Ediyono Sp P
Sub Dep Paru RSAL Dr Ramelan
Tumor di rongga dada
ORGAN JENIS TUMOR
Males Females
Lung
Breast
Colon/rectum
Stomach
Liver
Prostate
Cervix uteri
Oesophagus
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Oral cavity
Leukaemia Incidence
Pancreas Mortality
Ovary
Kidney
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Thousands
Parkin et al 2001
Cancer Statistis 2010
Perkiraan Angka kematian
a. Kerangka sitoplasma
2. Perubahan sitoplasma b. Transmisi
c. Kemampuan bergerak
d. Kendali sitoplasma
a. Susunan gen
3. Perubahan inti sel b. Kenaikan Jumlah DNA
c. Kemampuan tumbuh
Sifat Sel Kanker
Pertumbuhan Sel kanker
Fase Pertumbuhan kanker
Fase 1. Induksi 2. In Situ 3. Invasif 4. Diseminasi
Fase Induksi
Belum timbul kanker, tetapi
Sudah ada perubahan sel
(displasia)
Pertumbuhan Sel kanker
Sel kanker tumbuh secara bineair
Asbes
Kanker Paru
( Carcinoma Bronchogenic)
CA MAMMAE, PROSTAT
Karakteristik Neoplasma ( Tumor )
Pokok bahasan Kanker Paru
I PENDAHULUAN
II PATOGENESIS
III DIAGNOSIS
IV PENDERAJATAN
V PENGOBATAN
VI PENGOBATAN PALIATIF
VII EVALUASI
VIII PENATALAKSANAAN KONDISI KHUSUS
Chemical & Industrial Processes Assosiated with
Human Lung Cancer
Agent Human Target Organ
4 Radon Lung
6 Asbestos Insulator
7 Beryllium Soil,rock,coal and oil
Pengaruh Rokok terhadap Kanker
(1 jam)
(6-8 jam)
Principles of Cancer Biology, Pearson International Edition, Lewis, J. 2006
Kresno SB. Ilmu dasar Onkologi Edisi ke-2 FKUI. 2011
Four
mechanisms
of oncogene
activity to
deregulate cell
division
Growth Factors & Cell Cycle
r s
c t o
a
Gene Transcription
F
t h
r ow Receptors
G
+ S
Primin
g
G0 G1 Cell Cycle G2
M
GROWTH FACTORS AND ONCOGENES
a ti on
ul Paracrine (Adjacent cells)
stim
c ri ne
to
Au Growth Factor
Growth
Factor and Receptor
Synthesis
Growth Factor
Receptor
Post
receptor signal Gene Activation
transduction
pathways
Oncogenes
ONCOGENESIS
NORMAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
NORMAL
EXPRESSION
MUTAGENIC OR
CELLULAR
CARCINOGENIC AGENTS
ONCOGENE
VIRAL ONCOGENE
INCREASED OR ABNORMAL
EXPRESSION
CANCER
GROWTH
Viruses and Cancer
DNA viruses
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) & NPC
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
(EGFR)
Tumour EGFR Expression Rate
Breast 14 % - 91 %
Colon 25 % - 77 %
Lung Cancer 40 % - 80 %
(Non small cell)
Head & Neck 80 % - 95 %
Ovarian 35 % - 70 %
Pancreatic 30 % - 50 %
EGFR Structure
Extracellular
Domain
Transmembrane
Domain
TK Intracellular
Domain
EGFR Function in Normal Cell
ATP ATP
TK TK
Gene Transcription
Cell Cycle Progression
Cell Proliferation Antiapoptosis
Angiogenesis
Novel biological approaches Lung Cancer
38
Baselga 2002
ANGIOGENESIS
• Mechanism by witch blood vessel form from existing
vasculature
• Activators of angiogenesis :
– VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)
– CXCL1 (growth-related oncogene, GCO-alpha)
– CXCL8 (Il-8)
Angiogenesis is involved throughout
tumor formation, growth and metastasis
Premalignant Malignant Tumor Vascular Dormant Overt
stage tumor growth invasion micrometastasis metastasis
1
Regression of existing
tumour microvasculature1-
3
Inhibition of new tumour
7 vasculature1,2,9,10
2 Normalisation of remaining
tumour vasculature5-8
References: 1. Baluk P et al. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005;15:102-111. 2. Inai T et al. Am J Pathol. 2004;165:35-52. 3. Erber R et al. FASEB J. 2004;18:338-340 7. Lee CG et al. Cancer Res.
2000;60:5565-5570.
