Definisi: adanya pansitopenia pada darah perifer yang disebabkan karena aplasia (hiposelularitas) sumsum tulang. Pansitopenia adalah penurunan jumlah semua sel darah (eritrosit, leukosit, dan trombosit) Aplasia: Jaringan hematopoietik pada sumsum tulang digantikan oleh jaringan lemak.
1. 2.
Dunn DE. Bone Marrow failure, aplastic Anemia. In: Schiffman FJ, editor. Hematologic Pathophysiology. Philadelphia: Lippincot-Raven; 1998. p. 245. McKenzie SB. Hypoproliferative anemia. Textbook of hematology. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. p. 201
PENYEBAB PANSITOPENIA
Kerusakan sTL oleh toksin produksi sel hematopoietik Penggantian jaringan STL oleh jaringan abnormal atau keganasan penekanan pertumbuhan & diferensiasi sTL.
Etiologi:
A. Primer 1. Congenital (Fanconi & non-Fanconi) 2. Idiopathic acquired B. Sekunder
1. Obat-obatan:
- srg menekan STL: busulphan,cyclophosphamide, anthracyclines, nitrosoureas
2. Radiasi
3. Bahan kimia: benzene, TNT, insektisida, chlordane, DDT.
4. Infeksi
7. PNH
Hoffbrand A, Pettit J, Moss P. Aplastic anaemia and bone marrow failure. Essential Haematology: Blackwell Science; 2001. p. 92.
PATOFISIOLOGI
Adanya penurunan pada jumlah haemopoietik pluripotential stem cell dan kegagalan dalam mempertahankan stem cell, atau adanya reaksi imun terhadap stem cell, sehingga stem cell tidak dapat membelah dan berdiferensiasi.
Hoffbrand A, Pettit J, Moss P. Aplastic anaemia and bone marrow failure. Essential Haematology: Blackwell Science; 2001. p. 91.
kerusakan kualitas stem cell (stem cell deficiency): pada tipe Fanconi dan idiopatik gangguan eritropoiesis, granulopoiesis &
trombopoiesis.
kerusakan STL (microenvironment deficiency): akibat radiasi & obat-obatan. kegagalan produksi hematopoietic growth factors: supresi imun: sitokin , interferon y, IL-2, TNF- hematopoiesis
Williams.DM.Pancytopenia, Aplastic anemia, and Pure Red Cell Aplasia. In Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. Edited by : Greer, J P, Foerster J, Lukens JM, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B. Lippincott;2004. p. 1452
Young NS, Maciejewki J. The Pathophysiology of Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Mechanism of diseases; 1997. p. 1365-72.
Young NS, Maciejewki J. The Pathophysiology of Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Mechanism of diseases; 1997. p. 1365-72.
Young NS, Maciejewki J. The Pathophysiology of Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Mechanism of diseases; 1997. p. 1365-72.
PATOGENESIS
1. Congenital
Hoffbrand A, Pettit J, Moss P. Aplastic anaemia and bone marrow failure. Essential Haematology: Blackwell Science; 2001. p. 91.
2.
Hoffbrand A, Pettit J, Moss P. Aplastic anaemia and bone marrow failure. Essential Haematology: Blackwell Science; 2001. p. 94.
Epidemiologi
Jenis anemia yang jarang
McKenzie SB. Hypoproliferative anemia. Textbook of hematology. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. p. 202
Gejala dan Tanda semua umur, paling banyak 30 thn, pria > wanita
Hoffbrand A, Pettit J, Moss P. Aplastic anaemia and bone marrow failure. Essential Haematology: Blackwell Science; 2001. p. 94. Williams.DM.Pancytopenia, Aplastic anemia, and Pure Red Cell Aplasia. In Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. Edited by : Greer, J P, Foerster J, Lukens JM, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B. Lippincott;2004. p. 1460
Gejala granulositopenia:
* infeksi mulut & tenggorok (adanya ulserasi di mulut dan pharing serta selulitis di leher)
Gejala trombositopenia:
* petekiae, purpura, epistaksis, perdarahan gusi, perdarahan saluran cerna (melena, hematochezia), menorragi.
