Farmers in this area have an size of household 1 to 2 persons is about 32,5% while the smallest size is more than 5 persons (2,5%) and the largest size is 3 to 5
persons (65%). Other research said that the average household in cattle farmers is 4,1 persons, suggesting that family labor was available to help manage the
cattle operation. The smaller size of household, the smaller also costs incurred to meet the needs of family, so that the results obtained can be used to increase
the scale of business [16].
Farming activity is the main occupation in this area (62,5%). Other occupations are private employees by 10%, self-employed 2,5%, paid labor 2,5%, students
15%, and civil servants 7,5%. Besides farming, off-farm or non-farm wage work was common as a secondary job [16].
Livestocks Characteristic

10
Almost all farmers own a heifer in order to keep the existence of Ongole Crossbreeds. There are two types of investation on cattle farming, namely fattening
and breeding. In general, farmer more like to focus on fattening because need shorter time than breeding. The pattern of cattle fattening from the present study
indicated that 30% farmer practiced fattening only before special event like Eid-ul-Azha, 63,8% farmer practiced fattening round the year and the rest of the
farmers perform seasonal fattening. Fattening period was the most important factor because it measured profit percentage of the respondents [17].
Problems on Ongole Crossbreed
Low of service per conception (S/C)
Cattle in this area is difficult to pregnant because one of the problem can come from service per conception (S/C) rate. The high of service per conception can
causing difficult pregnancy. It indicates that the fertility of cow is low. Ideal service per conception range is from 1,6 to 2 [18]. It can be correlated with age at
puberty of Ongole crossbreed. Most of heifers reach puberty at age of 1,5 to 2 years. Longer time of puberty indicate low reproductive performance [19].
Low of selling price
Most of farmers said that selling price of Ongole cow is lower than the crossbreed cow. The experience of farmers in selling cows was taken under varying
age conditions for the cow. Ongole cow had the lowest selling price, as well as cow with Brahman breeds. The main cow with the highest average selling
price was Brangus which was a cross between Brahman Cattle and Aberdeen Angus cattle. Other cow breeds that have high selling prices were Lim-PO
(Limousin-PO) and Sim-PO (Simmental-PO) [20].

Willingness To Pay of Farmers

The government has provided incentives and financing for cattle breeding business cut on all breeders, through low interest rate subsidies. Program
government will be the main focus in beef cattle development is AI artificial insemination and natural mating. With using IB mating on beef cattle parent can
help accelerate beef cattle population growth and also can produce quality cows good [21]. PO cattle group has a willingness to pay greater than the ability to
pay, which is indicated by the low income. This shows interest in maintaining the presence of high PO cattle. This is in accordance with Octariana et al, 2016
that 93% of cattle farmers in Pujon Village have a willingness to pay that is greater than the ability to pay. In this condition, the desire for biodigester is
higher, so users are called captive riders.

CONCLUSION

Livestock groups can maintain the existence of PO cattle because of the support of business existence, utilization of dung waste to increase income, and
willingness to pay farmers. On the other hand, government support to provide subsidies to the breeding system is maintained to maintain the presence of PO
cattle

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Universitas Gadjah Mada for the funding support of the research through “Hibah Tematik Laboratorium number
2330/J01.1.25/KU/2021 ”. We are grateful to all farmer’s group Taruna Mandiri in Ngemplak Sleman Yogyakarta.

REFERENCES

[1] Z. Zakiah, A. Saleh, and K. Matindas, “Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Komunikasi GPPT dengan Kapasitas Kelembagaan Sekolah
Peternakan Rakyat di Kabupaten Muara Enim,” J. Penyul., vol. 13, no. 2, p. 133, 2017, doi: 10.25015/penyuluhan.v13i2.14977.
[2] H. Pa, “Permasalahan Utama Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong di Tingkat Peternak dengan Pendekatan Vilfredo Pareto Analysis,” pp. 241–250, 2019,
doi: 10.14334/pros.semnas.tpv-2019-p.241-250.
[3] P. Sudrajad and Subiharata, “( Po ) Kebumen Phenotypic Characteristics of Ongole Grade Cows,” Balai Pengkaj. Teknol. Pertan., pp. 283–290,
2011.
[4] Y. N. Anggraeny, T. A. Sulistya, P. K. Sukmasari, and R. Wandansari, “Potensi Pengembangan Sapi Potong Peranakan Ongole di Kota
Probolinggo : Peluang dan Tantangan Berdasarkan Potensi Pakan , Karakteristik dan,” Pros. Semin. Nas. Inov. Teknol. Pertan., pp. 1186–1195, 2016.
[5] A. A. Rouf and S. Munawaroh, “Technical efficiency analysis and The determinants of inefficiency factors of beef cattle fattening in Gorontalo
District,” J. Pengkaj. dan Pengemb. Teknol. Pertan., vol. 19, no. 2, p. 103, 2016.
[6] Tiara Octariana et al, “PERBANDINGAN KEMAMPUAN DAN KEMAUAN MEMBAYAR PETERNAK NON manusia , yang terus

