RTL 2215

Proses Pemisahan 1

ABSORPSI dan STRIPPING

Dr. Amir Husin, ST, MT

Fakultas Teknik – Universitas Sumatera Utara

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 1
References:-

1. Henley E.J., AIChE Modular Instruction , series B: Stagewise

and Mass Transfer Operations, New York 1980
2. Treybal R.E., Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd ed. Mc Graw-Hill,
New York, 1980
3. Geankoplis, C.J., Transport Process and Unit Operations,
Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1987
4. Mc-Cabe and Smith, Unit operations for Chemical
Engineering.
5. Perry’s , Chemical Engineering.
6. Site on Google search, Separation Processes.

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Absorpsi (Bag 1)

Introduction
Basic Principles
Applications
Gas – Liquid Equilibrium
Unit operation for Absorption:
a) Packed tower
b) Plate Column
Mass Transfer between Phases

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 3
 Pengantar
Aliran Gas :
 udara  Absorpsi disebut juga gas
Gas NH3 <<< absorption, gas scrubbing, dan
gas washing
 Pada absorpsi, suatu campuran
gas (inert dan solut) dikontakkan
dengan suatu cairan (absorbent
Cairan atau solvent) untuk melarutkan
Penyerap secara selektif satu atau lebih
komponen melalui transfer
massa dari gas ke cairan.
 Komponen yang berpindah ke
cairan disebut solute atau
Aliran Gas : absorbate.
 udara
Gas NH3
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 4
 Pengantar
Aliran Gas :
 udara  Cairan biasanya tidak larut dalam
Gas NH3 <<< fasa gas  penguapannya ke
dalam fasa gas relatif sedikit.
 Absorpsi digunakan untuk
memisahkan campuran gas,
memindahkan pengotor,
Cairan kontaminan, polutan, atau racun
Penyerap katalis dari suatu gas; atau
mengambil kembali bahan-bahan
kimia yang berbahaya.
 Solute di-recovery dari larutan
menggunakan distilasi.
Aliran Gas :
 udara
Gas NH3
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 5
 Pengantar
Aliran Gas :  Kebalikan dari absorpsi adalah
 udara stripping (disebut juga desorption),
Gas NH3 >>>
yang mana suatu campuran zat
cair dikontakkan dengan suatu gas
untuk memindahkan secara
selektif komponen-komponen
Cairan : melalui transfer massa dari zat
 Air cair ke fasa gas.
 NH3
 Absorber sering digabung dengan
stripper untuk meregenerasi dan
mendaur ulang absorbent. Tetapi
jika air yang digunakan sebagai
absorbent maka untuk
Gas Penyerap: memisahkan absorbent dari solute
Udara lebih sering dengan distilasi
Gas NH3 <<<< 0 daripada stripping.
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 6
 Absorber sering digabung dengan stripper untuk meregenerasi dan
mendaur ulang absorbent. Tetapi jika air yang digunakan sebagai
absorbent maka untuk memisahkan absorbent dari solute lebih
sering dengan distilasi daripada stripping.

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 7
 Prinsip Dasar

 Pemilihan jenis cairan yg dikontakkan bergantung

pada :
1. Kelarutan solute (gas pengotor) dalam
cairan yg dikontakkan.
- air murni : NH3, acetic acid

2. Reaktivitas kimia antara gas dan likuid

- Larutan kaustik : gas asam, HCl & SO2
- menghasilkan garam

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Applikasi:
1. Absorbing SO2 from gas buang (flue gases) dengan
mengabsorpsi nya dalam larutan alkalin
2. Hidrogenasi edible oil dalam industri bahan makanan
 Gas hidrogen digelembungkan ke dalam minyak dan
diabsorpsi.
3 Penghilangan CO dari gas sintesis dengan cara
mengabsorpsinya menggunakan larutan potassium
carbonate yang panas (dalam pabrik produksi amoniak)
4 Absorpsi dimethyl sulfide dari industri pengolahan bahan
makanan.
5 Hidrogen sulfida (H2S) dihilangkan dari aliran gas
hidrokarbon melalui pencucian (washing) dengan larutan
alkalin (Amines). Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 9
 Applikasi:

