sejarah Tato

Tato berasal dari bahasa Tahiti “tatu” yang konon artinya tanda. Walaupun bukti-bukti sejarah
tato ini tidak begitu banyak, tetapi para ahli mengambil kesimpulan bahwa seni tato ini udah ada
sejak 12.000 tahun SM. Jaman dahulu tato semacam ritual bagi suku-suku kuno seperti Maori,
Inca, Ainu, Polynesians, dll. Menurut sejarah, bangsa Mesir-lah yang jadi biang perkembangan
tato di dunia. Bangsa Mesir kan dikenal sebagai bangsa yang terkenal kuat, jadi karena ekspansi
mereka terhadap bangsa-bangsa lain, seni tato ini juga ikut-ikutan menyebar luas, seperti ke
daerah Yunani, Persia, dan Arab.

Apa alasan bagi suku-suku kuno di dunia membuat tato? Bangsa Yunani kuno memakai tato
sebagai tanda pengenal para anggota dari badan intelijen mereka, alias mata-mata perang pada
saat itu. Di sini tato menunjukan pangkat dari si mata-mata tersebut. berbeda dengan bangsa
Romawi, mereka memakai tato sebagai tanda bahwa seseorang itu berasal dari golongan budak,
dan Tato juga dirajahi ke setiap tubuh para tahanannya. Suku Maori di New Zealand membuat
Tato berbentuk ukiran-ukiran spiral pada wajah dan pantat. Menurut mereka, ini adalah tanda
bagi keturunan yang baik. Di Kepulauan Solomon, Tato ditorehkan di wajah perempuan sebagai
ritus untuk menandai tahapan baru dalam kehidupan mereka. Hampir sama seperti di atas, orang-
orang Suku Nuer di Sudan memakai Tato untuk menandai ritus inisiasi pada anak laki-laki.
Orang-orang Indian melukis tubuh dan mengukir kulit mereka untuk menambah kecantikan atau
menunjukkan status sosial tertentu.

Tato alias Wen Shen atau Rajah mulai merambahi negara Cina sekitar taon 2000 SM. Wen Shen
konon artinya “akupunktur badan”. perlu diketahui, sama seperti bangsa Romawi, bangsa Cina
kuno memakai tato untuk menandakan bahwa seseorang pernah dipenjara. Sementara di
Tiongkok sendiri, budaya tato terdapat pada beberapa etnis minoritasnya, yang telah diwarisi
oleh nenek moyang mereka, seperti etnis Drung, Dai, dan Li, namun hanya para wanita yang
berasal dari etnis Li dan Drung yang memilik kebiasaan mentato wajahnya. Riwayat adat-istiadat
Tato etnis Drung ini muncul sekitar akhir masa Kedinastian Kaisar Ming (sekitar 350 tahun yang
lalu), ketika itu mereka diserang oleh sekelompok grup etnis lainnya dan pada saat itu mereka
menangkapi beberapa wanita dari etnis Drung untuk dijadikan sebagai budak. Demi menghindari
terjadinya perkosaan, para wanita tersebut kemudian mentato wajah mereka untuk membuat
mereka kelihatan kurang menarik di mata sang penculik. Meskipun kini para wanita dari etnis
minoritas Drung ini tidak lagi dalam keadaan terancam oleh penyerangan dari etnis minoritas
lainnya, namun mereka masih terus mempertahankan adat-istiadat ini sebagai sebuah lambang
kekuatan kedewasaan. Para anak gadis dari etnis minoritas Drung mentato wajahnya ketika
mereka berusia antara 12 dan 13 tahun sebagai sebuah simbol pendewasaan diri. Ada beberapa
penjelasan yang berbeda, mengapa para wanita tersebut mentato wajahnya. Sebagian orang
mengatakan, bahwa warga etnis Drung menganggap wanita bertato terlihat lebih cantik dan para
kaum Adam etnis Drung tidak akan menikahi seorang wanita yang tidak memiliki Tato di
wajahnya. Di Indonesia Orang-orang Mentawai di kepulauan Mentawai, suku Dayak di
Kalimantan, dan suku Sumba di NTB, sudah mengenal tato sejak jaman dulu. Bahkan bagi suku
Dayak, seseorang yang berhasil “memenggal kepala” musuhnya, dia mendapat tato di tangannya.
Begitu juga dengan suku Mentawai, tato-nya Tidak dibuat sembarangan. Sebelum pembuatan
tato dilaksanakan, ada Panen Enegaf alias upacara inisiasi yang dilakukan di Puturkaf Uma
(galeri rumah tradisional suku Mentawai). Upacara ini dipimpin oleh Sikerei (dukun). Setelah
upacara ini selesai, barulah proses Tato-nya dilaksanakan.