11
meningkat sejalan dengan diolah kembali dan tidak habis . Salah satu jenis energi dari bahan organik . Energi biogas berasal dari limbah ( Wahyuni , 2008 ).
Limbah kotoran apabi,” vol. 8, no. 0341, pp. 63–70.
[7] BPS, Kabupaten Sleman Dalam Angka. 2021.
[8] Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2020. 2020.
[9] Permentan, “Permentan,” in Biotechnologia Aplicada, vol. 23, no. 3, 2006, pp. 202–210.
[10] N. Supartini and H. Darmawan, “Profil Genetik Dan Peternak Sapi Peranakan Ongole Sebagai Strategi Dasar Pengembangan Desa Pusat Bibit
Ternak,” Buana Sains, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 71–84, 2014.
[11] A. D. Martha, D. Haryono, and L. Marlina, “Analisis Pendapatan Dan Tingkat Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Peternak Sapi Potong Kelompok
Ternak Limousin Desa Astomulyo Kecamatan Punggur Kabupaten Lampung Tengah,” J. Ilm. Peternak. Terpadu, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 77, 2020, doi:
10.23960/jipt.v8i2.p77-82.
[12] P. Sarma and J. Ahmed, “An economic study of small scale cattle fattening enterprise of Rajbari district,” J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ., vol. 9, no.
1, pp. 141–146, 1970, doi: 10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8756.
[13] A. Aiba, J. C. Loing, B. Rorimpandey, and L. S. Kalangi, “Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Peternak Sapi Potong Di Kecamatan Weda Selatan
Kabupaten Halmahera Tengah,” Zootec, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 149, 2018, doi: 10.35792/zot.38.1.2018.18622.
[14] P. Sarma, S. Raha, and H. Jørgensen, “An economic analysis of beef cattle fattening in selected areas of Pabna and Sirajgonj Districts,” J.
Bangladesh Agric. Univ., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 127–134, 2014, doi: 10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21402.
[15] M. F. Bere, “Analisis Usaha Penggemukan Sapi Bali di Kelompok Tani Bero Sembada Kecamatan Laen Mane Kabupaten Malaka,” Jas, vol. 4,
no. 2, pp. 26–29, 2019, doi: 10.32938/ja.v4i2.623.
[16] A. Priyanti, I. G. A. P. Mahendri, F. Cahyadi, and R. A. Cramb, “Income over feed cost for small- to medium-scale beef cattle fattening
operations in East Java,” J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 195–201, 2012, doi: 10.14710/jitaa.37.3.195-201.
[17] M. Kamal, M. Hashem, M. Al Mamun, M. Hossain, and M. Razzaque, “Study of cattle fattening system in selected region of Bangladesh,”
SAARC J. Agric., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 105–118, 2019, doi: 10.3329/sja.v17i1.42765.
[18] Nuryadi and S. Wahjuningsih, “Penampilan reproduksi sapi peranakan Ongole dan peranakan Limousin di Kabupaten Malang,” J. Ternak Trop.,
vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 76–81, 2011.
[19] E. Baliarti, “Age and Body Weight at Puberty and Service per Conception of Ongole Crossbred Heifer on Smallholder Farming System,” no.
September, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://repository.ugm.ac.id/273116/1/Proceeding ISTAP 2015.pdf.
[20] R. Agustine, S. Bintara, S. Andarwati, M. A. U. Muzayyanah, T. S. M. Widi, and A. R. S. Putra, “Analysis in making decision of farmer to select
bull frozen semen in Indonesia,” J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 323–332, 2019, doi: 10.14710/jitaa.44.3.323-332.
[21] S. Rusdiana and N. Soeharsono, “SIWAB Program to Improve Cattle Population and Economics Value for The Business Economics,” Forum
Penelit. Agro Ekon., vol. 35, no. 2, p. 125, 2018.
[1] Z. Zakiah, A. Saleh, and K. Matindas, “Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Komunikasi GPPT dengan Kapasitas Kelembagaan Sekolah
Peternakan Rakyat di Kabupaten Muara Enim,” J. Penyul., vol. 13, no. 2, p. 133, 2017, doi: 10.25015/penyuluhan.v13i2.14977.
[2] H. Pa, “Permasalahan Utama Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong di Tingkat Peternak dengan Pendekatan Vilfredo Pareto Analysis,” pp. 241–250, 2019,
doi: 10.14334/pros.semnas.tpv-2019-p.241-250.
[3] P. Sudrajad and Subiharata, “( Po ) Kebumen Phenotypic Characteristics of Ongole Grade Cows,” Balai Pengkaj. Teknol. Pertan., pp. 283–290,
2011.
[4] Y. N. Anggraeny, T. A. Sulistya, P. K. Sukmasari, and R. Wandansari, “Potensi Pengembangan Sapi Potong Peranakan Ongole di Kota
Probolinggo : Peluang dan Tantangan Berdasarkan Potensi Pakan , Karakteristik dan,” Pros. Semin. Nas. Inov. Teknol. Pertan., pp. 1186–1195, 2016.
[5] A. A. Rouf and S. Munawaroh, “Technical efficiency analysis and The determinants of inefficiency factors of beef cattle fattening in Gorontalo
District,” J. Pengkaj. dan Pengemb. Teknol. Pertan., vol. 19, no. 2, p. 103, 2016.
[6] Tiara Octariana et al, “PERBANDINGAN KEMAMPUAN DAN KEMAUAN MEMBAYAR PETERNAK NON manusia , yang terus
meningkat sejalan dengan diolah kembali dan tidak habis . Salah satu jenis energi dari bahan organik . Energi biogas berasal dari limbah ( Wahyuni , 2008 ).
Limbah kotoran apabi,” vol. 8, no. 0341, pp. 63–70.
[7] BPS, Kabupaten Sleman Dalam Angka. 2021.
[8] Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2020. 2020.
[9] Permentan, “Permentan,” in Biotechnologia Aplicada, vol. 23, no. 3, 2006, pp. 202–210.
[10] N. Supartini and H. Darmawan, “Profil Genetik Dan Peternak Sapi Peranakan Ongole Sebagai Strategi Dasar Pengembangan Desa Pusat Bibit
Ternak,” Buana Sains, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 71–84, 2014.
[11] A. D. Martha, D. Haryono, and L. Marlina, “Analisis Pendapatan Dan Tingkat Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Peternak Sapi Potong Kelompok
Ternak Limousin Desa Astomulyo Kecamatan Punggur Kabupaten Lampung Tengah,” J. Ilm. Peternak. Terpadu, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 77, 2020, doi:
10.23960/jipt.v8i2.p77-82.