6 Pencucian (washing) uap etanol dari karbon dioksida dari

tangki fermentor molase menggunakan air untuk
menghilangkan etanol.
7 Aseton dapat direcovery dari campuran aseton-udara
dengan melewatkan aliran gas ke dalam air dimana aseton
dilarutkan sementara udara dilewatkan.
8 Karbon dioksida yg terdapat dalam biogas (campuran CH4
dan CO2) udara diabsorpsi menggunakan larutan sodium
hidroksida dimana berlangsung absorpsi kimia .
9 Nitrogen oxides are absorbed in water to give nitric acid
10 Removal of ammonia coming from coke ovens by water
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 10
Applikasi:

Uses of absorption:-
1. Purification of gases (H₂S from HC’s).
2. Separation of gases (separation of dry gas [C₁,C₂]
from LNG [C₃,C₄].
3. Production of useful liquid product:-
HCL (g) + H₂O (liq) → HCL (liq)
2NO₂(g) + H₂O (liq) → HNO₃ + HNO2
SO₃ (g) + H₂O (liq) → H₂SO₄

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Choice Of Solvent For Gas Absorption
The factors to be considered are :

High absorption power

 Which means that gas solubility should be high in the
solvent, which results in increasing the rate of
absorption and decreasing the quantity of solvent
required.
Highly Selective
The selectivity of solvent must be high in which solvent
dissolve one and leave the others.
Easy to recover
Which means easily toAmir/Proses
be regenerated.
Pemisahan-I/2016 12
Choice Of Solvent For Gas Absorption

Low volatility
The solvent should have a low vapor pressure to reduce loss
of solvent in the gas leaving the absorption column.
Small viscosity
Low viscosity is preferred for reasons of rapid absorption
rates, improving flooding characteristics in packed column,
low pressure drops on pumping and good heat transfer
characteristics.
Cost
The solvent should be inexpensive, so that losses are not
costly, and should be readily available.
Other properties
Non-toxic, Non-flammable, Non-corrosive, Chemically stable,
low freezing point
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 13
Absorption Equipments

Absorpsi dan stripping dilangsungkan dalam berbagai jenis

rancangan diantaranya:
(a) trayed tower (plate-column),
(b) Packed column,
(c) (c) spray tower, dan
(d) (d) bubble column

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Absorption Equipments

http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/SeparationsChemical/Absorbers/A
bsorbers.html
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 15
Absorption Equipments
(A)Plate Towers:-
 Multistage contact.
 High separation , high capacity.
 Relatively large diameter.
 Cooling is done by
 Providing the plate with cooling
coils.
 High pressure drop.
 Easy to be clean.

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 16
 Sieve tray Tray Column

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• The liquid/vapor contact in • Higher pressure drops than
the cross flow of plate packed columns.
columns is more effective • Slow reaction rate
than the countercurrent flow processes.
in packed columns. • Plugging and fouling may
• Can handle high or low liquid occur.
flow rates cost effectively.
• Can handle solids.
• Easily customized to specific
requirements such as
operations requiring much
heat. Bubble Cap
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 17
Valve tray Tray
(B) Packed Columns
 Differential contact.
 Used for highly corrosive
materials.
 Small diameters <70-80
cm
 Not easy to clean.
 Packing materials are
made from(ceramics ,
bricks, wood, gravels,
stones , steel ,……)

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 18
6. To increase surface
area of contact
between the two
phases in packed
columns, make more
than one section which
increase the
performance of the
tower.
7. Cooling is done by
dividing to many
sections out side the
column (as seen in the
opposite Figure).

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 19
Packed Bed Absorber
ADVANTAGES
 Low pressure drop required.
 Small diameters possible.
 Can handle foaming systems.
 Low capital, operating, and
maintenance cost.
 Simple construction.
 Can handle corrosive materials ( such
as H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, and HF) due to
corrosion-resistant packing.
 Reduces backmixing in comparison to
spray columns.
 Better mass transfer than in spray
columns.
DISADVANTAGES
• Fewer stages compared to
other columns.
• Channeling, which must be
controlled by redistributing
liquid.
• Cannot handle extremely
high or low flow rates.
• Cannot handle liquids with
high viscosities.
• Need to be preferentially
wetted to avoid reduction of
the interfacial area to volume
ratio.

