Disampaikan
Heri Subagyo
hsubagyo@pupukkaltim.com
Ngateno
ngateno@pupukkaltim.com
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PEMBUATAN AMONIAK
STEAM
GAS
ALAM
CH4
H2S + ZnO
ZnS +H2O
DESULFURI
SASI
UDARA
2H2 + O2
2H2O
REFORM
ING
CH4 + H2O
CO2 + H2
GAS CO2
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2
KONVER
SI SHIFT
CO2
REMOVAL
CO2 + H2
CO + H2O
Recycle. H2
CO + 3H2
CO2 + 4H2
REFRIGE
RASI
PRODUK
AMONIAK
SINTHESA
NH3
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
CH4 + H2O
CH4 + 2H2O
METHANA
SI
SEKSI PEMURNIAN GAS
Reaktor Kimia
Reaktor kimia industri adalah perangkat
yang kompleks di mana perpindahan
panas, perpindahan massa, difusi dan
gesekan dapat terjadi bersama dengan
reaksi kimia, dan juga dilengkapi dengan
peralatan keselamatan dan kontrol
Vessel yang dirancang untuk tempat
terjadinya reaksi kimia.
Tipe Reaksi
Memerlukan/Menghasilkan Panas
Katalis
Fasa yang terlibat
Kontrol Tekanan dan Temperatur
Kapasitas Produksi
Waktu Tinggal
Kontak Antar Reaktan
Sifat Fisik, Kimia dan Thermodynamika
Laju Reaksi
Tipe Reaktor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
13 O mm Ceramic ball
100
1330
133
Catalyst (SK-12) 55 m
57750 kg at 1.05 kg/liter
4200 ID
3970
6 x 6 mm tablet
1110
1,385 m
100
13 O mm Ceramic ball
T.L.
70
1,385 m
DESULPHURIZER
WHS
NATURAL GAS
S < 50 ppm
P = 42.5 Kg/cm2
T = 70 oC
1-E-204 B
FEED GAS PREHEATER
H2 : 1600 Nm3/h
Or 2 5 %
1-R-201
HYDROGENATOR
1-R-202
SULPHUR ABSORBER
ZnO
CoMo
ST-101
DESULPHURIZATION
SECTION
S < 0.05 ppm
T = 330 oC
NATURAL GAS
TO REFORMING SECTION
10
Reaksi :
RSH + H2 RH + H2S
R1SSR2 + 3 H2 R1H + R2H + 2 H2S
R1SR2 + 2 H2 R1H + R2H + H2S
(CH)4S + 4 H2 C4H10 + H2S
COS + H2 CO + H2S
Katalis
Cobalt-Molybdenum (Co Mo) atau
Nickel-Molybdenum (Ni-Mo)
11
- Volume : 11.5 m3
12
Sulphur Absorber/Desulphurizer
H2S Absorption
Katalis ZnO
ZnS + H2O
Katalis :
Zinc-Oxide (ZnO)
Zinc-Oxide + Cupper (Cu)
13
Bed 1
Bed 2
Bed 2 :
- Zno Base, volume 2 m3
- CuO base, volume 2 m3
14
PRIMARY REFORMER
HYDROCARBON
FEED
PROCESS STEAM
1-E-201
FEED GAS/STEAM
PREHEATER
REFORMING SECTION
T : 520oC
PROCESS AIR
P : 38 kg/cm2.G
1-H-201
PRIMARY
REFORMER
1-R-203
SECONDARY
REFORMER
PROCESS
GAS
TO 1-R-204
T : 823oC
P : 35 kg/cm2.G
1-E-208
RG WASTE
HEAT
BOILER
1-E-209
STEAM PRESUPERHEATER
Firing)
convection
Terrace Firing :
Punya auxilary burner
Hampir semua transfer panas dengan
radiasi, terutama radiasi dari dinding
refractory ke tube
Temperatur tube di bottom lebih tinggi
dari top tube
Tipikal Lurgi firing management
dilengkapi ID Fan
Top Firing :
Hampir seluruh transfer panas dari radiasi,
radiasi dari fluegas ke tube
Sedikit radiasi dari refractory ke tube
Temperatur pada top tube lebih tinggi
dibanding bottom tube
Tipikal Kellog firing management dilengkapi
ID Fan
convection
Side firing :
Hampir semua transfer panas
dengan radiasi, terutama radiasi
dari dinding refractory ke tube
pengaturan temperatur tube
merata. Temperatur tube di bottom
lebih tinggi dari top tube
Tipikal Topsoe firing management
dilengkapi ID Fan
inlet pigtail
burner system
first flame
inside furnace
Kaltim 1
Kaltim 2
Kaltim 3
