1

www.stis.ac.id
 Menjelaskan pengertian tentang ekonomi.
Menjelaskan pentingnya kelangkaan (scarcity), pilihan
(choice), dan biaya kesempatan (opportunity cost), dan
bagaimana hal tersebut diilustrasikan ke dalam kurva
kemungkinan produksi (production possibilities
boundary).
Menjelaskan perbedaan antara pernyataan normatif
(normative) dan positif (positive).
Menjelaskan jenis sistem ekonomi.
2
 Ekonomi adalah
ilmu yang
mempelajari
Ekonomi dari kata Yunani: oikos = keluarga dan tentang cara
nomos = peraturan/hukum manusia dalam
memenuhi
Richard G. Lipsey: Economics is a study of the use kebutuhan
of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited human hidupnya untuk
wants (ilmu ekonomi adalah studi tentang mencapai
pemanfaatan sumber daya yang langka untuk kesejahteraan.
memenuhi kebutuhan manusia yang tak terbatas).
Ekonomi muncul
Gregory Mankiw: Economics is the study of how karena adanya
society manages its scarce resources (Ilmu keinginan untuk
ekonomi adalah studi bagaimana suatu komunitas mencapai
mengelola sumber dayanya yang langka). kesejahteraan
Alfred Marshal: Economics is a study of mankind yang tidak
terbatas dengan
in the ordinary business of life (Ilmu ekonomi
kemampuan yang
merupakan studi tentang umat manusia dalam terbatas.
kehidupan sehari-hari).
3
 Paul A. Samuelson: Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi mengenai
bagaimana masyarakat menentukan pilihan (dengan atau tanpa
menggunakan uang), dengan menggunakan sumber daya yang
terbatas jumlahnya untuk menghasilkan berbagai jenis barang dan
jasa serta mendistribusikannya untuk keperluan konsumsi
sekarang dan di masa mendatang, kepada berbagai golongan.
Walter Nicholson: Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana tiap
individu atau segolongan masyarakat bertindak dalam proses
produksi, konsumsi dan alokasi barang dan jasa untuk memuaskan
kebutuhan yang tidak terbatas jumlahnya dengan sumber-sumber
yang terbatas.
Fungsi/peran ilmu ekonomi sebagai media manajemen
untuk mengalokasikan resources/faktor produksi yang
SEMAKIN TERBATAS untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang
SEMAKIN TIDAK TERBATAS. 4
 PENERIMAAN - MAX
EFISIENSI
BIAYA - MIN
PRINSIP
EKONOMI
INPUT - MIN
PRODUKTIVITAS
OUTPUT - MAX

Gambar 1.1 Prinsip Ekonomi

5
 1) Unlimited Wants
2) Scarce Resources Land,
Labour, Capital
3) Resource Use => Choice
4) Opportunity cost

A wind farm. Copyright: iStock.com

6
 1) Keinginan yg tidak terbatas (Unlimited Wants)

Needs vs. Wants

Needs what people Wants the things we
must have to live. would like to have, but
Food can live without.
Clothing
Shelter

7
 2) Keterbatasan Sumberdaya (Scarce Resources )

Sumberdaya disebut sebagai faktor produksi, yaitu

faktor yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi
barang/jasa.
Secara umum dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) kategori: Tanah
(Land), Tenaga Kerja (Labour), dan Modal (Capital).
Tanah meliputi seluruh sumber daya alam, seperti
tanah subur (arable land), hutan, danau, dan mineral.
Tenaga kerja meliputi sumber daya manusia baik
berupa fisik maupun psikis (mental).
Modal meliputi peralatan, mesin, dan bangunan.
8
Natural Resources are things we get from nature.

Oil Coal Trees Water

9
Human resources are jobs done by humans at work.

10
Capital resources are the machines, tools and
buildings needed to do a job.

11
Hasil produksi dibedakan menjadi:
1. Barang-barang (Goods) Tangible
Contoh: sepatu, mobil, dsb
2. Jasa-jasa (Services) Intangible
Contoh: potong rambut, pendidikan, dsb

12
Produksi (Production) Kegiatan membuat barang
dan jasa.
Konsumsi (Consumption) Kegiatan menggunakan
barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.
Consumers use or buy
Producers make goods or
goods and services
provide services.