Packed beds are most commonly used in air pollution control, but they
are also used in the chemical, petrochemical, food, pharmaceutical,
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 20
paper, and aerospace industries.
(C) Spray Column:-
1. Continuous contact.
2. Low pressure drop.
3. Low efficiency.
4. Low cost(empty).
5. Gas phase
controlling.
6. Considered as one
stage.

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Spray Absorber
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Low pressure drop. • High pumping cost.
• Only one stage. • Entrainment; gas carries liquid
• Most effective for solutes with as mist.
high liquid solubility • Poor mass transfer.
• Low residence times.
• Backmixing.
• Droplets may form improperly or
coalesce.

Contoh aplikasi: absorpsi sulfur dioksida dari gas

buangan yang dihasilkan coal-fired boiler

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Bubble-column Absorber
 Bubble columns are a type of sparged
tank. In a sparged tank, the gas stream is
introduced in the form of small bubbles
and acts as the agitator.
 Gas enters at the bottom through a gas
distributor or sparger and is dispersed in
the form of bubbles through the liquid
stream.
 The liquid can be introduced at the top or
the bottom, resulting in either counter-flow
or co-current flow, respectively. The
bubbles rise at a velocity determined by
the bubble size: the larger the bubbles, the
faster they rise.
 Spargers are designed to produce
consistent bubble sizes, so that all the23
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016
bubbles rise at the same velocity. The
 Bubble-column Absorber
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• High thermal stability. • Low contact efficiency.
• Uniform distribution because of high • Backmixing.
liquid circulation. • Short gas residence time.
• Low energy input requirements. • High gas pressure drop.
• Two gases that form an explosive
mixture may be used.
• Long liquid residence time.
• Low investment cost.
• Large mass transfer area.
• Can handle radioactive materials
because there are no moving parts.
Usage: Bubble columns can be used to purify nitroglycerin with water; in
the chemical industry for hydrogenation, oxidation, chlorination, and
alkylation; and in the biotechnology field for effluent treatment, single-cell
protein production, animal cell culture, and antibiotic fermentation. Bubble
columns can be used for radioactive elements because there are no
moving parts. Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 24
(D) Wetted wall Column:-

• Single tube wetted

wall column used in
labs for measuring
mass transfer
coefficient.

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 25
(E) Tubular Reactor:-

1. used for highly

exothermic
reactions.
2. for highly heats of
reactions.
3. proper for heat
transfer control.
4. low mass transfer
due to small surface
area of contact.

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 26
(F) U-Tube Absorber
1. Specially for highly
corrosive materials(HCL)
2. Small surface area of
contact between two
phases.
3. Simple in construction.
4. Use any material of
construction( ceramic,
cast iron, silicon,…) to
over come corrosion
problems.
5. Very difficult in casting
and welding.
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 27
• (G) Centrifugal type of absorption:-

1. Single stage absorber.

2. Co-current contact
3. Used for highly viscous
liquids.
4. Used for foamy liquids.
5. Liquids are sprayed by
centrifugal force.
6. Provied good contact
between two phases.
7. Operating and initial cost
are very high.

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Konsep Absorpsi

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 Konsep Absorpsi

 Absorpsi (penyerapan) gas adalah penghilangan satu

atau lebih solute (polutan) dari aliran gas dengan cara
mengontakkan gas secara intim dengan cairan sehingga
solute (polutan) menjadi larut dalam cairan.
 Pada dasarnya, proses transfer ke masing-masing aliran
fluida berlangsung dengan 2 mekanisme :
 Komponen solute (pollutant) ditransfer dari badan
aliran gas ke arah interface gas-likuid melalui gerakan
turbulen eddy.
 Karena interface aliran laminar sangat berdekatan,
maka solute ditransfer dengan cara diffusi molekuler
 Pada bagian lain (sisi cairan), proses berlangsung
sebaliknya.
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Konsep
Absorpsi