AWALNYA, bahan untuk membuat Tato berasal dari arang tempurung yang dicampur dengan air
tebu. Alat-alat yang digunakan masih sangat tradisional. Seperti tangkai kayu, jarum dan
pemukul dari batang. Orang-orang pedalaman masih menggunakan teknik manual dan dari
bahan-bahan tradisional. Orang-orang Eskimo misalnya, memakai jarum yang terbuat dari tulang
binatang. Di kuil-kuil Shaolin menggunakan gentong tembaga yang dipanaskan untuk mencetak
gambar tato naga pada kulit tubih. Murid-murid Shaolin yang dianggap memenuhi syarat untuk
mendapatkan simbol itu, dengan menempelkan kedua lengan mereka pada semacam cetakan
gambar naga yang ada di kedua sisi gentong tembaga panas itu. Jauh berbeda dengan sekarang.
Saat ini, terutama di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan, pembuatan Tato dilakukan dengan mesin
elektrik. Mesin ini ditemukan pada tahun 1891 di Inggris. Kemudian zat pewarnanya
menggunakan tinta sintetis.

SEJARAH TATTOO

Filed under: gaya hidup — ekakj @ 1:56 am

TATTOO berasal dari bahasa Tahiti “tatu” yang konon artinya tanda. Walaupun bukti-bukti
sejarah tattoo ini tidak begitu banyak, tetapi para ahli mengambil kesimpulan bahwa seni tattoo
ini udah ada sejak 12.000 tahun SM. Jaman dahulu tattoo semacam ritual bagi suku-suku kuno
seperti Maori, Inca, Ainu, Polynesians, dll.Kalo kamu jalan-jalan ke Mesir, coba maen-maen ke
pyramids, mungkin kamu bisa menemukan tattoo tertua di sana. Karena menurut sejarah, bangsa
Mesir-lah yang jadi biang tumbuh suburnya tattoo di dunia. Bangsa Mesir kan dikenal sebagai
bangsa yang terkenal kuat, so gara-gara ekspansi mereka terhadap bangsa-bangsa laen, seni
tattoo ini juga ikut-ikutan menyebar luas, seperti ke daerah Yunani, Persia, dan Arab.

Apa alasan bagi suku-suku kuno di dunia membuat Tattoo? Bangsa Yunani kuno memakai tattoo
sebagai tanda pengenal para anggota dari badan intelijen mereka, alias mata-mata perang pada
saat itu. Di sini tattoo menunjukan pangkat dari si mata-mata tersebut. berbeda dengan bangsa
Romawi, mereka memakai tattoo sebagai tanda bahwa seseorang itu berasal dari golongan
budak, dan Tattoo juga dirajahi ke setiap tubuh para tahanannya. Suku Maori di New Zealand
membuat Tattoo berbentuk ukiran-ukiran spiral pada wajah dan pantat. Menurut mereka, ini
adalah tanda bagi keturunan yang baik. Di Kepulauan Solomon, Tattoo ditorehkan di wajah
perempuan sebagai ritus untuk menandai tahapan baru dalam kehidupan mereka. Hampir sama
seperti di atas, orang-orang Suku Nuer di Sudan memakai Tattoo untuk menandai ritus inisiasi
pada anak laki-laki. Orang-orang Indian melukis tubuh dan mengukir kulit mereka untuk
menambah kecantikan atau menunjukkan status sosial tertentu.