8. Willett CG et al. Nat Med. 2004;10:145-147. 4. Tong RT et al. Cancer Res. 2004;64:3731-3736. 5. Jain RK. Nat Med. 2001;7:987-989. 6. Jain RK. Science. 2005;307:58-62.
9. Gerber HP et al. Cancer Res. 2005;65:671-680. 10. Warren RS et al. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:1789-1797.
ANTIANGIOGENESIS AGENTS
1) Squamous Cell Ca
2) Adenocarcinoma
3) Large Cell Ca
4) Mixed adeno-squamous Ca
5) Carcinoid Ca
Pokok bahasan Kanker Paru
I PENDAHULUAN
II PATOGENESIS
III DIAGNOSIS
IV PENDERAJATAN
V PENGOBATAN
VI PENGOBATAN PALIATIF
VII EVALUASI
VIII PENATALAKSANAAN KONDISI KHUSUS
Prosedur Diagnosis
1. Gambaran Klinik
2. Foto Toraks, CT SCAN THORAX
3. Sputum Sitologi, Sitologi cairan pleura
4. Pemeriksaan Bronkoskopi
5. Biopsi jaringan ( bila ada benjolan/tumor )
6. Tumor Marker ( CEA, NSE, Cyfra )
7. Darah ( LED )
Gejala Klinis Kanker Paru
1. Didalam Paru
Patients 100
(%)
80
60
40
20
0
Dyspnea Cough Pain Loss of Haemoptysis
appetite
90%
keganasan
GEJALA KLINIS
1) Melebar ke sekitarnya
2) Masuk ke parenkhim paru
3) Ke pembuluh darah
4) Ke pembuluh Limfe
5) Kombinasi semua diatas
Metastase Kanker Paru
2. Jenis histopatology
Bronkoskopi
a. Diagnostik
b. Terapi
c. Evaluasi
Terapi
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Indications
• Extraluminal compression
• Loss of cartilaginous support
• Extensive tumour in airway
4. CT SCAN Toraks
1. Besar tumor
2. Kepadatan
3. Penyebaran
4. Penyebaran kelenjar
getah being
5. Evaluasi
5. Biopsi Jaringan
6. Sitologi Cairan Pleura
Sitologi cairan pleura
Kanker metastase
( Stadium IV )
7. Petanda Tumor ( Tumor Marker )
STADIUM T N M
OCCULT CARCINOMA Tx N.0 M.0
STADIUM 0 Tis
STADIUM I 1 0 0
2 0 0
STADIUM II 1 1 0
2 1 0
STADIUM III a 1-3 2 0
3 0–1 0
STADIUM III b 4 0–2 0
1–4 3 0
STADIUM IV 1–4 0–3 1
Pokok bahasan Kanker Paru
I PENDAHULUAN
II PATOGENESIS
III DIAGNOSIS
IV PENDERAJATAN
V PENGOBATAN
VI PENGOBATAN PALIATIF
VII EVALUASI
VIII PENATALAKSANAAN KONDISI KHUSUS
Terapi Kanker Paru
• Mencegah metastasis
Adalah :
1)CAP II ( Cysplatin, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide )
2)PE ( Cysplatin / Carboplatin + Etoposide )
3)Paclitaxel + Cysplatin/Carboplatin
4)Doxetaxel + Cysplatin/Carboplatin
5)Gemzitabin + Cysplatin/Carboplatin
6)Gefitinib oral ( Target terapi )
Prinsip pemilihan jenis antikanker dan pemberian
sebuah regimen kemoterapi adalah
Cisplatin / paclitaxel
Cisplatin / gemcitabine
40 Cisplatin / docetaxel
Carboplatin / paclitaxel
20
0
0 5 10
BENJAMIN 15 2008
MARGONO 20 25 3085
Months Schiller JH, et al. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 92-98
Syarat Standart Kemoterapi
1) Status Performance : > 70
2) Hb > 10 gr% ( bila < 10gr% Transfusi )
3) Granulosit > 1500 / mm3
4) Trombosit > 100.000 / mm3
5) Fungsi liver baik
6) Fungsi ginjal baik
7) Fungsi Jantung baik
Status Performance
INDEKS PERFORMANCE KARNOFFSKY
1 100 % = Mampu melakukan aktivitas normal
2 90 % = Mampu melakukan aktivitas normal, gejala penyakit
ringan
3 80 % = Gejala penyakit cukup didapatkan.
4 70 % = Tidak mampu bekerja, Mampu merawat diri sendiri