KANKER
a/ akibat perubahan regulasi dari proliferasi,
diferensiasi dan migrasi yg mrp suatu proses
genetika & ada sel yg memp kemampuan
proliferasi
2. KIMIA
Rokok
bladder, mulut
Asbes
Aflatoxin
Aniline dyes
bladder
CA paru, larynx,
CA paru
CA hepar
CA ginjal, ureter,
3. VIRAL
HPV = human pabilloma virus
Epstein - Barr virus
Hepatitis B
4. FISIK = radiasi, trauma / inflamasi kronik
STADIUM / STAGING
0
SIKLUS SEL CA
M
Diferensiasi
(maturasi mjd sel2
yg tdk membelah)
mitosis
G2
Sintesa prot
& RNA
S
Sintesa DNA
G1
G0
Sintesa &
prod enzim
Fase
istirahat
Sel-sel
mati
% surviving
% surviving
100%
done
Non-spesifik
done
Spesifik
Pertumb sel2 CA
Pertumb sel2 normal
Massa sel2 CA
diving
resting
PENDEKATAN TERAPI
1. Pencegahan
2. Deteksi awal
mis. : - perubahan kebiasaan BAB
- luka yg tidak sembuh2
- perdarahan yg tdk normal
- sulit menelan / mencerna
- pap smear, mammography, PASARI
3. Terapi
4. Terapi paliatif
TERAPI
Operasi
Radio terapi
Kemo terapi : sitostatika, hormon,
Immunotherapy
Kombinasi
Pemberian sitostatika :
Diberikan pd bbrp siklus
Diberikan kombinasi ( 2, 3 macam obat )
Dpt sbg inj bolus tiap 3-4 minggu / 3-5 hr
infus kontinu
Survival / control :
- bila cure tdk memungkinkan
- agar sel - sel CA berhenti berkembang
quality of life ( QOL ) dg sisa - sisa sel CA
- surgery / radiotherapi dilanjutkan kemoterapi
- respon awal tjd ttp sering timbul relapse
- mis. : CA mammal
Small cell lung CA
Non Hodgkin's Pymphoma
ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
Tujuan
cure rate dg membasmi sel2 tumor yg
tersisa sth dilakukan terapi primer (mis.: op, rad)
U/ CA yg sdh menyebar
u/ control CA
Mencegah pertumbuhan sel-sel CA sth op / rad
( level of detection )
ADJUVANT CHEMO
CONVENTIONAL CHEMO
menyembuhkan
survival/paliatif
( kadang2 cure )
Tdk ada pend yg
bebas dr sel tumor
Toksisitas dpt
diterima
s/d 75 % penderita
INTENSIFICATION
Terapi diberikan sth terapi awal yg tdk
terlalu intensif
Std terapi u/ penderita :
yg memp. respon bagus pd terapi awal
kemungkinan besar memp long term remission
kemungkinan u/ sembuh
CONSOLIDATION
Sth 1x complate remission didapatkan
Diberikan u/ kemungkinan cure rate
MAINTENANCE
u/ pend dg resiko relapse tinggi pd
saat remisi
Long term & dosis rendah
SALVAGE THERAPY
u/ tujuan penyembuhan sth terapi
awal gagal
KLASIFIKASI SITOSTATIKA
Alkylating agents
nitrogen mustard : mustine HCl, cyclophosphamide,
ifosfamide, chlorambucil
nitrosoureas : lomustine, carmustine, streptozine
platinum/metal salts : cisplatin, carboplatin
alkyl sulfonate : busulfan
Natural Products
mitotic inhibitor : vinblastin, vincristin
microtubule polymer stabilizer : paclitaxel, doxitaxel
podophyllum derv : etoposide
antibiotic : doxorubicin/Adriamycin, daunorubicin, bleomycin,
mitomycin
enzyme : asparaginase
Anti-metabolites
folic acid analog : methrotrexate
pyrimidine analog : fluorouracil
cytidine analog: cytarabine, gemcitabine
purine analog : mercaptopurine,
fludarabine
hydroxyurea
Vinca alkaloids : vincristine, vinblastine
Epidophyllotoxins : etoposide, teniposide
Carboplatin
: ovarian Ca, cervix Ca, endometrium
Ca, Ca of head & neck, breast Ca, lung Ca
Cisplatin : idem, brain tumors, NHL
Carmustine
: Hodgkins & non-Hodgkins, MM,
lymphoma, colorectal, stomach & liver Ca, brain
tumors
Cyclophosphamide : Hodgkins & non-Hodgkins,
neuroblastoma, Ca ovary, breast Ca, MM
Bleomycin
: endometrium Ca, Ca ovary, Ca
kidney/bladder, Kaposis sarcoma, soft tissue
sarcoma
Daunorubicin : ANLL, ALL, CML, NHL, Kaposis
sarcoma, neuroblastoma
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ANEMIA
Penyebab utama : kemoterapi
Penyebab lain : malnutrisi, blood loss, inflitrasi
marrow k/ tumor, prod eritropoietin
Etiologi dr blood loss hrs diketahui.