Kaltim 4
Type Burner
Terrace Firing
Top Firing
Side Firing
Side Firing
Amount of Tube
384 (4 cell)
504 (1 cell)
168 ( 2 cell)
144 ( 2 cell )
Inlet Diam.Tube
101.6 mm
71.1 mm
152 mm
125 mm
Effec.Length Tube
13,670 mm
9,580 mm
12,000 mm
12,000 mm
Tube Material
HP Modified
HK 40
IN 519
25Cr 35Ni Nb Ti
930C
890C
900C
919 C
54,073
44,052
73,600
57,010
227,904
174,6
104,963
253,220
204,380
112,433
119,890
Air Excess
15 %
15 %
5%
5%
Furnace Efficiency
90 %
85 %
93 %
93 %
177C
250C
159C
170 C
Methane Slip
9,1 %
10,34 %
10,4 %
11 %
3.7/3.3
3.5
3.1
2.8
Catalyst
(MMKcal/H)
Total Heat Fire
(MMKcal/H)
Simple Operation
Contoh ukuran
Contoh Komposisi
Diameter : 16 mm
NiO : 16-18%w
Height : 8 mm
Hole : 7
Problem
Hot Spot pada tube katalis
Racun Katalis :
Sulfur
Deposit Carbon
SECONDARY REFORMER
1. 2 H2 + O2
2H2O
2. CH4 + H2O
CO + 3 H2 (-Panas)
3. CO + H2O
CO2 + H2
(+Panas)
(+Panas)
Secondary Reformer
Terdiri dari tiga
komponen utama :
Burner, Mixing Volume,
Catalyst
Ketiganya harus
berfungsi optimal
untuk menghasilkan
Methane slip minimal
Thermopaint indicator
akan berubah warna
menjadi putih jika
temp dinding naik
melebihi batasan
Bed
Katalis
Secondary
Reformer
2800 mm Ni Catalyst
300 mm 1-2 alumina lumps
300 mm 2-4 alumina lumps
4-8 alumina lumps
Ni : 9 %w
Height : 18 mm
MgAl2O4 : Balance
Hole size : 4 mm
dome bottom
burner tip
Problem
Hot spot dinding SR
HOT SPOT
AREA
HIGH TEMPERATUR
SHIFT CONVERTER-LOW
TEMPERATURE SHIFT
CONVERTER
CO + H2O
REFORMED GAS
FROM REFORMER SECTION
1-R-205
LT CO CONVERTER
1-R-204
HT CO
CONVERTER
1-E-211
METHANATOR
TRIM HEATER
1-E-213 A/B
BFW PREHEATER
NO.2
PROCESS GAS
1-E-210
CG WASTE
HEAT BOILER
1-E-212 A/B
BFW PREHEATER
NO.1
TO CO2 REMOVAL
Bentuk
Tablet, Size
4.5 x 3.4
mm
CONTOH HT CO CONVERTER
Shell ID : 3400 mm
A (20): Gas Inlet
M (24) : Manhole
CONTOH LT CO CONVERTER
Shell ID : 3700 mm
A (20): Gas Inlet
M1(24) : Manhole
H1-2 (16) : Hand hole
C (20) : Gas Outlet
METHANATOR
METHANATION SECTION
CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O
+ 49.300 Kcal/Kgmol
CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2H2O
+ 39.400 Kcal/Kgmol
Tin : 290oC
P : 30 kg/cm2.G
O/L
HTS
To Synloop
Process
Condensate
Tout : 317oC
O/LAbsorber
CW
METHANATOR KALTIM-4
Katalis Ni base
Tipe prereduced, volume
15.8 m3
Contoh Katalis
NiO : 27 %w
Carrier : Balance
AMMONIA CONVERTER
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
1-E-514
PURGE GAS
CHILLER
1-V-514
PURGE GAS
SEPARATOR
1-R-501
AMMONIA
CONVERTER
1-E-502
SG BFW
PREHEATER
1-E-501
SG WASTE HEAT
BOILER
MAKE UP SYNTHESIS GAS
1-K-431
SYNTHESIS GAS
COMPRESSOR
IMPORT H2
FROM OEP
RECYCLE GAS
TO 1-E-204 B
1-E-504
WATER
COOLER
1-E-503
HOT HEAT
EXCHANGER
1-E-506
1st AMMONIA
CHILLER
1-E-505
1st COLD
EXCHANGER
1-E-508
2nd AMMONIA
CHILLER
1-V-501
AMMONIA
SEPARATOR
1-E-507
2nd COLD
EXCHANGER
LIQ. AMMONIA
TO 1-V-502
REAKSI UTAMA
3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) DH (500oC) = -26
Kcal
Reaksi Eksothermis, kesetimbangan
Termodinamika:
T rendah (kesetimbangan); reaksi bergeser ke
kanan
T tinggi (kinetika); kecepatan reaksi tinggi
KATALIS
22
CONTOH
Profil Konversi Temp.
