APLIKASI BERPIKIR SISTEM

Oleh M. Imr n Must!"i#$ S.T.$ M.T

Teknik Industri UNIJOYO

Pemodelan Sistem (TKI 128)

Referensi
1. &. 8. .. :. )!ellen#!*h$ +. ,.$ %1--.($ /Systems and Decision Making$ J hn 0ile1 2 S ns$ 3hi*hester4En5l!nd. +it mi$ K.$ %1--6($ /Manufacturing System Engineering$ T!1l r 2 7r!n*is$ L nd n Sim!tu9!n5$ T.M.$ %1--:($ /Pem del!n Sistem;$ Nindit!< Kl!ten. Sim!tu9!n5$ T.M.$ %1--:($ /Te ri Sistem< Su!tu Pers9ekti= Teknik Industri;$ Pener#it Andi O==set Y 51!k!rt!. Tun!s$ B. %&>>?($ /Mem!h!mi d!n Meme*!hk!n M!s!l!h den5!n Pendek!t!n Sistem;$ PT Nim!s Multim!.
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Konsep Sistem
Pendefinisian sistem: Sudut pandang sistem (di luar )
Misal: sistem tata surya (matahari & 9 planet). erlihat tetap! "erada di luar! Viewed as independent of observer.

Sudut pandang sistem (di dalam)

ergantung pada orang yang memandang sesuatu se"agai sistem Setiap orang "isa mendefinsi#an sistem dengan $ara yang "er"eda. Ke"eradaannya tida# dapat dilihat se$ara independen oleh pengamat ida# "erada di luar!

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%efinisi Sistem
Sistem se"agai #onseptualisasi manusia
&anya manusia (as o"ser'er) yang dapat memandang sesuatu se"agai se"uah sistem. (ontoh: Sistem e#ologi! Konsetualisasi mental atas sesuatu.

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Su"ye#ti'itas Pendefinisian Sistem

Sudut pandang pengamat (fa#tor personal) Pengaruh pengetahuan se"elumnya. Pendefinisian sistem adalah su"ye#tif:
ida# dapat di"eri la"el )"enar* atau )'alid* & )salah* atau )in'alid* +alid untu# orang yang mem"uat,mendefisi#an. ergantung pada tu"u!n pengem"angannya
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%efinisi -ormal
Sistem adalah ra#itan #omponen.#omponen yang tergornasisasi. Setiap #omponen "er#ontri"usi terhadap perila#u sistem dan dipengaruhi sistem. Kumpulan #omponen.#omponen dalam sistem /.0 sifat. 1roups of $omponents 2ithin the system may "y (properties) yang memung#in#an mem"entu# su"sistem. Sistem mempunyai sisi luar3 yaitu: ling#ungan. Sistem diidentifi#asi oleh seseorang yang mempunyai interes,#epentingan
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4lemen.4lemen Penting Sistem

/. 5. 0. 6. 8. 6. Komponen &u"ungan (relationship) Perila#u (atau a#tifitas atau pro$ess transformasi) 7ing#ungan (environment) 9nput dari ling#ungan! :utput #epada ling#ungan. Special interest of the observer (%es#ripsi sistem misalnya3 sistem lalu lintas!#endaraan "ermotor! sawmill)

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Konsep Sistem
Sistem se"agai )Black Box* atau )White Box* &irar#i sistems: Wider system interest! Narrow system of interest Perila#u sistem ;status sistem! perila#u sistem! sifat.sifat "aru yang mun$ul (emergent properties)< ipologi sistem (discrete contin!o!s"deterministic stochastic" closed open) Sistem pengendalian