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 Konsep Absorpsi
 On the basis of Fick's Law, the diffusion of one gas (A)
through a second stagnant gas B, NA, the molar rate of
transfer of A per unit cross-sectional area is given by;
 dC A 
 
N A   DAB  dZ 
 CA 
1   
C 
DAB : molecule diffusion coef. (m2/t)
cA : molar concentration of species A (mol/L)
C : molar concentration of the gas mixture (mol/L)
Z : the direction of mass transfer (m)

 DAB tables are available forPemisahan-I/2016

Amir/Proses a number of binary gas mixtures
32
 Mass transfer rate per unit area for molecular diffusion of
A through a second liquid is given by:

N A   DL
C A2  C A1 
z

DL: liquid phase molecular diffusion coef. (m2/t)

cA2-cA1: concentration difference of A over the distance z
Typical values of DL for binary mixtures are tabulated in the
literature.

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 33
Kurva Distribusi Kesetimbangan
(Equilibrium Distribution Curve)

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 Campuran gas : Campuran gas :
 Udara  Udara
 SO2 >>>  SO2 <<<

Campuran Air- SO2

 Air
Air  SO2 >>>

Saat Awal Saat Akhir (setimbang)

Sistem SO2-udara – air

 Sejumlah campuran gas SO2 , udara dan air dimasukkan ke

dalam tangki tertutup dan di shake (dikocok) berulang-ulang
pada temperatur operasi hingga tercapai kesetimbangan.
 Sampel gas dan cairan di analisis untuk menentukan tekanan
parsial pA dalam gas Amir/Proses
dan fraksi mol x ;dalam cairan.
Pemisahan-I/2016 A 35
 Gas-Liquid Equilibrium (con’t.....)

 Suatu campuran biner tdd. :

Komponen-1 dan komponen-2.
Fase uap (A)
Komponen 2  Fase uap = A dan fase cair = B
(solvent)
 Pada saat tercapai kesetimba-
ngan, menurut Hukum Raoult:
Komponen 1

p1*, A  p1V . x1, B ......... (1-1)

Komponen 1
pV = Tekanan uap
Fase cair (B)
p* = Tekanan parsial
Saat setimbang x = Fraksi mol dalam cairan
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 36
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium (con’t.........)

 Untuk zat yang kelarutannya sedikit, dapat didekati

dengan Persamaan Henry (at low concentration):

pA = H xA ............................... (1-2)

 Dengan H = Henry’s law constant (mol frac gas/ mol

frac liquid)
 Plot kesetimbangan ditunjukkan dalam Gambar
berikut

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 37
Absorpsi Bag1

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 38
 Gas-Liquid Equilibrium (con’t.........)

 Bila tekanan total sistem = P, dan Subtitusi

Hukum Dalton :
Mole fraction in gas, yA

p1V . x1, B
y1, A  ....................... (1-3)
P
Exp. Equilib.
y = Fraksi mol solute dalam fase uap
Distribution
curve (Fase A)

 Pers (1-3) : hubungan

Mole fraction in lqiuid, xA kesetimbangan yg mengatur
komposisi pada masing-masing fase.
 Fraksi mol komponen-1 dalam fase A
bergantung pada fraksi molnya
dalam fase B
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 39
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 40
Absorpsi Bag1

Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 41
 Nomenklatur Untuk Persamaan Model
Kesetimbangan Satu Tahap

Vout ; yout Lin ; xin

Pencampuran
Seragam

Vin ; yin Lout ; xout

Keterangan Simbol:
L = Fase dengan densitas tinggi
Pada sistem Uap – Cair ; L = fase cair
L dalam (kg mol/jam) atau (kg/jam)
Amir/Proses Pemisahan-I/2016 42
Keterangan Simbol:
V = Fase dengan densitas lebih rendah
Pada sistem Uap – Cair ; V = fase uap
V dalam (kg mol/jam) atau (kg/jam)

x = melambangkan fraksi massa atau fraksi mol fase L (cairan)

y = melambangkan fraksi massa atau fraksi mol fase V (uap)

Neraca Massa :

 Neraca massa total : = 0 Steady state

 Massa total    Massa total    akumulasi 

 masuk   keluar  Massa total 

Lin  Vin  Lout  Vout

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