Tattoo alias Wen Shen atau Rajah smulai merambahi negara Cina sekitar taon 2000 SM. Wen
Shen konon artinya “akupunktur badan”. perlu diketahui, sama seperti bangsa Romawi, bangsa
Cina kuno memakaiTtattoo untuk menandakan bahwa seseorang pernah dipenjara. Sementara di
Tiongkok sendiri, budaya Tattoo terdapat pada beberapa etnis minoritasnya, yang telah diwarisi
oleh nenek moyang mereka, seperti etnis Drung, Dai, dan Li, namun hanya para wanita yang
berasal dari etnis Li dan Drung yang memilik kebiasaan mentato wajahnya. Riwayat adat-istiadat
Tattoo etnis Drung ini muncul sekitar akhir masa Kedinastian Kaisar Ming (sekitar 350 tahun
yang lalu), ketika itu mereka diserang oleh sekelompok grup etnis lainnya dan pada saat itu
mereka menangkapi beberapa wanita dari etnis Drung untuk dijadikan sebagai budak. Demi
menghindari terjadinya perkosaan, para wanita tersebut kemudian mentato wajah mereka untuk
membuat mereka kelihatan kurang menarik di mata sang penculik. Meskipun kini para wanita
dari etnis minoritas Drung ini tidak lagi dalam keadaan terancam oleh penyerangan dari etnis
minoritas lainnya, namun mereka masih terus mempertahankan adat-istiadat ini sebagai sebuah
lambang kekuatan kedewasaan. Para anak gadis dari etnis minoritas Drung mentato wajahnya
ketika mereka berusia antara 12 dan 13 tahun sebagai sebuah simbol pendewasaan diri. Ada
beberapa penjelasan yang berbeda, mengapa para wanita tersebut mentato wajahnya. Sebagian
orang mengatakan, bahwa warga etnis Drung menganggap wanita yang ber-Tattoo terlihat lebih
cantik dan para kaum Adam etnis Drung tidak akan menikahi seorang wanita yang tidak
memiliki Tattoo di wajahnya. Di Indonesia Orang-orang Mentawai di kepulauan Mentawai, suku
Dayak di Kalimantan, dan suku Sumba di NTB, sudah mengenal tattoo sejak jaman dulu.
Bahkan bagi suku Dayak, seseorang yang berhasil “memenggal kepala” musuhnya, dia mendapat
tattoo di tangannya. Begitu juga dengan suku Mentawai, tattoo-nya Tidak dibuat sembarangan.
Sebelum pembuatan tattoo dilaksanakan, ada Panen Enegaf alias upacara inisiasi yang dilakukan
di Puturkaf Uma (galeri rumah tradisional suku mentawai). Upacara ini dipimpin oleh Sikerei
(dukun). Setelah upacara ini selesai, barulah proses Tattoo-nya dilaksanakan.

AWALNYA, bahan untuk membuat Tattoo berasal dari arang tempurung yang dicampur dengan
air tebu. Alat-alat yang digunakan masih sangat tradisional. Seperti tangkai kayu, jarum dan
pemukul dari batang. Orang-orang pedalaman masih menggunakan teknik manual dan dari
bahan-bahan tradisional. Orang-orang Eskimo misalnya, memakai jarum yang terbuat dari tulang
binatang. Di kuil-kuil Shaolin menggunakan gentong tembaga yang dipanaskan untuk mencetak
gambar naga pada kulit tubih. Murid-murid Shaolin yang dianggap memenuhi syarat untuk
mendapatkan simbol itu, dengan menempelkan kedua lengan mereka pada semacam cetakan
gambar naga yang ada di kedua sisi gentong tembaga panas itu. Jauh berbeda dengan sekarang.
Saat ini, terutama di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan, pembuatan Tattoo dilakukan dengan mesin
elektrik. Mesin ini ditemukan pada tahun 1891 di Inggris. Kemudian zat pewarnanya
menggunakan tinta sintetis (tinta tattoo).

PETUNJUK UMUM SEBELUM MELAKUKAN PROSES TATTOO

1. Ikuti prosedur umum dan peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Tattoo Artist anda, berkonsultasilah
terlebih dahulu serta dapatkan informasi selengkap-lengkapnya seputar Tattoo yang anda
inginkan. Berpikirlah secara matang menjaga agar tidak terjadi kemungkinan adanya penyesalan
dikemudian hari. Bagi anda yang berumur dibawah standar ketetapan yang dikeluarkan oleh
Tattoo Artist anda, diharuskan membawa surat persetujuan dari orang tua/wali sebelum anda
melakukan proses Tattoo.

2. Perhatikan dengan benar alat-alat yang akan digunakan oleh Tattoo Artist anda dalam
melakukan prosesnya, apakah sudah didesinfeksikan dengan bersih dan steril? tidak
terkontaminasi oleh berbagai macam bentuk kuman dan bakteri, agar anda terbebas dari berbagi
 macam penyakit yang cukup serius. Untuk anda yang mempunyai permasalahan serius dengan
kulit yang cukup sensitif, disarankan untuk memeriksakan diri anda terlebih dahulu kepada
Dokter spesialis (bila diperlukan), atau tanyakan langsung pada Tattoo Artist anda.