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(ontrol System
(ontrol is e=er$ised "y imposing something on the system in form of inputs > set of de$isions or de$ision rules3 or simply an initial state for the system. hree $onditions are needed for e=er$ising $ontrol o'er system "eha'iour > target3 o"?e$ti'e3 or goal for the system > system $apa"le of rea$hing the target or goal Some means for influen$ing the system "eha'iour .the $ontrol inputs
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ypes of $ontrols
:pen loop $ontrols :ften in the form of a re$ipe or a set of rules to follo2 (e.g. starting the engine) (losed loop $ontrols (-eed"a$# $ontrols) 9nformation a"out the system "eha'iour is fed "a$# to the $ontroller for e'aluation. his may lead the $ontroller to ad?ust the $ontrol signals (e.g. (ontrol the temperature of the sho2er 2ater) -eed"a$# $ontrols and Self Regulation -eed"a$# $ontrols: he rules supplied from e=ternal systems Self Regulation: he rules are internal (See -ig. 0.6)

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Sistem dalam Konte# Pengam"ilan Keputusan

Sistem is #umpulan #omponen.#omponen yang terorganisasi dan "erhu"ungan untu# mela#u#an sesuatu yang tida# dapat dila#u#an sendiri pleh satu #omponen sa?a. Kita guna#an m del sistem se"agai $ara yang tepat untu# melihat sesuatu dalam rang#a tu?uan pengam"ilan #eputusan (meme$ah#an masalah)

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System in a de$ision ma#ing $onte=t ($ont.)

A S1stem is des*ri#ed #1< O#ser@er: @ho is interested in the systemA #bserver Pur9 se: @hy define the systemA $mprove% o!tp!t of interest En@ir nment: outside the system. %efine the system "oundary +ier!r*h1: $omponents and,or su".systems are organised In9uts: >ffe$t the system "ut are not affe$ted "y it. (an "e $ontrolla"le or un$ontrolla"le. &ecision variables'parameters Out9uts< >re affe$ted "y the system. hese are of interest to the o"ser'er. $ncl!de meas!re of s!ccess 3 m9 nents: Both affe$t and are affe$ted "y the system. Rel!ti nshi9Atr!ns= rm!ti n 9r *ess: Bet2een system inputs3 outputs and $omponents rele'ant aspe$ts.
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>pli#asi Berpi#ir Sistem (/)

Berpi#ir tentang fenomena se$ara hirar#i yang tergorganisasi #eseluruhan. 9dentifi#asi "e"erapa prinsip umum yang memung#in#an sistem dapat didefisnisi#an dan tentu#an "atas. "atasnya. Penentuan input dan input yang melintasi "atas sistem (system bo!ndary).
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>pli#asi Berpi#ir Sistem (5)

9dentifi#asi me#anisme pengendalian dengan $ara apa sistem mempertahan#an identitasnya dan hu"ungannya. 9dentifi#asi tu?uan sistem (purpose or goals)3 dan #omponen.#omponennya3 atau su".sistem

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> (7>SS9-9(> 9:C :SDS 4MS

Catural systems physi$al and li'ing systems %esigned physi$al systems tools3 ma$hines %esigned a"stra$t systems artefa$ts 2hi$h are not physi$al (soft2are systems3 num"er system3 li"rary $lassifi$ation systems3 information systems3 et$.) &uman a$ti'ity systems organised human a$ti'ity3 indi'idual or so$ial3 a$hie'ing some purposes (edu$ation3 politi$s3 et$.)
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( Systems View of )an!fact!ring

Manufa$turing $an "e 'ie2ed either as a transformation pro$ess or as a system. As ! Tr!ns= rm!ti n Pr *ess< > narro2 definition of manufa$turing is that it a pro$ess of transformation 2here ra2 material are $on'erted into produ$ts. As ! S1stem< Manufa$turing is not limited to materials transformation performed in a fa$tory. Rather3 it is a $omple= system $omprising of se'eral elements.