Williams.DM.Pancytopenia, Aplastic anemia, and Pure Red Cell Aplasia. In Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. Edited by : Greer, J P, Foerster J, Lukens JM, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B. Lippincott;2004. p. 1460
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM 1. Darah perifer a. Eritrosit: Anemia, Hb < 7 g/dl Jumlah retikulosit absolut < 25 x 109 /L (25.000/L) b. Leukosit; Neutropenia, rasio batang:segmen Tanpa gambaran sel muda di darah tepi Bila leukosit < 1500 /L limfositopenia absolut c. Trombosit: Trombositopenia: bleeding time memanjang, tetapi parameter koagulasi normal
2. Sediaan hapus darah tepi eritrosit: normositik normokrom atau makrositik ringan, disertai anisopoikilositosis. leukosit: * limfositosis 70-90%
McKenzie SB. Hypoproliferative anemia. Textbook of hematology. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. p. 205 Williams.DM.Pancytopenia, Aplastic anemia, and Pure Red Cell Aplasia. In Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. Edited by : Greer, J P, Foerster J, Lukens JM, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B. Lippincott;2004. p. 1461
3.
Pada AA:
* sumsum tulang hiposeluler < 25%, terisi lemak >70% * Stroma aseluler & lemak terisi oleh limfosit, sel plasma, & sel retikulum. * Area hiperseluler hot spot: pd remisi awal & AA
berat
* Pewarnaan besi: terdapat granula besi di makrofag.
McKenzie SB. Hypoproliferative anemia. Textbook of hematology. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. p. 206
4. Pemeriksaan lain tidak spesifik tp sering ditemukan HbF ( > 1,5 g/dl) terutama pd anak Erythropoietin : adanya hipoksia menstimulasi ginjal memproduksi lbh banyak EPO utk merangsang stl. Serum Iron dengan saturasi transferrin > 50% menggambarkan adanya supresi erythroid
McKenzie SB. Hypoproliferative anemia. Textbook of hematology. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. p. 206
Test khusus utk menyingkirkan DD & menentukan etiologi: - Diagnosis banding PNH: Ham test dan SWT - Uji Serologis: virus hepatitis, CMV, HIV, Epstein-Barr,TB dll.
Behrens JA. Anemias of Bone Marrow Failure and Systemic Disorders. In: Stiene-Martin, Lotspeich-Steininger CA, Koepke JA, eds. Clinical Hematology Principles, Procedures, Correlations. 2 nd ed. Phildelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p.143
Diagnosis:
Klinis: tanda-tanda anemia, leukopenia dan trombositopenia tanpa Splenomegali GDT: 1. Tanpa gambaran abN neutrofil 2. Tanpa gambaran sel muda di darah tepi 3. Hitung Retikulosit Sumsum tulang : - Sel hematopoietik digantikan oleh lemak, tanpa gambaran invasi - biopsi: selularitas < 25%
Behrens JA. Anemias of Bone Marrow Failure and Systemic Disorders. In: Stiene-Martin, Lotspeich-Steininger CA, Koepke JA, eds. Clinical Hematology Principles, Procedures, Correlations. 2 nd ed. Phildelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p.143
Kriteria Diagnosis
Berdasarkan International Aplastic Anemia Study Group
Severe Aplastic Anemia : Gambaran Sumsum Tulang + 2-3 gambaran darah tepi * Darah Tepi: Neutrofil < 500 / uL Trombosit < 20.000 / uL Retikulosit < 20.000/uL * Sumsum Tulang: Hiposeluler (<25% normal), atau Moderate cellularity (25-50%), dgn <30% sel hematopoetik Very Severe Aplastic Anemia - Neutrofil < 200 / uL
Behrens JA. Anemias of Bone Marrow Failure and Systemic Disorders. In: Stiene-Martin, Lotspeich-Steininger CA, Koepke JA, eds. Clinical Hematology Principles, Procedures, Correlations. 2 nd ed. Phildelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p.140
PENANGANAN
Mencari dan menghentikan penyebab (mis.radiasi,obat, agen toksik) Transplantasi sumsum tulang a. transplantasi Syngeneic: dari kembar identik b. transplantasi Allogeneic: dari unrelated donor Terapi immunosupresif a. ATG (antithymocyte globulin) b. ATG + CSA (cyclosporine) c. Methyl prednisolone (bolus i.v) dosis tinggi
Williams.DM.Pancytopenia, Aplastic anemia, and Pure Red Cell Aplasia. In Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. Edited by : Greer, JP, Foerster J, Lukens JM, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B. Lippincott;2004. p. 1463-9