Penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus gangguan ekskresi nitrogenous dan hilangnya regulasi air dan
elektrolit serta regulasi asam-basa
Peningkatan kreatinin serum yang tiba-tiba atau penurunan output urin yang tiba-tiba
Oliguria (volume urin <400 ml/m2/hari) vs gagal ginjal non-oliguria (Cedera ginjal akut, volume urin normal)
Kriteria RIFLE pada orang dewasa menentukan tingkat keparahan AKI (Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative)
Sistem staging Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) pada orang dewasa
• AKI ringan (stage 1), AKI sedang ( stage 2) dan AKI berat (stage 3)
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY - ETIOPATOGENESIS
• Hipovolemia
• Hipotensi dari penurunan curah
jantung • Nekrosis tubular akut
AKI • Hipotensi dari vasodilatasi • Nefritis interstisial akut
Prerenal sistemik
• Glomerulonefritis
• Vasokonstriksi ginjal
• Vasodilatasi arteri eferton • Obstruksi intratubular
glomerulus
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY - EPIDEMIOLOGI
• Obstruksi urin
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY – TATALAKSANA
• Hiperkalemia
• Asidosis metabolik
Secara umum • Hiperfosfatmia
• Edema paru dari volume yang berlebihan, edema perifer dari
ketidakmampuan untuk mengeluarkan air tubuh
• Kardiovaskular
• Gastrointestinal
Komplikasi organ • Malaise, somnolen, siklus tidur terganggu dan gangguan
kognitif
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY – PROGNOSIS
Pre-renal
• Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 (30% - 50%)
• Diabetes mellitus tipe 1 (3,9%)
• Hipertensi (27,2%) • penurunan tekanan perfusi ginjal
• Glomerulonefritis primer (8,2%)
enyakit primer • Nefritis Tubulointerstisial kronis (3,6%) Ginjal intrinsik
• Penyakit keturunan atau kistik (3,1%)
• Glomerulonefritis sekunder atau vaskulitis (2,1%)
• Diskritis sel plasma atau neoplasma (2.1%) • patologi pembuluh, glomeruli tubulus-interstitium
• Sickle Cell Nephropathy (<1%)
Post-renal
• obstruktif
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE – EPIDEMIOLOGI
Aktivasi,
Fibrosis Aktivasi dan
Sklerosis
Infiltrasi
glomerulosklerosis tubulointerstisial
proliferasi vaskular
ginjal
rusak
proliferasi
, dan sel
penghasil
Dep
dengan sel hilangnya
inflamasi
ekstrinsik
sel ginjal
intrinsik
matriks
ekstraselule
r (ECM)
osisi
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE – DIAGNOSIS
• Menyesuaikan dosis
Manajemen Umum • Persiapan terapi penggantian ginjal dengan menempatkan fistula
arteriovenosa
Transplantasi ginjal
Hiperkalemia
Asidosis metabolik
Malnutrisi
Perdarahan uremia
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE – PROGNOSIS
Pasien dengan CKD dan terutama penyakit ginjal stadium akhir (ESRD)
berada pada peningkatan risiko kematian, terutama dari penyakit
kardiovaskular.
Sebuah tinjauan data USRDS 2009 menunjukkan bahwa probabilitas
kelangsungan hidup 5 tahun pada pasien pada dialisis hanya sekitar 34%.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Muroya Y, He X, Fan L, Wang S, Xu R, Fan F, Roman RJ. Enhanced renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in aging and diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
2018 Dec 01;315(6):F1843-F1854.
Palevsky PM. Endpoints for Clinical Trials of Acute Kidney Injury. Nephron. 2018;140(2):111-115.
Zuber K, Davis J. The ABCs of chronic kidney disease. JAAPA. 2018 Oct;31(10):17-25.
Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKD. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2013 Jan;3(1):19-62.
Inker LA, Astor BC, Fox CH, Isakova T, Lash JP, Peralta CA, Kurella Tamura M, Feldman HI. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical
practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 May;63(5):713-35.
Yap HK, Ng KH, Resontoc LPR. Acute Kidney Injury. Chronic Kidney Disease. Pediatric Nephrology. 2012
Moresco RN, Bochi GV, Stein CS, De Carvalho JAM, Cembranel BM, Bollick YS. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 in renal disease. Clin Chim Acta.
2018 Dec;487:15-21.
Crabbs TA. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)-The Toxicologic Pathologist's Constant Companion. Toxicol Pathol. 2018 Dec;46(8):918-919.
Park S, Lee S, Lee A, Paek JH, Chin HJ, Na KY, Chae DW, Kim S. Awareness, incidence and clinical significance of acute kidney injury after non-general
anesthesia: A retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Aug;97(35):e12014.
Goyal A, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Hashmi MF, et al. Acute Kidney Injury. [Updated 2022 Feb 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441896/
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-1252. [
Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Jan;41(1):1-12.
National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002
Feb;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266.
Muntner P. Longitudinal measurements of renal function. Semin Nephrol. 2009 Nov;29(6):650-7.
Kshirsagar AV, Bang H, Bomback AS, Vupputuri S, Shoham DA, Kern LM, Klemmer PJ, Mazumdar M, August PA. A simple algorithm to predict incident kidney
disease. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Dec 08;168(22):2466-73. [PMC free article]
Luttropp K, Lindholm B, Carrero JJ, Glorieux G, Schepers E, Vanholder R, Schalling M, Stenvinkel P, Nordfors L. Genetics/Genomics in chronic kidney disease--
towards personalized medicine? Semin Dial. 2009 Jul-Aug;22(4):417-22.
Yu HT. Progression of chronic renal failure. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 23;163(12):1417-29.
Vaidya SR, Aeddula NR. Chronic Renal Failure. [Updated 2021 Oct 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/
Sachdeva B, Zulfiqar H, Aeddula NR. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Aug 13, 2021. Peritoneal Dialysis.
Khan SS, Kazmi WH, Abichandani R, Tighiouart H, Pereira BJ, Kausz AT. Health care utilization among patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2002
Jul;62(1):229-36.