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 Flow of Materials, Information and

Cost
PLANNING Information RAW MATERIALS Flow of

PROCESS Flow of

Materials

PROD CTS

CONTROL

Flow of !ost

Figure .: Flow o !aterial" In ormation and #osts ($itomi" %&&')

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> Systems +ie2 of Manufa$turing

his in'ol'es an internal en'ironment and an e=ternal en'ironment. he inputs are from the e=ternal en'ironment and in'ol'e se'eral 'aria"les. he outputs are to the e=ternal en'ironment and also in'ol'e se'eral 'aria"les.
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9CPE S . -9C>C(9>7 . &EM>C . M> 4R9>7 . 9C-:RM> 9:C . 4(&C:7:1D R>CS-:RM> 9:C PR:(4SS 7>B:RGS 4--:R S M>C>14M4C 4(&C:7:1D :P4R> 9:CS

ECTERNAL ENBIRONMENT

INTERNAL ENBIRONMENT

:E PE S PR:%E( S,S4R+9(4S -9C>C(9>7 (:CS4FE4C(4S &EM>C (:CS4FE4C(4S

Figure .: S(stems )iew o !anu a*turing (!urt+(" %&&,a)

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%efinisi manufa$turing
(9RP ($nternational *onference on +rod!ction ,ngineering)3 /9H0: -( Series of interrelated activities and operations involving the design% materials selection% planning% man!fact!ring prod!ction% .!ality ass!rance% management and marketing of prod!cts of the man!fact!ring ind!stries/.
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%efinisi Manufa#tur dan Produ#si

Kata manufa$turing diarti#an le"ih luas Manufa$turing adalah proses #on'ersi suatu desain men?adi produ# a#hir Produ$tion adalah a#ti'itas fisi# untu# mengu"ah suatu "entu# material men?adi "entu# lain yang le"ih "ernilai
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Si#lus Manufa#tur
Pemasaran Peran!an"an Prod#$ Peran!an"an Pro!ess

%ons#men

Pen"endalian Persediaan

Peren!anaan Prod#$si

Pen)im*anan Pen"iriman

Proses Pem'#atan

Penerimaan

Pen"endalian %#alitas

Pen"endalian Prod#$si

Pen"endalian Proses

Pen"endalian Peralatan

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Pemaso$

Peran!an"an Metoda %er&a, Wa$t# Standar, dan Per'ai$an Prod#$ti(itas

&.

Sistem produ#si3 sistem manufa#tur3 sistem perusahaan

SISTEM PER SA+AAN Sistem Personalia Sistem Mana&emen Sistem %e#an"an

SISTEM MAN FA%T R

SISTEM PROD Desain *rod#$ dan *roses
Peren!anaan *rod#$si

%SI

Pen"endalian *rod#$si

St#di Pasar
A$ti(itas Prod#$si

Pen&aminan %#alitas

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Sistem Manufa#tur
Sistem manufa#tur adalah sistem yang mela#u#an proses transformasi,#on'ersi #einginan (needs) #onsumen men?adi produ# ?adi yang "er#ualitas tinggi Keinginan #onsumen di#etahui dari studi pasar3 yang #emudian #einginan ini diter?emah#an men?adi desain produ#3 dan #emudian men?adi desain proses Komitmen terhadap #ualitas Kualitas produ# harus dimili#i oleh setiap le'el dalam perusahaan pada setiap tahap proses produ#si %alam proses transformasi ini ter?adi pertam"ahan nilai
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> Systems +ie2 of Manufa$turing

, Can 'e (iewed from t-ree different As*e!ts. 1. Te*+ni*al: Dealin" wit- en"ineerin", s!ien!e and te!-nolo") iss#es/ 2. #ommer*ial: Dealin" wit- finan!ial, mar$etin", le"al iss#es !anagement: Dealin" wit- *lannin", o*erations and ot-er related iss#es s#!- as information/ And also or"anisational iss#es dealin" wit- -#man related iss#es/
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M>CE->( ER9C1: %9--4R4C P4RSP4( 9+4S

9t $an also "e 'ie2ed from three different perspe$ti'es:
-irm le'el3 9ndustry le'el and Regional or glo"al le'el.

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-irm 7e'el
Manufa$turing at the firm le'el in'ol'es se'eral 'aria"les 2hi$h $an "e "roadly grouped into the follo2ing three $ategories:
e$hni$al (ommer$ial Management

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e$hni$al
he te$hni$al side has "een dis$ussed "efore and in'ol'es 'arious issues related to the s$ien$e3 engineering and te$hnology aspe$ts of manufa$turing.