13
Kelangkaan membuat seseorang harus membuat
pilihan, pilihan didasarkan pada tingkat prioritas dan
besarnya biaya/pengorbanan yang dikeluarkan.

Faktor produksi yang bisa diperbaharui

(renewable).
Faktor produksi yang tidak bisa diperbaharui
(unrenewable).

Scarcity implies that choices must be made, and making choices

implies the existence of costs
14
 3) Pilihan (Choice)

Terbatasnya sumber daya yang tersedia mengharuskan manusia

menentukan pilihan-pilihan yang bersifat individu maupun
kelompok.
Pilihan akan jatuh pada tingkat prioritas yang tinggi dan atau
biaya yang mungkin. Dari pilihan yang dibuat tentu akan timbul
kehilangan kesempatan (Opportunity Cost).
You make an economic choice when you only have money for
certain items, not all.
Example:
I do not have enough money for both popcorn and a pretzel.
I must choose, so I buy the popcorn.
That is my economic choice.

YUMMY! 15
 4) Opportunity Cost

Yaitu benefit atau keuntungan yang tidak dapat diraih karena

tidak memanfaatkan kesempatan untuk melaksanakan suatu
kegiatan atau memproduksi sesuatu produk.
Opportunity cost what you must give up when you
make an economic choice.
Example:
I chose the popcorn, so I have to give up the pretzel.
That is my opportunity cost.

16
 Every time a choice is made, opportunity costs are incurred
Opportunity cost is the cost of using resources for a certain purpose,
measured by the benefit given up by not using them in their best
alternative use. Limited resources force a choice among
competing alternatives. Given a total of $16
to spend on $2 pastries and $4 lattes, some
choices are unattainable such as point A.
4 The five points on the red line show all
Unattainable combinations that are attainable by
Number of Lattes

A
3 combinations
spending the $16. If it were possible to buy
Get one
extra latte parts of a latte and parts of a pastry, then all
2 combinations on the line and in the green
Give up two
pastries area would be attainable. If the $16 is to be
1 spent, the choice between more latte and
more pastry involves an opportunity cost.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The opportunity cost of an extra pastry is
Number of Pastries half a latte; the opportunity cost of one
extra latte is two pastries.
Figure 1.2 Choosing between Pastry and Latte
Copyright2008 Lipsey et.al. economics
17
Sebuah kurva yang menunjukkan berbagai alternatif/pilihan
kombinasi komoditi-komoditi yang dapat dicapai/diperoleh jika
seluruh sumber daya yang tersedia dapat dipergunakan secara
efisien; dengan kata lain merupakan batas antara kombinasi
output yang dicapai atau tidak dapat dicapai.
Production Possibility Boundary menggambarkan 3 (tiga) konsep:
kelangkaan (scarcity), pilihan (choice), dan biaya kesempatan
(opportunity cost).
Kelangkaan (scarcity) digambarkan melalui kombinasi yang
tidak dapat dicapai diluar garis batas (boundary).
Pilihan (choice) diilustrasikan oleh keharusan untuk memilih
diantara berbagai alternatif/pilihan yang dapat dicapai pada
titik-titik sepanjang garis batas (boundary).
Biaya kesempatan (opportunity cost) ditunjukkan oleh
negative slope dari garis batas (boundary). 18
 The negatively sloped
boundary shows the
combinations that are
attainable when all resources
Unattainable are efficiently used. The
combinations production possibilities
a e
Quantity of Civilian Goods