12
[12] P. Sarma and J. Ahmed, “An economic study of small scale cattle fattening enterprise of Rajbari district,” J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ., vol. 9, no.
1, pp. 141–146, 1970, doi: 10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8756.
[13] A. Aiba, J. C. Loing, B. Rorimpandey, and L. S. Kalangi, “Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Peternak Sapi Potong Di Kecamatan Weda Selatan
Kabupaten Halmahera Tengah,” Zootec, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 149, 2018, doi: 10.35792/zot.38.1.2018.18622.
[14] P. Sarma, S. Raha, and H. Jørgensen, “An economic analysis of beef cattle fattening in selected areas of Pabna and Sirajgonj Districts,” J.
Bangladesh Agric. Univ., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 127–134, 2014, doi: 10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21402.
[15] M. F. Bere, “Analisis Usaha Penggemukan Sapi Bali di Kelompok Tani Bero Sembada Kecamatan Laen Mane Kabupaten Malaka,” Jas, vol. 4,
no. 2, pp. 26–29, 2019, doi: 10.32938/ja.v4i2.623.
[16] A. Priyanti, I. G. A. P. Mahendri, F. Cahyadi, and R. A. Cramb, “Income over feed cost for small- to medium-scale beef cattle fattening
operations in East Java,” J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 195–201, 2012, doi: 10.14710/jitaa.37.3.195-201.
[17] M. Kamal, M. Hashem, M. Al Mamun, M. Hossain, and M. Razzaque, “Study of cattle fattening system in selected region of Bangladesh,”
SAARC J. Agric., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 105–118, 2019, doi: 10.3329/sja.v17i1.42765.
[18] Nuryadi and S. Wahjuningsih, “Penampilan reproduksi sapi peranakan Ongole dan peranakan Limousin di Kabupaten Malang,” J. Ternak Trop.,
vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 76–81, 2011.
[19] E. Baliarti, “Age and Body Weight at Puberty and Service per Conception of Ongole Crossbred Heifer on Smallholder Farming System,” no.
September, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://repository.ugm.ac.id/273116/1/Proceeding ISTAP 2015.pdf.
[20] R. Agustine, S. Bintara, S. Andarwati, M. A. U. Muzayyanah, T. S. M. Widi, and A. R. S. Putra, “Analysis in making decision of farmer to select
bull frozen semen in Indonesia,” J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 323–332, 2019, doi: 10.14710/jitaa.44.3.323-332.
[21] S. Rusdiana and N. Soeharsono, “SIWAB Program to Improve Cattle Population and Economics Value for The Business Economics,” Forum
Penelit. Agro Ekon., vol. 35, no. 2, p. 125, 2018.

13