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(ommer$ial
he $ommer$ial side deals 2ith issues su$h as $osts3 sales3 re'enue and profits. 4a$h of these in'ol'es many 'aria"les. -or e=ample3 the $osts $an "e in'estment $osts3 unit manufa$turing $osts3 $ost of re2or# and so on. he "asi$ "ottom line for a firm is that it must ma#e reasona"le profit for its in'estment.
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Management
%eal 2ith managing the 'arious a$ti'ities at strategi$ and operational le'els ta#ing into a$$ount the many different legal and so$io. politi$al aspe$ts and 'arious $onstraints. >nother 'ery important issue relates to the organiIational side that deals 2ith the human related issues organisational stru$ture3 $ommuni$ation and flo2 of information3 s#ill "ase of the 2or#for$e and so on.

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N!ti n!l Le@el

9n the national le'el3 a manufa$turing firm is influen$ed "y fa$tors su$h as mar#et $ompetition and go'ernment poli$ies. :"'iously3 the mar#et $ompetition is not only determined "y manufa$tured goods 2ithin the nation "ut also affe$ted "y imported manufa$tured goods.

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N!ti n!l Le@el

Some of the go'ernment poli$ies that affe$t the manufa$turing enterprise are indi$ated "elo2. 9ndustry or e$hnology de'elopment poli$ies3 a=ation poli$ies3 4n'ironmental poli$ies. rade poli$ies e=port and import su"sidies3 prote$tion -inan$ial in'estment

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Re5i n!l !nd ,l #!l Le@els

Manufa$turing at the regional and glo"al le'els deals 2ith the follo2ing fa$tors : -ier$e $ompetition :pen mar#et . free trade rade organisation . regional partnerships

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> &R44 74+47 M:%47 :M>CE->( ER9C1

Manufa$turing is a $omple= system in'ol'ing se'eral elements. 9t $an "e 'ie2ed as a three le'el system (7e'el / . 0) Cote that 7e'el / is nested 2ithin 7e'el 53 in turn3 is nested 2ithin 7e'el 0. @e "riefly dis$uss the elements at ea$h of these le'els.

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.e/el
Resear!- and De(elo*ment Finan!e

Strate"i! Le(el
Partners-i*s

.e/el
A!!o#ntin" Le"al

O*erations Le(el
Plannin"

.e/el %

Pro!ess Le(el

S PPLIERS

In*#ts

Pro!esses

O#t*#ts

C STOMERS

+#man Reso#r!e

En(ironmental

Mar$etin"

New Te!-nolo"ies

So!io0Politi!al

New Mar$ets

Figure .&: T+ree .e/el !odel o !anu a*turing (!urt+(" %&&,0)

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Le@el 1
his le'el $orresponds to the shop floor le'el and has three #ey elements . 9nputs3 Pro$ess and :utputs.

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Le@el &
his le'el in$ludes 7e'el / as 2ell as si= ne2 elements. he fo$us of this le'el is management of "usiness at the operations le'el and the si= ne2 elements 2ith a range of operational issues.

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Le@el 8
his le'el in$ludes the 7e'els / and 5 and si= ne2 elements. &ere3 the management fo$us is long term and strategi$. his is important3 as sur'i'al of "usinesses in the fier$ely $ompetiti'e glo"al mar#et reJuires long term strategies. he si= ne2 elements deal 2ith a range of long term issues.
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9ntegrated System

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Teknik Industri UNIJOYO

Pemodelan Sistem (TKI 128)

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>ssignment . K
%efine the $ompany as a system 4sta"lish system o"?e$ti'es (performan$e $riteria) 9dentify 2ider systems (the en'ironment) (reate formal su"systems (in$luding a humanisti$3 psy$hoso$ial su"system) 9ntegrate the su"systems 2ith the 2hole system (if not the su"systems themsel'es3 2hate'er interrelates them 2ith other su"systems)
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