Kegagalan Jantung Kongestif
Kegagalan Jantung Kongestif
Penyebab lain:
Dilated cardiomyopathy-idiopathic, familial
Penyakit injap jantung (mitral, trikuspid,
aortik)
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
5/03/2018
4 Nazri Ismail
Etiologi
Penyakit Jantung Kongenital (ASD, VSD)
Cor pulmonale
Penyakit perikardium: constrictive pericarditis,
cardiac tamponade
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Viral myocarditis
Acute rheumatic fever
Toxic: Alcohol, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide
Endocrine and metabolic disorders: penyakit
tiroid, akromegali, phaechromocytoma
5/03/2018
5 Nazri Ismail
Etiologi
Collagen vascular disease: systemic lupus
erythematosis, polymyositis, polyarteritis
nodosa
Aritmia – atrial fibrillation, complete heart
block, sinus arrest.
Lain-lain;
Anemia teruk
peripartum cardiomyopathy
large A-V shunts
stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy
5/03/2018
6 Nazri Ismail
Faktor Penyumbang kepada
Kegagalan Jantung Akut
AMI
Arithmia – Atrial Fibrillation
Hipertensi yang tak terkawal
Jangkitan – pneumonia
Pengambilan ubat tidak teratur
Pengambilan air dan garam berlebihan
Anemia
Kegagalan buah pinggang
Kesan sampingan ubat NSAIDs
5/03/2018
7 Nazri Ismail
KLASIFIKASI
PATOFISIOLOGI
5/03/2018
9 Nazri Ismail
Ventricular Remodelling
5/03/201
Nazri Ismail 10
8
5/03/201
Nazri Ismail 11
8
MANIFESTASI KLINIKAL
Simptom Tanda-tanda
Exertional Elevated JVP
dyspnea Takikardia
Orthopnoea
Hipotensi
Paroxysmal
Edema bukulali
nocturnal dyspnea
Ascites
Fatigue
Tender
hepatomegaly
S3 & S4 heart sound
Bibasal crackles
Pleural effusion
MANIFESTASI KLINIKAL
MANIFESTASI KLINIKAL
5/03/2018
14 Nazri Ismail
INVESTIGASI
Investigasi asas :
12 lead ECG – kadar jantung, ritma
jantung, morfologi/duration/voltage QRS,
iskemia, hipertropi ventrikel kiri & aritmia.
CXR – kongesi pulmonari, saiz dan bentuk
jantung, dan terdapatnya patologi paru-
paru.
Ujian darah- FBC, renal function, liver
function, serum glucose, lipid profile.
Urinalysis - proteinuria, glycosuria.
5/03/2018
15 Nazri Ismail
INVESTIGASI
Penyiasatan tambahan:
Echocardiography – untuk menilai:
LV chamber size, volumes and systolic function
LV wall thickness, evidence of scarring and wall motion
abnormality
Diastolic function of the heart
Valvular structure and function
Congenital cardiac defects
LV mechanical dyssynchrony
5/03/2018
18 Nazri Ismail
Echocardiography
5/03/2018
19 Nazri Ismail
Radiographic Sign of CHF
5/03/201
Nazri Ismail 22
8
5/03/201
Nazri Ismail 23
8
5/03/2018
24 Nazri Ismail
DIAGNOSA PERBEZAAN
1. Bronchial Asthma
2. Edema pulmonary
3. Pulmonary embolism
4. Pneumonia/ ARDS
5. Pulmonary Fibrosis
6. Acute Kidney Injury
7. COAD
8. Corpulmonale
9. Perikarditis konstriktif
KLASIFIKASI
Prinsip pengurusan:
Kenalpasti segera keadaan kegagalan
jantung.
Kenalpasti
dan stabilkan keadaan yang
mengancam nyawa.
Kenalpasti dan rawat punca dan factor-
factor penyumbang.
Melegakan tanda dan gejala
PENGURUSAN
b)Dobutamine infusion :
Started at 2 – 5mcg/kg/min & titrated by 1-
2mcg/kg/min increments at 30 min intervals until
the desired clinical and haemodynamic response is
attained.
c)Phosphodiestrase –
Milrinoneinf. 50ug/kg bolus then 0.375 –
0.75ug/kg/min
Pengurusan
Penyiasatan – CXR, ABG, Renal Profile, Liver
profile, FBC, echocardiography, coronary
angiography & Cardiac cathetrization.
Kejururawatan;
Kurangkan pengambilan air 1.5 – 2L/day
Pemantauan carta I/O
Timbang berat
Pemantauan tanda vital
Pasang CBD – penjagaan kateter
5/03/2018
31 Nazri Ismail
PENGURUSAN
Admit ke wad kardio/ ICU
Rawatan lain;
Asidosis – sodium bicarbonate.
Cardiogenic shock - Intra-aortic balloon
counterpulsation (IABP)
AMI – Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)/
CABG.
Hipertensi – SBP dikurangkan 25% (3 – 12jam)
Kegagalan renal - dialisis
5/03/2018
32 Nazri Ismail
PENGURUSAN
Rawatan ubatan selepas fasa akut;
Diuretik
Frusemide oral 40 – 80 mg/ hari atau
Chlorothiazide oral 250 – 500mg/ hari atau
Spironolactone 12.5 – 50mg/hari
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI)
Captopril oral 6.25 mg tds atau
Enalapril oral 2.5 mg bid
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB)
Losartan 25 mg daily atau
Valsartan 40 mg daily
5/03/2018
33 Nazri Ismail
PENGURUSAN
Betablockers
Bisoprolol 10mg/hari
Carvedilol 25mg bd
Ivabradine 5mg bd
Digoxin 0.125 – 0.25mg/hari.
Antiplatelet therapy – aspirin atau clopidogrel
Anticoagulant therapy – dabigatran
Lipid lowering drug – statin
Simvastatin 10 – 20mg ON (malam sahaja)
Atorvastatin 10 – 80mg/hari
5/03/2018
34 Nazri Ismail
PENGURUSAN
Rawatan bukan ubat;
Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD)
Revascularization;
PCI
CABG
5/03/2018
35 Nazri Ismail
5/03/201
Nazri Ismail 36
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KOMPLIKASI