Blood loss mens bleeding, thrombositopenia,
GI bleeding
Cisplatin, cytarabine, paclitaxel plg sering
Faktor resiko : kondisi klinis , multiple metastase,
geriatri, gangg jantung, malnutrisi, Hb di siklus
awal kemoterapi
Terapi : transfusi SDM, recombinant Epo
terapi supportive
NEUTROPENIA
ANC < 1500 sel/mm3 resiko infeksi
ANC = (neutrophil + band)/100 x WBC
Prognosa infeksi derajat neutropenia
Timbul opportunistic inf t.u. dr endogenous
orgn.
Strategi :
1. Memicu sistem imun
R/ granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
(GCSF)
3. Mempertahankan integritas
mukosa intestin
Mkn dg Low-microbial contained
High-fiber diet tgt jenis CA dan kondisi klinis
Px
High in calories, protein, vitamin
Cukup fluid intake
Nutrisi mgn glutamin, fiber, albumin
Kumur chlorhexidine
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Platelet < 100.000 sel/mm3
K/ chemoterahpy induces
myelosuppresion dose-limitingside
effect
Carboplatin, carmustine, cyclophosphamide,
lomustine, mitomycin, doxorubicin,
daunorubicin, vincristin, dactinomycin
Plt < 50.000 sel/mm3 resiko bleeding
Plt < 10.000 sel/mm3 GI bleed, CNS
bleed, resp tract hemorrhage
Gejala :
Bruising
Petechiae
Purpura
Hypermenorrhea
Hematemesis
Melena
Epistaxis
Hematuria
Terapi : transfusi platelet
GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY
Nausea, vomiting antiemetic therapy
3 pola N-V akut, delayed, anticipatory
Akut dlm 24 jam pertama sth kemoterapi
Delayed tjd stlh > 24 jam pertama
kemoterapi, durasi 1-7 hari, puncak hr ke-3
Delayed dpt tjd msk terapi u/ akut efektif
Anticipatory tjd sebelum kemoterapi
terapi
STOMATITIS
Higienitas oral
Bisa muncul sekitar 7 hari sth kemotx diberikan
Bleomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 5-FU,
busulfan, etoposide, , 6-mercaptopurine,
vinblastine, vincristine
Faktor resiko : dosis, siklus, kombinasi
kemotx, fungsi liver & hepar
Profilaksis : kumur chlorhexidine, saline, Nabic
Terapi : salep myconazole
DIARE
Penyebab : anxiety, diet, terapi, infeksi,
radiasi, tumor, obstruksi, kemotx.
Cytarabine, 5-FU, hydroxyurea, MTX,
Pencegahan :
hindari mkn yg mengiritasi & menstimulasi
mkn & mnm kaya K (kentang, pisang,
asparagus)
Hindari produk susu
Terapi : karbon aktif
KONSTIPASI
Mkn tinggi serat (sayuran, buah, gandum)
Minum air putih 8 gelas/h
Olah raga ringan
Minuman hangat u/ merangsang aktifitas
usus
Stool softener, laksatifm bulk forming
agent (Metamucil, laktulosa)
Hindari antikolinergik, preparat Fe,
diuretik, fenotiazine, antidepresan
CACHEXIA
Hilangnya nafsu mkn berat badan
Penyebab :
perubh di GIT
fatigue
ES terapi
perubh hormonal
infeksi
faktor psikologi
antibiotik, analgesik
rasa sakit
komplikasi dr penyakit
Terapi : Megace
RENAL TOXICITY
Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide toksisitas pd
bladder (hemorraghic toxicity)
antidote : mesna
pencegahan : hydration solution w/ NS
MTX toksisitas pd tubulus
pencegahan : hydration, cukup urinasi
antidote : leucovorin
Mitomycin
Nitrosureas : toksisitas pd tubulus &
glomerular
PULMONARY TOXICITY
Sering tjd bleomycin,
carmustine, mitomycin
Jarang tjd cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin, MTX, vinblastine,
vincristine
Terapi : corticosteroid &
simptomatik