Pemahaman tentang
1. Hakekat / Prinsip umum dibidang medikolegal
2. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik
3. Aspek medikolegal Trauma Muskoloskeletal
VISUM ET REPERTUM
TRAUMATOLOGI
MUSKULOSKELETAL
Pemahaman pengertian
medikolegal dan Ilmu Kedokteran
Forensik
medico-legal
• ….. pertaining to law as affected by
medical facts.
• legal aspects of medicine
LINGKUP MEDIKOLEGAL
MEDICAL LEGAL
B.A.P
Surat
Dakwaan
KONSTRUKSI
“SIMPLE LEGAL REASONING”
Barang siapa dengan
sengaja menghilangkan
nyawa orang lain akan
dihukum
A dihukum 10 Th A menusuk B
Karena hingga mati dg.
membunuh B Senjata Tajam
• B mati
Menghilangkan nyawa orang • A di TKP
•Senjata
lain dengan sengaja dipidana
max. 15 th penjara
KONSTRUKSI
“SIMPLE MEDICOLEGAL REASONING”
Tusukan Benda Tajam
Pada Dada Kiri
Menyebabkan Robekan
Jantung dan
Menimbulkan Perdarahan
•Anamnesa
•Pemeriksaan fisik
•Pemeriksaan Lab.
KLINIK •Diagnosis
PASIEN •Terapi
sembuh
Peran ganda dokter
• Sebagai dokter klinik (attending doctor):
memeriksa, mendiagnosis dan mengobati
pasien kontrak terapeutik, ada rahasia
kedokteran
memeriksa menyimpulkan
Definisi
• Visum *) = memeriksa aktivitas mengamati
• Repertum *) = menyimpulkan interpretasi
– to discover
– menyimpulkan
• Visum et Repertum (VeR)
– laporan tertulis
– yang dibuat oleh dokter
– atas permintaan penyidik
– perihal tubuh manusia
– Menggunakan ilmu kedokteran
– berdasarkan sumpah
– untuk kepentingan peradilan.
*) Prent K, Adisubrata J, Poerwadarminta WJS. Kamus Latin - Indonesia, Semarang: Yayasan Kanisius, 1969
Format / design of
a visum et repertum
(1) McBride, ED, Disability evalutaion and the orthopedic surgeon, Clin. Orthop., 12:9, 1958
TWO PRINCIPLES OF
DISABILITY EVALUATION (1)
1. FUNCTIONAL DEFICIENCY 2. PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT
(1) McBride, ED, Disability evalutaion and the orthopedic surgeon, Clin. Orthop., 12:9, 1958
criminal act
• usually, criminal action upon human body
is associated with traumatic injury to the
body, which affect the body surface (skin),
musculo-skeletal structure and inner
organs.
• criminal is punishable and the punishment
is in accordance with the severity of injury
inflicted on the victim
examination of wound
• should be done carefully, exactly and
thouroughly, to reveal the cause of wound,
time of wounding (intravitallity) and the
effect of wounding upon the body.
• for the purpose of the court, in the visum
et repertum, examination findings should
be described clearly and objectively
KUHP Pasal 90
Luka berat berarti:
• Jatuh sakit atau mendapat luka yang tidak memberi
harapan akan sembuh sama sekali, atau yang
menimbulkan bahaya maut;
• tidak mampu terus-menerus untuk menjalankan tugas
jabatan atau pekerjaan pencarian;
• kehilangan salah satu pancaindera;
• mendapat cacat berat;
• menderita sakit lumpuh;
• terganggunya daya pikir selama empat minggu lebih;
• gugur atau matinya kandungan seorang perempuan.
KUHPIDANA Pasal 352
(1) Kecuali yang tersebut dalam pasal 353 dan 356, maka
penganiayaan yang tidak menimbulkan penyakit
atau halangan untuk menjalankan pekerjaan, jabatan
atau pencarian, diancam, sebagai penganiayaan
ringan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama tiga bulan
atau pidana denda paling banyak empat ribu lima ratus
rupiah.
(2) Pidana dapat ditambah sepertiga bagi orang yang
melakukan kejahatan itu terhadap orang yang bekerja
padanya, atau menjadi bawahannya.
(3) Percobaan untuk melakukan kejahatan ini tidak
dipidana.
Mechanical trauma
to the musculoskeletal system
• Blunt force injury
– bruise
– abrasion
– laceration
• Sharp force injury
– stab wound
– Incise wound
• Gun shot injury
– entrance gunshot wound
– exit gunshot wound
Physical trauma
to the musculoskeletal system
• Burn
– open flame
– hot liquid
• Electrical trauma
– electrocution
– lightning
Chemical trauma
to the musculoskeletal system
• Acid burn
• Basic burn
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
INCLUDES:
• SKIN
• PERIPHERAL NERVES
• TENDONS
• LIGAMENTS
• BLOOD VESSELS
Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
PERIPHERAL NERVES
• CAUSA: laceration by sharp object, contusion by
a blow, compression by another anatomical
structure (1)
• RESULT OF NERVE INJURIES (2)
– Non-degenerative
• conduction block
• Some modalities of sensation persist
• Detectable nerve action in the distal trunc
• no spontaneous muscular activity
– Degenerative
• Favorable or unfavorable prognosis
• All modalities are lost
• No distal conduction
(1) Tedeshi, et.al, Forensic Medicine, Mechanical Trauma, Vol. 1, WB. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1977
(2) Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996
PATAH TULANG
• BENTUK:
– SIFAT BENDA PENYEBAB
• PERUBAHAN BERDASAR WAKTU
• DAMPAK PATOFISIOLOGI:
– PERDARAHAN, DISFUNGSI
– KERUSAKAN JARINGAN SEKITAR
– EMBOLI LEMAK DAN SUMSUM TULANG
DUA PATAH TULANG RADIER
Dimana letak impak?
MANA YANG PATAH LEBIH DAHULU ?
A
BONNY INJURIES
• CLOSED or OPEN
• METAPHYSEAL or DIAPHYSEAL
• INTRA or EXTRA ARTICULAR
• AVULSION
Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996
BONNY INJURIES
Results and Prognosis
Open fractures
• will take longer to heal
• run the risk of infection
• Poor result is associated with the soft tissue
injuries (verves, tendons)
Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996
BONNY INJURIES
Results and Prognosis
Metaphyseal fractures
• Heal more readily than diaphyseal fractures
• Greater potential fo rmoulding of the
metaphysis esp. in children
Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996
BONNY INJURIES
Results and Prognosis
Intra-articular fractures
• May require internal fixation
• Often resulting in joint stiffness (temporarily)
• May develop osteoarthritis (long-term)
Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996
BONNY INJURIES
Results and Prognosis
Avulsion fractures
• Not of importance as the bony injury concerned, but
• Depend on the attachment which has caused
avulsion (ligament or profundus tendon)
• Persistent ligamentous laxity is likely to cause
osteoarthritic changes in the future
Fagg PS, Foy MA, Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma, Churchill Livingstone, 1996