boundary separates the

Production
attainable combinations of
possibilities
y goods, such as a, b, c, and d,
boundary from unattainable
b combinations, such as e and f.
Points a, b, and c represent full
x and efficient use of societys
resources. Point d represent
d f either inefficient use of
resources or failure to use all
Attainable the available resources. If
combinations production moves from point a
c
to point b, an opportunity cost
involved. The opportunity cost
producing x more military
0 Quantity of Military Goods goods is the necessary
Copyright2008 Lipsey et.al. economics
reduction in the production of
Figure 1.3 A Production Possibilities Boundary civilian goods equal to y.
19
1. What Is Produced and How?
This question concerns the allocation of scarce resources among
alternative uses. Such resource allocation determines the
quantities of various goods that are produced. What determines
which goods get produced and which ones do not?
2. What Is Consumed and by Whom?
What is the relationship between an economys production of
goods and the consumption enjoyed by its citizens? Economists
seek to understand what determines the distribution of a nations
total output among its people. Who gets a lot, who gets a little,
and why?
Questions relating to what is produced and how, and what is consumed and by
whom, fall within the realm of microeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of
the causes and consequences of the allocation of resources as it is affected by the
workings of the price system and government policies that seek to influence it.
20
3. Why Are Resources Sometimes Idle?
Why are resources sometimes idle? Should governments worry
about such idle resources, or is there some reason to believe that
occasional idleness is appropriate in a well-functioning economy?
Is there anything that the government can do to reduce such
idleness?
4. Is Productive Capacity Growing?
The capacity to produce goods and services grows rapidly in some
countries, grows slowly in others, and actually declines in others.
Growth makes it possible to have more of all goods. What are
determinants of growth? Are there some undesirable side effects
of growth? Can governments do anything to influence economic
growth.
Questions relating to the idleness of resources and the growth of productive
capacity fall within the realm macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is the study of
the determination of economic aggregates such as total output, total
employment, the price level, and the rate of economic growth. 21
Microeconomics vs Macroeconomics
MICROeconomics MACROeconomics
Mempelajari perilaku Mempelajari interaksi
dan pengambilan antar pelaku ekonomi
keputusan pelaku dalam perekonomian
ekonomi secara secara agregatif (secara
individual keseluruhan).
Konsumsi rumah tangga Pendapatan nasional
Produksi perusahaan Inflasi
dsb Tingkat pengangguran

Production possibilities
boundary after growth
Quantity of Civilian Goods
Economic growth shifts the
boundary outward and
makes it possible to produce
more of all products. Before

growth in productive
capacity, points a, b, and c
a e were on the production
possibilities boundary and
points e and f were
Production
unattainable. After growth,
possibilities b as shown by the dark shaded
boundary
f band, points e and f and
before growth
many other previously
unattainable combinations
are attainable.
c

0 Quantity of Military Goods

Copyright2008 Lipsey et.al. economics

Figure 1.4 The Effect of Economic Growth on

the Production Possibilities Boundary 23
So choices have to be made, but who makes them and how are they made?

MARKETS
Revenue FOR Spending
GOODS AND SERVICES
Goods Firms sell Goods and
and services Households buy services
sold bought

FIRMS HOUSEHOLDS
Produce and sell Buy and consume
goods and services goods and services
Hire and use factors Own and sell factors
of production of production

Factors of MARKETS Labor, land,

production FOR and capital
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
Wages, rent, Households sell Income
and profit Firms buy
= Flow of inputs
and outputs
= Flow of dollars
24
Figure 1.5 The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure Copyright 2004 South-Western
In the jargon of economics, people are assumed to be maximizers.

When individuals decide how many factor services to sell to

producers and how many products to buy from them, we
assume that they make choices designed to maximize their well-
being, or utility.

When producers decide how many factor services to buy from

individuals and how many goods to produce and sell to them, we
assume that they make choices designed to maximize their
profits.

25
Ilmu Ekonomi dapat dikatakan sebagai ilmu sosial karena mengandung
pernyataan positif dan pernyataan normatif.

A statement about what actually is (was or will be), as opposed to

what ought to be.
Pernyataan yang mengandung arti realistis atau nyata.

A statement about what ought to be as opposed to what actually is.