3. Untuk lebih mempermudah jalannya proses tattoo, usahakan kondisi dan kesehatan tubuh anda
harus dalam keadaan normal dan stabil, cukup tidur dan makan, terbebas dari pengaruh Alkohol
(minuman keras) dan Narkoba (obat-obatan terlarang dan sejenisnya), menjaga agar tidak terjadi
permasalah yang cukup serius pada saat proses pengerjaan.

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Bat Tattoos - What Do They Mean?

Unique in the animal kingdom, the bat is the only mammal that
can fly. Although this singular ability may contribute to its
abundance worldwide, there is no doubt that the bat is a successful
animal, since it accounts for 20% of all mammal species. It comes
as no surprise, then, that the symbolism of the bat covers quite a
wide spectrum as well.
Although our modern conception of bats in the west has largely been a
negative one, a journey back in time reveals that this was not always
the case. According to the ancient Greeks, Diana was the many-
breasted virgin goddess of the forest who watched over births and
infancy. The Greeks also knew that bats suckle their young, the only
flying creature to do so. It thus seemed natural for them to pair the two
images together such that bats will sometimes accompany Diana in
classical legends, where both came to symbolize motherhood. It was
only a small step from the symbolism of motherhood to the symbolism
of fertility and sex.

A bat's blood, too, they say, received on a flock of wool

and placed beneath a woman's head, will promote sexual
desire; the same being the case also with a goose's tongue,
taken with the food or drink. (Pliny's Natural History,
Book XXX, Chapter 49, circa 77 CE)

Elsewhere on this website, we've already discussed the Chinese

Wu Fu symbols of bats that are popular in tattoos and which
symbolize wealth, long life, peace, good health, and a good death.
Indeed, much of the Old World is populated with these sorts of
positive impressions. It wasn't until Europeans came into contact
with vampire bats that the negative associations with which we are
more familiar began to be widespread.

There are only three vampire, or blood-eating, bats in the world

and all are found in the tropics and subtropics of the New World.
In fact, some of the Maya of Central America were well
acquainted with the behavior of the vampire bat, using an upside
down glyph of a bat's head to signal that a time period had come to
rest and another image of a bat performing sacrifice to satisfy the Townsend's Big-eared Bat
blood need of the gods -- not unlike the blood need of the vampire
bat itself.

Today's bat symbolism is dominated with themes of the demonic,

such that even Satan, as a fallen angel, has bat's wings.
Frightening creatures of the night who must avoid sunlight and
seek to hide their evil activities -- á la Bram Stoker's famous
invention of 1897, Dracula -- imitate the nocturnal hunting habits
of most bats, vampire or not. Scenes of witches and Halloween
would hardly be complete without the full moon and bats in the
sky. The cave dwelling Celtic dragon is frequently shown with
bat-like wings (as in these visitor contributed images here and
here) as are demons of all sorts (as in this visitor example). But the
world of tattoo symbolism is not always so serious, such that even
the bat might simply mean that you're really more of a night
Bat Tattoos

Bat Tattoos – What Represent Bat Tattoos?

Bat Tattoos are generally associated with negative symbolism in the West and yet is a symbol of
good luck and longevity in the Far East.

Bat is an exceptional specie in the kingdom mammalia, known for its ability to fly. Its number
dominates the mammal species accounting 20%. Its vast number covers a wide range of
symbolism used by many people across the globe.

The History Of Bat Tattoos

Bat tattoos symbols and characteristics have been used in the ancient Greek times. They have
been identified to suckle the Greek’s young, and later have been paired to the Greek goddess
Diana, a many-breasted virgin of the forest watching infancy and births. Their symbolism of
motherhood was modified as a symbol of sex and fertility soon after. Greeks also believed that
bat’s blood collectively received in wool will encourage sexual desires when placed under a
woman’s head.

Bats unique features inspired many tattoo artists to create bat tattoos. Their positive impression
became popular as it symbolizes long life, wealth, peace, good death, and good health. Not until
bats was given a negative idea through the character of vampire bats or blood-eating bats. Their
familiar behavior of head being upside down signals that a time period had come to rest, and
performing a sacrifice for the gods – contrast to the blood needed by the vampire bat itself.

