Ratio
Proporsi
Rate
krisbantas/ukuran frekwensi/epid 6
Quantitative Measures of Health Status
Measures of health status convey information
about the occurrence of disease. They
include:
Counts
Ratios
Proportion
Rates
Tipe ukuran yang digunakan dalam epidemiologi
200
180
160
140
NEW CASES
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MONTH OF YEAR
= 5 / 2 = 2.5 / 1
Odds ratio
Rate ratio
Prevalence ratio
Case Fatality =
Number of Deaths due to disease X
Number of New Cases of disease X
Rate
Tipe spesifik dari rasio yang digunakan
mengkuantifikasi proses dinamik seperti
pertumbuhan dan kecepatan
Numerator
Rate xF
Denomin ator
Numerator adalah jumlah orang atau individu yang mengalami peristiwa.
Denominator adalah jumlah populasi berisiko (jumlah total orang atau
keseluruhan individu yang mungkin mengalami peristiwa).
F adalah faktor pengali, biasanya kelipatan 10, mengkonversi rate dari suatu
fraksi ke suatu jumlah keseluruhan.
Rate
kasus
100 kasus
1 kasus
Populasi 1.250.000 orang 12500 orang
Rate
Bentuk khusus dari suatu proporsi yang
memuat waktu (atau faktor lain) dalam
denominator
Contoh
Incidence rate = 3 kasus per 100 orang per
tahun
kematian per 1000 penumpang - kilometer
Denominator
- population in which the events occur
(population at risk)
- includes time
Observed in 1998
2
----- = 0.02 / year
100
Ukuran-ukuran frekuensi yang digunakan
17/08/2017 27
dalam epidemiologi
Rates Example
Calculate crude annual death rate in the US:
Annual death count
Crude death rate = ----------------------- x 1,000
Reference population
(during midpoint of year)
2,148,463
Crude death rate = -------------- x 1,000 = 8.64 per 1,000
248,709,873
Discussion Question 1
2,148,463
Crude death rate = -------------- = 0.0086 x 100 = 0.86%
248,709,873
Tipe ukuran yang digunakan dalam
epidemiologi
Ukuran frekuensi penyakit
Mendefinisikan kasus
Baik menghitung prevalens ataupun insidens
diperlukan definisi dari kasus siapa yang
dianggap sebagai kasus, siapa-siapa yang bukan
krisbantas/ukuran frekwensi/epid 38
Insidens yang menggambarkan jumlah kejadian
flue pada periode waktu tertentu
of colds happened
CI = ------------------------- during period of
people at risk time
MEASURING
DISEASE
FREQUENCY
Define Define
population timeframe
Defining timeframe
Study time
Period of time over which the study is
conducted
Usually calendar time
Sometimes specified by event at
which data collection commenced e.g.
birth to school age
Defining time frame
Risk period
Time during which the individual could develop
disease
krisbantas/ukuran frekwensi/epid 43
Define
disease
DISEASE
FREQUENCY
Define Define
population timeframe
Populations
Target
Study
Defining the population
Study and target populations may be
defined by:
Geography
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Employment
Combination of factors
Defining the population
Study populations may be open or
closed
A fixed number of
people w/ no inflow
Individual followed
Once you are a member of a
over time (some will
cohort, you are a member for
expire and some
life. Olli Miettinen
will survive)
(c) B. Gerstman Chapter 6 48
Open (Dynamic) Populations
Open populations
experience inflow
(immigration, births)
and outflow
(emigration, death).
An open population in
steady state
(constant size and age
distribution) is said to
be stationary
Kalkulasi dari CI
x
x
x
x
x
CI = 7/12 per year
A 7
B 7
C * 2
D 7
E 3
F 2
G 5
Keterangan
Periode sehat
Periode sakit
* Meninggal