Metodologi Dan Metode Penelitian
Metodologi Dan Metode Penelitian
Penelitian
Mata Kuliah Metode Penelitian 1
9 Oktober 2008
Tamara A. SusetyoSalim,S.S.,M.A.
METODE PENELITIAN
METODE
Cara yang teratur dan terpikir
baik untuk mencapai maksud,
cara kerja sistematis untuk
memudahkan pelaksanaan
penelitian guna mencapai
tujuan yang ditentukan.
METODE PENELITIAN
Mengungkapkan cara teknis
tentang metode yang
digunakan dalam penelitian.
Membahas konsep teoritis
berbagai metode, kelebihan
dan kelemahannya.
GENERALSASI
Kebenaran yang
dapat
diberlakukan
seluas mungkin
Kehandalan, keterulangan,
kesahihan
Kehandalan (reliability):
Memastikan bahwa alat untuk meneliti
dapat dipercaya untuk objek yang
diteliti.
Keterulangan (replication):
Penelitian dapat diulang di tempat dan
waktu berbeda dan menghasilkan
kesimpulan yang konsisten
Kesahihan (validity):
Peneliti menjaga integritas dari
kesimpulan penelitian.
Research methodology
tends to govern, or at least limit, the
range of
choices:
1. how the data will be collected,
2. how it will be analyzed,
3. how results will be reported, and
4. the nature of the conclusions that may
reasonably be drawn from the results.
Selection of a research
methodology
What is
(a)the most practical,
(b) the most efficient,
(c) The most promising, and
(d) the most readily available way to
solve the research problem or
answer the research question?
The methodology choice influences
the
outcomes of the research.
The types of
research
1. Analytical (Metode
Analisis)
Beberapa golongan data dikumpulkan dan hasil studi
dikumpulkan untuk melihat perbedaan dan
penjelasan secara lengkap untuk menuntun suatu
laporan.
2. Case study
3. Comparative
Two or more existing situations are studied to
determine
and explicate their likenesses and differences.
Examples:
Concepts taught in secondary school chemistry in
Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, and the
United States
Self-control of children and adults during cardiac
diagnostic procedures
Bid specification procedures for public playground
and recreation supply and equipment purchases in
New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and California
4. Correlational-predictive
Statistically significant correlation coefficients between and
among
relevant phenomena are sought and interpreted; this type
includes
the determination of the extent to which variations in one or more
factors correspond with variations in one or more other factors
and the use of such findings in making predictions.
Examples:
Interaction of gasoline prices and automobile travel for business
and vacation purposes
Relationships between nature of crime and amount of recidivism
Relationships among size of family, age, and use of home health
agencies
Relationships between teacher backgrounds and their attitudes
toward international cooperation
5. Design and
demonstration
6. Evaluation
A program or a project is expected to be carried out in a
certain way and expected to produce a certain result;
research is intended to determine whether the
anticipated procedure and the outcome are realized.
Evaluation research that focuses on the procedure is
called formative, and that which attends particularly
to the outcome is called summative.
Examples:
Effectiveness of mental health programs that serve
hearing-impaired children
Evaluation of a regional family planning program
Impact of county drug and alcohol programs
Evaluation of a rural marketing plan for fire insurance
Effectiveness of rehabilitation counseling: an
evaluation
7. Developmental
8. Experimental
One or more variables may be deliberately manipulated
and the results analyzed and rationalizedtrue
experiments requiring tight controls and subject
randomization.
Examples:
Reduction of separation anxiety through use of mental
imagery
Use of programmed instruction to correct errors in the
written language of deaf adolescents
The effects of listening training on salesperson
effectiveness
Effects of a parental intervention strategy on reading
skill development
Effects of different options for continued employment
on retirement decisions
9. Exploratory
Investigations into new or relatively unknown territory for the
purpose of searching out or closely scrutinizing objects or
phenomena to lead to a better understanding of them.
Examples:
Telescopic and satellite observations of the composition
of the surface of the moons of Jupiter
The parasitic life in the feces of wild horse herds of the Rocky
Mountain region
The behavior of molten metals under conditions of virtually
zero
gravity
The characteristics of private languages used by twins and
triplets in communication between and among themselves
The study of extraterrestrial objects for evidences of life
forms
10. Historical
Individuals or activities are studied to reconstruct the past
accurately and without bias to ascertain, document, and
interpret
their influences or to check the tenability of an hypothesis.
Examples:
The relevance of the thought of Albert Camus for
education
Sources of individual differences in solutions to
management problems
Historical landmarks in the management of environmental
noise
The search for the perpetual motion machine: its
contribution to engineering
Origins and status of the Montessori movement in the
United States
11. Meta-analysis
A procedure for combining results of research across
areas in which measurement systems are not precise
by adding together sources of variance to get a
population value of the standard deviation as the basis
for establishing effect sizes. Used both in assembling
meaningful literature reviews and in testing
hypotheses.
Examples:
How real is the gender gap in aptitude test results?
What is the evidence that air pollution is associated
with human illnesses?
Are large automobiles safer?
The effectiveness of hypnosis in curing addiction
12. Methodological
These studies examine new approaches (methods) with
potential advantages over present approaches (methods).
The
study content includes, but is not limited to, building,
measuring, observing, organizing, displaying, and
communicating. Such studies frequently make use of both
developmental and evaluative procedures.
Examples:
The relative advantages and disadvantages of digital
and analog television
Longitudinal versus cross-sectional age cohort
approaches in studying personality development
Advantages and disadvantages of meta-analysis in
gauging the import of past research
Prestructured or self-designed majors in collegiate
education: pros and cons
Specific Procedures
What will be done in the conduct of the study:
1. correspondence,
2. the design of questionnaires,
3. pilot studies to be mounted before the
complete study,
4. the application of some treatment,
5. the conduct of interviews,
6. the distribution of inquiry forms or other
instruments designed to gather appropriate
data,
7. obtaining permissions,
8. the use of consultation, or other actions.
Research Population or
Sample
1. What is the population to be studied? Is it a type of
flora? Is it a group of research reports on which you will
conduct a
meta-analysis? Is it a form of virus? Is it a group of people?
2. What are its characteristics? Will the universe (everyone
or
everything in thepopulation group) be studied, or will there
be a
sample?
3. If a sample, how will it be selected from the whole? What
is the
justification for selecting the sample? Is it possible to
determine
the representativeness of the sample? If not, does that fact
constitute a prohibition or just a limitation?
4. How does one gain access to the sample population, and
how difficult a problem is that expected to be?
Instrumentation
1.tests,
2.apparatus,
3.interview protocols,
4.Questionnaires.
Review the potentialities in contemporary
technology for ways to enhance the speed, the
accuracy, and the reliability of instrumentation.
Example computer programs for administering
questionnaires..