Definisi ini:
Mencakup komposisi floristik; sumberdaya, termasuk pangan,
cover, shelter, dan faktor lain yang mempengaruhi okupansi.
Species-specific dan scale-dependent.
Sumberdaya penting pada satu skala spasial mungkin tidak
relevan pada skala yang lain.
Mempunyai komponen temporal (mis. sumberdaya dapat
meningkat atau menyusut).
Mempunyai arti bahwa habitat tidak selalu wilderness.
Overuse
Merujuk pada pemilihan satu habitat tertentu di atas
habitat yang lain pada suatu skala spasial.
Scale-dependent: hewan memilih habitat dari skala spasial
yang sangat kecil (mikro) hingga sangat luas (makro).
Bervariasi secara temporal.
Kompetisi
Predasi
Scale-dependence
of Habitat Selection
1st Order
2nd Order
3rd Order
4th Order
Macrohabitat
vs.
Microhabitat
Definisi:
Peran dan ruang ekologis yang ditempati suatu
organisme dalam suatu ekosistem.
Menurut Hutchinson: bersifat hypervolume;
menggambarkan ruang multidimensi sumberdaya
yang tersedia dan digunakan oleh organisme (mis.
nutrien, cahaya, dll).
Fundamental
Niche
Realized
Niche
South America
Habitat occupance
Ecological niche
Lebar niche
(niche breadth):
spesies generalis
vs. specialis
Kategorisasi niche
Niche overlap?
Junco
Chickadee
Douglas squirrel
Deer mouse
Deer
Coyote
Cougar
Main food
source
generalist/
specialist
seeds
seeds & insects
seeds
? specialist
? generalist
? specialist
seeds
? specialist
Species
Habitat
Other foods?
junco
floor
chickadee
canopy
insects
Douglas squirrel
canopy
insects, mushrooms,
flowers, birds eggs
deer mouse
floor
upper canopy
lower canopy
shrub
floor
resource overlap?
Niche compression:
barnacles on Scotlands rocky shores
dominant sp.
subdominant sp.
in the absence of competition
resource gradient
A
B
with competition
refuge exclusion refuge
zone
resource gradient
dominant sp.
B
in the absence of competition
resource gradient
subdominant sp.
A
C
with competition
exclusion refuges
zone
resource gradient
Niche crossovers
absent
mainland
competitive release
vs.
OR
island
new invader?
evolution of new species?
nectar-feeder
woodpecker
http://biology.swau.edu/faculty/petr/ftphotos/hawaii/postcards/birds/
Parallel (or
convergent)
evolution
of animals
inhabiting African
(right) and S.
American (left)
tropical forest
more
resources
more
specialization
6 species
community
10 species
community
10 species
community
Competition happens
only here.
Medium seed
eater
100% Overlap
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
Seed Size
Medium seed
eater
Large seed
specialist
Small seed
specialist
Frequency
In the diet
X
small
10% Overlap
weak competition
large
Seed Size
Large seed
specialist
Small seed
specialist
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
Seed Size
Min spacing
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
Seed Size
Competition works as a biological filter to
remove or prevent the invasion of species
into biological communities
Medium seed
eater
Large seed
specialist
Small seed
specialist
Frequency
In the diet
small
Seed Size
large
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
avoid competition
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
SYMPATRY
Small seed
present
Frequency
In the diet
small
large
Character Displacement
In
Darwins Finches