Pernyataan yang mengandung maksud relative atau subjective atau
value judgement, jadi kebenaran pernyataan tidak dapat dihitung
secara pasti atau dibuktikan dengan fakta.
Often economists disagree with each other in public discussion; frequently, this
disagreement is caused by poor communication. Perhaps the biggest source of public
disagreement among economists is based on the positive/normative distinction.
26
Ilmu Ekonomi dapat dikatakan sebagai ilmu sosial
karena mengandung pernyataan positif dan
pernyataan normatif.

a. Pernyataan positif, yaitu pernyataan yang

mengandung arti realistis atau nyata.
b. Pernyataan normatif, yaitu pernyataan yang
mengandung maksud relative atau subjective
atau value judgment,jadi kebenaran pernyataan
tidak dapat dihitung secara pasti atau dibuktikan
dengan fakta.
Table 1.1 Positive and Normative Statements

Positive
A Raising interest rates encourages people
to save.
B High rates of income tax encourage
people to evade paying taxes.
C Lowering the price of tobacco leads
people to smoke less.
D The majority of the population would
prefer a policy that reduced
unemployment to one that reduced
inflation.
Normative
E People should be encouraged to save.
F Governments should arrange taxes so that
people cannot avoid paying them.
G The government should raise the tax on
tobacco to discourage people from
smoking.
H The government ought to be more
concerned with reducing unemployment
than inflation.

Distinguishing what is true from what we would like to be, or what we feel ought to be,
requires distinguishing between positive and normative statements.
28
 Economic Theory & Model
a. Pendekatan Ilmiah dalam ekonomi
1..Teori yang dapat diuji kebenarannya
2. Pengalaman- praktek yang dirumuskan

b. Alat-alat analisis dalam ekonomi

1. Grafik (garis, batang dan lingkaran) analisis grafik
Untuk melihat kaitan perubahan harga terhadap jumlah barang
yang dibeli/ dikonsumsi.
2. Persamaan / fungsi matematik (Model-model ekonomi)
3. Indikator-indikator ekonomi: indeks, rasio, dsb

c. Model Ekonomi
Miniatur atau penyederhanaan (simplifikasi) permasalahan
ekonomi
Economic System is the group of economic institution or regarded as a unit,
the economic system, the organization through the operation of which the
various resources resources scare relative to the needs for them are utilized
satisfy the wants of man (John F. Due).

Economic System is a part of a constellation of economic, social and political

institution and ideas and can be understood only as a part of the whole
(Theodore Morgan).

Sistem ekonomi merupakan tatanan atau organisasi yang terdiri atas

sejumlah pranata ekonomi, sosial, politik, ide, pemikiran yang mengatur
tentang pelaku, cara dan mekanisme ekonomi, yang ditujukan ke arah
pemecahan masalah produksi, konsumsi, distribusi, keuangan, dan lain
sebagainya yang merupakan masalah pokok perekonomian. 30
Berdasarkan pola/cara dalam pengambilan keputusan ekonomi
a. Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional (Traditional Economies)
Sistem ekonomi yang berdasarkan pada tradisi, adat istiadat, dan
kebiasaan.
b. Sistem Ekonomi Komando (Command Economies)
Sistem ekonomi dimana sebagian besar pengambilan keputusan
ekonomi dilakukan oleh otoritas perencana pusat.

c. Sistem Ekonomi Pasar Bebas (Free-Market Economies)

Sistem ekonomi dimana sebagian besar pengambilan keputusan
ekonomi dilakukan oleh rumah tangga dan perusahaan swasta.
d. Sistem Ekonomi Campuran (Mixed Economies)
Sistem ekonomi dimana beberapa pengambilan keputusan ekonomi
dilakukan oleh rumah tangga dan perusahaan swasta dan beberapa
dilakukan oleh pemerintah.

