toksikologi

TARGET ORGAN EFEK

TOKSIK

KELOMPOK 6 :
M. DION ADITYA 1704015358
ZAHRA SHABIRA 1804015158
 Efek toksik suatu zat dapat terjadi
karena kemampuannya berikatan
dengan sistem biologi tertentu dan
dapat menyebabkan perubahan
biokimiawi atau struktural baik
langsung atau tidak langsung yang
dapat mengganggu fungsi dari sistem
tersebut.
Efek toksik muncul apabila…
Zat toksik mengikat zat
endogen Terakumulasi Efek Toksik

03 05

02 04
Meniru zat Menghalangi
endogen masuknya zat yang
dibutuhkan sel
 01 Sistem Saraf Pusat
Target Efek 02 Darah

03 Hati

04 Jantung
Toksik
05 Ginjal
 0
1
Sistem Saraf Pusat
 Sistem Saraf Pusat
Timbulnya efek toksik
pada sistem saraf yang ● Sintesis protein
dapat mengganggu fungsi ● Propagasi impuls saraf
dan keutuhan SSP ● Aktivitas neurotrasmiter
kemungkinan melalui ● Pemeliharaan lapisan
hambatan : myelin
 Sistem Saraf Pusat
Zat Toksik dapat merusak Sistem Saraf Pusat dengan cara berikut
:
1. Blocking agents
2. Depolarising agents
3. Stimulan
4. Depresan
5. Antagonis Reseptor
6. Penghambat Asetilkolinesterase
7. Anoksia
8. Zat Demyelinasi
 02
Darah
 Darah

01 02 03
Sel Darah Protombin Sel Darah
Merah / Platelet Putih
 1. Sel Darah Merah / Eritrosit

01 02 03 04

Kondisi seperti Zat kimia seperti CO, Hb, nitrit, nitrat, Arsen, metilen blue,
kekurangan asam folat, surfaktan dapat merusak amin aromatis, dan naftalen, fenilhidrazin,
vitamin B12, besi, membran eritrosit, senyawa klorat dapat dan primaquin dapat
kobalt, dan depresi sehingga dapat mengoksidasi besi mengikat membran
sumsum tulang belakang menyebabkan yang ada pada Hb eritrosit dan dapat
menyebabkan hambatan kekurangan eritrosit. membentuk mendenaturasi
produksi eritrosit methemoglobin. hemoglobin.
 Beberapa zat dapat mengganggu
proses pembekuan darah, seperti
obat antikanker yang mendepresi
02 sumsum tulang belakang
sehingga mempengaruhi produksi
platelet, warfarin mencegah
pembentukan fibrin dan asam
Protombin ( salisilat mengurangi agregasi
trombosit.
Platelet )
 3. Sel Darah Putih (Leukosit)

 Tugas utama dari leukosit  Zat seperti benzene dan

adalah melakukan
fogositosis terhadap
pecahan-pecahan sel dan
mikroorganisme patogen.
kloramfenikol dapat
menyebabkan poliferasi
leukosit yang berlebihan
sehingga mengganggu
fungsinya.
 03
Hati
 Hati
Hati merupakan organ tubuh yang paling sering
menerima jejas.

Hal ini karena hati merupakan pintu gerbang semua

bahan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui saluran cerna

toksikan yang masuk ke tubuh melalui saluran cerna

setelah diserap oleh epitel usus akan dibawa oleh vena
porta ke hati
 Hati
Sirosis dapat terjadi karena kerusakan sel
hepar yang progesif.

Sirosis menyebabkan disfungsi lever dengan

manifestasi timbulnya pigmen kuning pada
kulit  kadar bilirubin yang meningkat dalam
darah dan disebut ikterus
 Beberapa uji kerusakan hati
> Protombin clot time

> Tes albumuin serum

> Uji kadar enzim tertentu

> Kadar bilirubin & kecepatan kliren untuk

mengetahui fungsi liver
Pemeriksan Histopatologi Hati

B A
C

A = Sel hati
B = Vena sentralis
C = Sinusoid
Dinding pembuluh vena sentralis utuh dengan sel-sel
endotelium yang tersusun rapat, hepatosit teratur
membentuk lempeng, sinusoid normal, inti sel bulat
 04
Jantung
 Jantung
^ ^
Gas seperti CO dan Digoksin dapat
metana dapat meningkatkan kekuatan
mengganggu ketersediaan
oksigen sehingga ^ kontraksi miokardium
sehingga dapat timbul
mengganggu metabolisme Sebagai alat takikardi
dan kerja jantung
pemompa darah
ke seluruh tubuh
 05
Ginjal
Ginjal
mempunyai bagian fungsional yang disebut nefron yang terdiri dari
glomelurus, tubulus proksimal, lengkung Henle dan tubulus distal serta
kandung kemih.
Ginjal
menghasilkan urin yang merupakan jalur utama ekskresi toksikan.

Ginjal
mempunyai volume aliran darah yang tinggi, mengkonsentrasi toksikan
pada filtrat, dan membawa toksikan melalui sel tubulus, serta
mengaktifkan toksikan tertentu. Akibatnya ginjal merupakan organ
sasaran utama dari efek toksik.
 Fungsi Ginjal
> Sebagai alat ekskresi
> Mengatur jumlah cairan tubuh
> Mengatur tekanan darah
 Bahan-bahan Kimia yang dapat
Mempengaruhi Fungsi Ginjal

Cd++ Mg++ Pb++ CCl4

Kloroform Bromobenzen Tetrakloretilen

(mempengarui fungsi tubulus dan
menyebabkan nekrosis)
Pemeriksan Histopatologi Ginjal
B
A

A = Glomerulus normal
B = Ruang antara glomerulus dan kapsula bowman
Glomerulus dikelilingi kapsul Bowman membentuk ruang
Bowman, jarak antara glomerulus dan kapsul Bowman
terlihat normal
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