Pie Model Vf = B + S
40 % 40 %
B S
B 60 %
S
60 %
cont…. 1
Pertanyaannya adalah :
• Kenapa Stockholder dalam persh harus peduli
dengan max value of the firm? Bgmnpun, Vf
didefinisikan dengan B + S. Kenapa stockholder
tidak prefer pada strategi yang memaksimalkan
kepentingan mereka saja?
• Berapakah ratio B/S yang memaksimalkan
kepentingan stockholder?
2
2. Maximizing Firm Value Vs Stockholder
Interest
Illustrasi :
No Debt Value of Debt + Equity After Payment of
(Original) Divident (3 Possibilities)
I II III
Debt (B) 0 500 500 500
Equity (S) 1000 750 500 250
Firm Value 1000 1250 1000 750
4
3. Financial Leverage dan Firm Value
Illustrasi : Financial Structure Trans Am Corp (15 - 1)
Current Proposed
Assets 8000 8000
Debt 0 4000
Equity 8000 4000
Interest Rate 10% 10%
MV/Share 20 20
Share Outstanding 400 200
5
The Effect of Business and Economy
Condition
Earning : Recession $ 400
Moderate (Expected) 1200
Expansion (Booming) 2000
7
Financial Leverage
EPS & EBI for Trans Am Corp (Gambar 15 – 2)
EPS ($)
Debt
No Debt
2
Advantage to Debt
Disadvantage to Debt
8
The Choice between Debt (B) and Equity (S)
cont…. 9
Risk averter investor prefer to all equity firm, Risk
Neutralis dan Risk Seeker mungkin lebih menyenangi
FirmL (yang mana Capital Structure yang lebih baik?).
Strategi B :
1.Borrow $2000 dari bank/Brokerage House.
2.Gunakan pinjaman tersebut ditambah dengan
investasi yang sudah dimiliki $2000 (total =
$4000) untuk membeli 200 lbr saham FU
dengan harga $20/lbr
11
Tabel 15-4 : Pay Off & Cost to Shareholders of Trans
Am Corp Under Proposed Structure &
the Current Structure with Homemade
Leverage
STRATEGI A : Buy 100 Lembar FL
12
STRATEGI B : Homemade Leverage
Recession Expected Expansion
Earning per 200 lbr $ 200 $ 600 $ 1000
(15.2) in Current (1 x 200) (3 x 200) (5 x 200)
Unlevered Trans Am
Interest (200) (200) (200)
(10 % x $ 2000)
Net Earnings 0 400 800
Initial Cost = 200 (20) – 2000 (borrowed) = $2000
Investor menerima jumlah yang sama (1) membeli saham pd FL
atau (2) beli saham Fu dan Pinjam. Jumlah investasi sama.
Perubahan Capital Structure tidak mempengaruhi Stockholder
Welfare. 13
A Key Assumption
Asumsi MM Model :
1. Homogeneous Expectations
2. Homogeneous Business Risk Classes
3. Perpetual Cash Flows
4. Perfect Capital Market :
a. Perfect Competition
b. Firm & investor can borrow/lend at the same rate.
c. Equal access to all relevant information
d. No Taxes
e. No Transactions Cost
14
4. MM : Preposisi II (No-Taxes)
Risk to Equityholders rises with leverage
= MM Preposisi II: required Return to Equityholders rises with
leverage.
Lihat Tabel 15-2 dan 15-3 (Trans Am)
Expected Return meningkat dengan adanya leverage.
Lihat Gbr 15-2, dimana slope FL > slope Fu mempunyai
implikasi FL resikonya lebih besar.
B S
WACC = r0 = rB + rs
B+S B+S 15
B = nilai hutang (kewajiban)
S = nilai ekuitas
rwacc = weighted average cost of capital = r0
rB = cost of debt
rS = cost of equity
4000 4000
10% + 20% Tabel 15 - 3
FL : 15 % =
8000 8000
0 8000
10% + 15% Tabel 15 - 2
Fu : 15 % =
8000 8000
16
ro = cost of capital for Trans Am all-equity
rwacc = r0 pada Fu
B
MM Preposisi II, rs = r0 + ( r0 – rB )
S
(No Taxes)
Untuk Pembuktian, baca RWJ pp : 373
Contohkan pada Trans Am :
4000
rs = 15% + ( 15% – 10% ) = 20%
17
4000
The MM Proposition II (No Taxes)
The derivation is straightforward:
B S
rW ACC rB rS Then set rW ACC r0
BS BS
B S BS
rB rS r0 multiply both sides by
BS BS S
BS B BS S BS
rB rS r0
S BS S BS S
B BS
rB rS r0
S S
B B B
rB rS r0 r0 rS r0 (r0 rB )
S S S
18
Gambar 15 – 3
Hub : rs, rB, rwacc : MM Preposisi II – No Corporate Tax
rs, rB, rwacc (%) rs
r0 rwacc
rB
B
0 S
rs mempunyai hub positif dengan B/S 19
Implikasi dari MM Preposisi – No Taxes
Debt
Taxes Taxes
Equity Equity
IRS 22
Value of the Firm (Vf)
EBIT x ( 1 – Tc )
Vu =
r0
Vu = Present Value of Fu
EBIT x (1–Tc) = Firm cash flow after corporate taxes
Tc = Corporate Tax Rate
ro = COC Trans Am all equity firm
MM Preposisi I EBIT x ( 1 – Tc ) Tc rB B
(Corporate Tax) VL = +
r0 rB
= Vu + Tc B 23
Contoh :
Divided Airlines (DA) adalah Fu, diharapkan
perusahaan dapat menghasilkan EBIT = 153,85, in
perpetuity. Tax rate = 35%, EAT = 100. seluruh EAT
dibayarkan untuk dividen. Perusahaan sedang
mempertimbangkan melakukan restrukturisasi modal
melalui debt = $200, rB = 10%. Untuk industri ini rS =
20%. Berapa Vf DA setelah direstrukturisasi ?
EBIT x ( 1 – Tc ) Tc rB B 100
VL = + = +(0,35*.10*200)/.10
r0 rB 0.20
= 570
Vu = 500 24
Expected Return & Leverage Under Corporate tax
Vf Debt mengurangi beban pajak
VL
Vu
500
0 200 B
MM Preposisi II (No Taxes) menyatakan ada hub (+) antara rs dengan
Leverage karena resiko dan ekuitas meningkat dengan leverage
MM Preposisi II
rs = r0 + B ( 1 – Tc )( r0 – rB )
(Corporate Tax) S 25
Gambar 15 – 6 : Efek Financial Leverage thd rB dan rS
r rS
0,2351
0,20 = ro
rwacc
0,10 rB
B/S
0 200/370
200 370
Untuk DA Coy = 0,10 (1 – 0,35) + 0,2351
570 570
= 0,1754
= 570
27
Stock Price & Leverage Under Corporate Taxes
DA – Balance Sheet
(All – Equity Firm)
DA – Balance Sheet
(Upon Announcement of Debt Issue)
TA 570 570
29
After Debt Issued
DA – Balance Sheet
(After Exchange has taken Places)
Debt 200
TA 570 570
370
Price of Stock = = $ 5,70
65 30