31
Berdasarkan kepemilikan aset
a. Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis/Sentralistik
Sistem ekonomi dimana menggunakan prinsip sosialisme yang banyak
digunakan oleh negara komunis dan popular dengan nama-nama lain:
Sistem ekonomi sosialisme
Sistem ekonomi komunisme
Sistem ekonomi kolektivisme
Sistem ekonomi terpusat
Sistem ekonomi etatisme/Totaliter
Ciri-ciri:
1. Semua alat produksi dikuasai oleh negara (negara adalah
penguasa mutlak);
2. Berbasis kepada perencanaan terpusat oleh pemerintah;
3. Sistem keuangan dikendalikan sepenuhnya oleh pemerintah;
4. Menekankan kepada kepentingan dan kepemilikan sosial;
5. Semua kegiatan ekonomi merupakan kegiatan bersama;
6. Tingkat spesialisasi mengandalkan pada kemampuan sendiri 32
atau sesama negara sosialis.
Berdasarkan kepemilikan aset
b. Sistem Ekonomi Kapitalis atau Ekonomi Pasar
Sistem ekonomi dimana keputusan ekonomi umumnya dibuat oleh
swasta dan berdasarkan kekuatan pasar dan populer dengan nama lain:
Sistem ekonomi klasik
Sistem ekonomi invisible hand
Sistem ekonomi free fight competition economy
Sistem ekonomi individual
Sistem ekonomi demokrasi liberal
Ciri-ciri:
1. Menekankan kepada kepemilikan individu atau swasta;
2. Mekanisme pasar;
3. Non Intervensi pemerintah;
4. Kemerdekaan dalam segala bidang ekonomi.
Ekonomi kapitalis dibedakan menjadi:
Kapitalis murni Tidak dikontrol oleh Pemerintah.
Neo Kapitalisme Ada intervensi Pemerintah untuk bidang dan 33
level tertentu.
Berdasarkan kepemilikan aset
c. Sistem Ekonomi Campuran (Subsistence)
Sistem ekonomi yang merupakan gabungan dari kedua sistem ekonomi
dan dianut oleh Negara Sedang Berkembang (NSB), dengan ciri-ciri:
Self Consumption
Sederhana
Low technology
Low Skill and Low Quality

34
Berdasarkan Hubungan dengan Negara Lain
a. Ekonomi Terbuka (Opened Economy)
Dalam sistem ekonomi terbuka (Opened Economy) suatu negara dalam
melakukan aktivitas ekonomi berhubungan dengan banyak negara,
antara lain dalam perdagangan internasional (ekspor impor), investasi
langsung ataupun tidak langsung, dan utang luar negeri.

b. Ekonomi Tertutup (Closed Economy)

Yaitu sistem ekonomi dimana suatu negara dalam aktivitasnya tidak
berhubungan dengan negara lain, yang murni closed economy sekarang
sudah tidak ada lagi, misalnya: Myanmar, Korea Utara, Cuba.

35
Berdasarkan Tujuan dan Hasil Kegiatan Ekonomi
a. Ekonomi Subsistence
Sistem ekonomi dimana suatu negara melakukan kegiatan hanya untuk
keperluan warga negara sendiri domestic orientation negara
terbelakang (low quality product).

b. Ekonomi Komersial
Suatu sistem dimana negara melakukan kegiatan ekonomi untuk
keperluan bisnis, international market orientation.

36
Ekonomi Sentralistik Ekonomi Tertutup Subsistence Negara
Sedang Berkembang

Ekonomi Liberal Ekonomi Terbuka Komersial Negara Maju

37
 When individuals make decisions, they face tradeoffs
among alternative goals.
The cost of any action is measured in terms of
foregone opportunities.
Rational people make decisions by comparing
marginal costs and marginal benefits.
People change their behavior in response to the
incentives they face.

38
 Economists try to address their subjects with a scientists
objectivity.
They make appropriate assumptions and build simplified
models in order to understand the world around them.
Two simple economic models are the circular-flow diagram and
the production possibilities frontier.
Economics is divided into two subfields:
Microeconomists study decision making by households and
firms in the marketplace.
Macroeconomists study the forces and trends that affect the
economy as a whole

39
 A positive statement is an assertion about how the world
is.
A normative statement is an assertion about how the
world ought to be.
When economists make normative statements, they are
acting more as policy advisors than scientists.
Economists who advise policymakers offer conflicting
advice either because of differences in scientific
judgments or because of differences in values.
At other times, economists are united in the advice they
offer, but policymakers may choose to ignore it.
40