Autakoid
Autakoid
Autakoid
substansi (kimia) selain transmitor yang
secara normal ada di dalam tubuh dan
punya peran atau fungsi fisiologik penting
baik dalam keadaan normal (sehat)
maupun patologik (sakit)
Autakoid
Autos = Sendiri Akos = obat
Autakoid : Zat aktif yang dibuat oleh tubuh sendiri
Yang termasuk autakoid
1. Histamin
2. Serotonin
3. Polipeptida2 : Bradikinin/Kallidin, Plasmakinin,
Angiotensin, Prostaglandin
4. As. Arachidonat
5. Leukotrien
6. ECF-A (Eosinophyl Chemotacting Factor of
Anaphylaxis)
7. PAF (Platelet Activating Factor)
Histamin
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GEJALA:
Histamines
Histamine causes blood vessel dilation and
subsequently an inflammatory response in
the area affected.
– Results in an inflammatory response noted by
the classic allergy symptoms, such as runny
nose, itchy and watery eyes, and sneezing.
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Antihistamines
Antihistamines produce three general
effects on the body:
– Alteration of histamine action
– Sedation
– Anticholinergic activity (decreased salivation,
dry mouth, and constipation)
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Currently there are first- and second-
generation antihistamines
The major differences between the two
generations are:
– The time they are active
1st generation = 4 to 6 hrs
2nd generation = up to 12 hrs
– The extent to which they promote drowsiness
2nd generation are less sedating
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Antihistamine drugs
– Halt increased vascular permeability
– Decrease smooth muscle constriction of the
airways
First-generation antihistamines cross the
blood brain barrier and cause sedation
Use a first-generation antihistamine during
the evening (less expensive) and nighttime
Switch to a second-generation antihistamine
during the daytime
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Antihistamines result in decreased
symptoms and increased patient comfort.
Impeding these effects is not always a
good thing.
– The body produces mucus in an effort to
protect the respiratory system.
– Decreasing these functions may slow
recovery.
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Antihistamines may not be effective in
decreasing nasal blockage.
Second-generation antihistamines are
available with a decongestant.
– Claritin-D and Allegra-D
A decongestant will assist with the
resolution of the runny nose and head
congestion.
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Adverse effects of antihistamines
– Mucous membrane dryness
– Cardiac stimulation
– Blurred vision
– Urinary retention
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Obat Kortikosteroid
Kortikosteroid merupakan hormon pertahanan tubuh yang
berspektrum luas dengan cara:
Contoh: Kalmethason
Steroid Nasal Spray
Nasal steroid medications are specifically
used for allergic rhinitis.
– They are not for symptoms of the common
cold.
Drugs are delivered locally.
– Potential for nasal irritation, dryness, and
epistaxis
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Coughs and Colds
Runny nose, mild sore throat, and watery
eyes are similar in both the common cold
and allergic reactions.
Common cold refers to a nonbacterial
infection of the upper respiratory system.
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Cough and Cold Medications
Decongestants
– vasoconstriction resulting in mucosal drying
Antihistamines
– combat increased histamine = nasal congestion
and mucosal irritation
Expectorants
– facilitate the removal of mucous from the
respiratory system
Antitussives
– work to suppress coughing
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Medications may contain a combination of
decongestant, antihistamine, expectorant,
and antitussive agents
– Vicks NyQuil contains:
Acetaminophen
Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant,
Dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant
Antihistamine
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Decongestants
Prolonged use of decongestants:
– Headache
– Nausea
– Dry mouth and nose
– Dizziness
– Nervousness
Prolonged application of nasal spray
(topical)
– Can cause a rebound effect vasodilatation after
the initial vasoconstriction decreases
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Common decongestants
– Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
– Tetrahydroziline (Visine)
– Oxymetazoline (Afrin)
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Expectorants
Cough syrup to relieve the coughing
linked to cold symptoms
Cough syrups can contain
– Antitussive (cough suppressant)
– Expectorant (promotes mucus clearance)
If the coughing linked with a cold is
“nonproductive,” eliminate the
nonproductive coughing
Expectorants are available in two forms:
– Mucolytic
– Stimulant
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Antitussives
Antitussives suppress the cough.
– Use a central or a local mechanism.
Used for short periods of time.
Used to inhibit a cough via a central
mechanism.
Cough center located in the medulla is
targeted.
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Dextromethorphan (DM):
– Robitussin products, Tylenol cold products,
and NyQuil medications.
Physician can prescribe a narcotic
antitussive.
– Codeine or hydrocodone.
– Addictive property of narcotics.
– Duration of the prescription does not exceed
1 week.
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Adverse Effects
relatively show few serious adverse
effects.
Participating in a sport while in a state of
drowsiness could be dangerous.
Antihistamines (1st generation) can result
in significant drowsiness even after the
drug’s half-life is complete.
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Antihistamines may cause anticholinergic
effects such as
– Mucus membrane dryness
– Cardiac stimulation
– Decreased gastrointestinal activity
– Urinary retention
Decongestants can promote
– Excessive drying of the nose and throat
– Tachycardia and restlessness
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Guaifenesin (cough syrups)
– Dizziness
– Headache
– Nausea
Antitussives (Dextromethorphan)
– Mild dizziness
– Drowsiness
– Nausea
– Stomach cramps
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TERIMA KASIH