Di Am-Converter
Tipe S-200 Kaltim-4
20
18
16
Kurva keset.
P=138 K/G
2nd Bed
14
12
10
8
1st Bed
Kurva keset.
P=100 K/G
4
2
350
375
400
425
450
475
o
Temperature ( C)
500
525
550
TI-5027
TI-5013
TIC-5014
1st Bed
H-501
TI-5015/16
18/19
TI-5001
HV-5003
gas keluar
TI-5017/20
ke E-504
2nd Bed
gas masuk
dari K-431
E-503
TI-5022
TI-5021
WHB
E-501
TI-5023
TI-5031
BFW
MSV-5001
E-502
TIC-5030
Shell ID : 2800 mm
A1-2 (12): Gas Inlet
B (18) : Gas Outlet
T1-10 : Thermowells
Catalyst : Fe Base
- Volume Bed 1 : 23.7 m3
- Volume Bed 2 : 60.9 m3
Kaltim 1
Kaltim 2
Kaltim 3
Grande Paroisse
Kellog
Topsoe S-200
Axial
With Quench
4
180
Axial
With Quench
3
141
Radial
Nothing Quench
2
265
Radial
Nothing Quench
2
252
Item
Kaltim 1
Kaltim 2
Kaltim 3
Kaltim 4
T out ( C )
Pres. (Kg/cmg)
dP ( Kg / cm )
NH3 Inlet
NH3 Outlet
365
275
7.5
3.6 %
15.6 %
320
210
5
1.7 %
13.2 %
430
133
3
4.32 %
15.9 %
438
130
2
4.31%
16.4 %
Design
Type
Total Bed
T in ( C )
Kaltim 4
Topsoe S-200
PABRIK UREA
Pabrik
Kapasitas
Ton/hari
Lisensi Proses
Produk
Kaltim-1
2125
Stamicarbon
Conventional, Belanda
Prill
Kaltim-2
1725
Stamicarbon, Belanda
Prill
Kaltim-3
1725
Stamicarbon, Belanda
Prill
Kaltim-4
1725
Snamprogetti, Italia
Granul
Kaltim-1A
1725
Stamicarbon, Belanda
Granul
Kaltim-5
3500
Toyo, Jepang
Granul (start-up)
Perbandingan Proses
Perbedaan utama pada:
Fokus:
Urea Synthesis
Total reaksi pembentukan Urea dari ammonia &
carbondioxide:
2 NH 3 + CO2 NH 2 CONH 2 + H 2 O
2 tahap reaksi :
- Carbamate (exothermics & fast, equlibrium)
2 NH 3 + CO2 NH 2CO2 NH 4 Q1
- Carbamate dehydration to Urea (endothermics & slow)
Process Parameters
-Temperature
T > : convertion> , vel. reaksi> (fast)
-Pressure
@T constant, convertion> if P> until certain limit
-NH3/CO2
N/C> (excess NH3), convertion (CO2)>
-H2O/CO2
H/C>, convertion <
-ReactorVolume/Retention Time
V> (retention time>), convertion> (~equilibrium)
Optimum ~~ 95% eq. convertion
67
NH3
Synthesis
Carbamate
NH3 Recovery
MP Decomposer
MP Condenser
LP Decomposer
LP Condenser
Granulator
Process condensate
Urea Granule
T out : 188oC
Efisiensi Reaktor
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi konversi
kesetimbangan:
-Temperatur
-NH3/CO2
-H2O/CO2
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kinetika reaksi:
- Temperatur
- Waktu tinggal
Reaktor Tray
Contoh Improve efisiensi reaktor dengan model tray baru : Siphon Jet Pump
SELAMAT BELAJAR
Terima Kasih
KAMI MENANTI ANDA