1. Military necessity
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2. Humanity
3. Chivalry
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K DH.IV psl 22
PT I KJ psl 35
Pasal 22 dan 23 Hague Regulations (Lampiran dari
Konvensi Den Haag IV, 1907, atau Regulasi Den
Haag) :
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Pasal 22 : the rights of belligerents to adopt means of
injuring the enemy is not unlimited
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menyatakan bahwa perlindungan tidak akan diberikan ;
menggunakan senjata, proyektil, atau bahan-bahan yang mengakibatkan
penderitaan yang tidak perlu;
menyalahgunakan bendera perdamaian, bendera nasional, atau tanda
militer dan seragam musuh, dan juga atribut-atribut pembeda dari
Konvensi Jenewa;
menghancurkan atau menyita harta benda milik musuh, kecuali jika
penghancuran atau penyitaan tersebut diperlukan bagi kepentingan
militer;
menyatakan penghapusan, penundaan atau tidak dapat dilaksanakannya
hak-hak pembelaan warga negara pihak musuh dalam suatu pengadilan.
PROTOKOL TAMBAHAN I TAHUN 1977
BASIC RULES:
In any arm conflict, the right of the parties to the
conflict to choose methods or means of warfare
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is not unlimited
It is prohibited to employ weapons, projectiles
and material and methods of warfare of a
nature to cause superfluous injury or
unnecessary suffering
It is prohibited to employ methods or means of
warfare which are intended, or may be expected,
to cause widespread, long-term and severe
damage to the natural environment
KESEIMBANGAN
PT I psl 57-2.(a) (iii)
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With respect to attact, the following
precautions shall be taken:
- those who plan or decide upon an attack
shall refrain from deciding to launch any
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attack which may be expected to cause
incidental loss of civilian life, injury to
civilian, damage to civilian objects, or a
combination thereof, which would be
excessive in relation to the concrete and
direct military advantage anticipated
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J.J. Rousseau dalam bukunya “Du Contract Social” :
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“bahwa perang bukanlah hubungan antara orang
dengan orang, tetapi hubungan antara negara dengan
negara. Dalam suatu peperangan, individu sebagai
perorangan tidak merupakan musuh. Ia baru merupakan
musuh apabila ia berkedudukan sebagai tentara”
Jean Pictet prinsip pembedaan
berasal dari asas pembatasan ratione
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personae:
the civilian population and individual
civilians shall enjoy general protection
against danger arising from military
operations
PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION
1. Setiap saat harus membedakan antara kombatan
dan penduduk sipil;
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2. Penduduk sipil tidak boleh dijadikan sasaran
serangan, walaupun untuk reprisal;
3. Dilarang menyebarkan teror terhadap penduduk
sipil;
4. Para pihak harus mengambil segala langkah
pencegahan untuk menyelamatkan penduduk sipil;
5. Hanya anggota angkatan bersenjata yang berhak
menyerang dan menahan musuh
HAGUE REGULATION, HAGUE CONVENTION IV,
1907
Pasal 1 : the laws, rights and duties of war apply not only to
army, but also to militia and volunteer corps fulfilling the
following conditions:
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1. to be commanded by a person responsible to his
subordinates;
2. to have a fix distinctive emblem recognizable at a
distance;
3. to carry arms openly; and
4. to conduct their operations in accordance with the laws and
customs of war.
In the countries where militia and vulonteer corps constitute
the army, or form part of it, they are included under the
denomination ‘army’
Pasal 2:
the inhabitans of a territory which has
not been occupied, who, on the approach
of the enemy, spontaneously take up
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arms to resist the invading troops
without having had time to organize
themselves in accordance with article 1,
shall be regarded as belligerents if they
carry arms openly and if they respect the
laws and customs of war
Pasal3:
the armed forces of the belligerent
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parties may consist of combatants and
non-combatants. In the case of capture,
both have a right to be treated as
prisoners of war
KONVENSI JENEWA 1949
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Pasal 4 Konvensi Jenewa III
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adalah mereka yang termasuk ke dalam
pengertian armed forces, dan mereka yang
termasuk dalam armed forces adalah
‘mereka yang memiliki hak untuk berperan
serta secara langsung dalam permusuhan’,
termasuk apabila Pihak tersebut diwakili
oleh penguasa yang tidak diakui Pihak lawan
PROTOKOL TAMBAHAN I TAHUN 1977
Basic rules pasal 48:
‘in order to respect for and protection of
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civilian population and civilian objects the
Parties to the conflict shall at all times
distinguish between the civilian population
and combatant and between civilian objects
and military objectives and accordingly shall
direct their operations only against military
objectives.’
Pasal 52 ayat 1
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attack or reprisals. Civilian objects are all
objects which are not military objectives
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total or partial destruction, capture or
neutralization, in the circumstances ruling
at the time, offers a definite military
advantage