The Popularity Of Bat Tattoos

Bat tattoos became popular when fallacy citing occurred in the modern era. Many people
associated it with demonic symbols like the Celtic dragon, a one giant creature showing a bat-
like wings revealing a demonic attitude. Satanic themes gave birth to Dracula tattoos, a
terrifying creature who always avoids the sunlight, packed with evil activities, and mimicking
the nocturnal hunting habits of bats. The negative impressions are also accustomed with
Halloween where it is tagged along with pumpkins, witches and full moon scenes.
Bat symbols and interpretations may form many different bat tattoos. Characteristics of bat
tattoos have brought the world of tattoo in different level setting many tattoo artists to be
creative, mature, and excel in their field.

a brief history of tattoos

the word tattoo is said to has two major derivations- from

the polynesian word ‘ta’ which means striking something
and the tahitian word ‘tatau’ which means ‘to mark something’.

the history of tattoo began over 5000 years ago and is as

diverse as the people who wear them.

tattoos are created by inserting colored materials beneath

the skins surface. the first tattoos probably were created
by accident. someone had a small wound, and rubbed it
with a hand that was dirty with soot and ashes from the fire.
once the wound had healed, they saw that a mark stayed
permanently.

despite the social sciences' growing fascination with tattooing,

and the immense popularity of tattoos themselves,
the practice has not left much of a historical record.

---
bronze age
in 1991, a five thousand year old tattooed man ‘ötzi the ice man’
made the headlines of newspapers all over the world when
his frozen body was discovered on a mountain between
austria and italy.
this is the best preserved corpse of that period ever found.
the skin bears 57 tattoos: a cross on the inside of the left knee,
six straight lines 15 centimeters long above the kidneys and
numerous parallel lines on the ankles.
the position of the tattoo marks suggests that they were probably
applied for therapeutic reasons (treatment of arthritis).

---
pazyryk culture
in 1948, 120 miles north of the border between russia and
china, russian archeologist sergei rudenko began excavating
a group of tombs, or kurgans, in the high altai mountains of
western and southern siberia. mummies were found that date
from around 2400 years ago.
the tattoos on their bodies represent a variety of animals.
the griffins and monsters are thought to have a magical
significance but some elements are believed to be purely
decorative. altogether the tattoos are believed to reflect the
status of the individual.

---
egypt
written records, physical remains, and works of art relevant to
egyptian tattoo have virtually been ignored by earlier egyptologists
influenced by prevailing social attitudes toward the medium.
today however, we know that there have been bodies recovered
dating to as early XI dynasty exhibiting the art form of tattoo.
in 1891, archaeologists discovered the mummified remains
of amunet, a priestess of the goddess hathor, at thebes who
lived some time between 2160 BC and 1994 BC.
this female mummy displayed several lines and dots tattooed
about her body - grouping dots and/or dashes were aligned into
abstract geometric patterns. this art form was restricted
to women only, and usually these women were associated
with ritualistic practice.
the egyptians spread the practice of tattooing throughout the world.
the pyramid-building third and fourth dynasties of egypt
developed international nations with crete, greece, persia,
and arabia. by 2,000 BC the art of tattooing had stretched out all the
way to southeast asia .
the ainu (western asian nomads) then brought it with them
as they moved to japan.

---
japan
the earliest evidence of tattooing in japan is found in the form
of clay figurines which have faces painted or engraved to
represent tattoo marks. the oldest figurines of this kind have
been recovered from tombs dated 3,000 BC or older, and many
other such figurines have been found in tombs dating from the
second and third millennia BC.
these figurines served as stand-ins for living individuals who
symbolically accompanied the dead on their journey into the
unknown, and it is believed that the tattoo marks had religious
or magical significance.
the first written record of japanese tattooing is found in a
chinese dynastic history compiled in 297 AD.
the japanese were interested in the art mostly for its decorative
attributes, as opposed to magical ones. the horis - the japanese
tattoo artists - were the undisputed masters. their use of colors,
perspective, and imaginative designs gave the practice a whole
new angle. the classic japanese tattoo, is a full body suit.

---
china
from southern china the practice spread along the silk route.

---
polynesia
in pacific cultures tattooing has a huge historic significance.
polynesian tattooing is considered the most intricate and
skillful tattooing of the ancient world.
polynesian peoples, believe that a person's mana, their spiritual
power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.
the vast majority of what we know today about these ancient
arts has been passed down through legends, songs, and ritual
ceremonies. elaborate geometrical designs which were often
added to, renewed, and embellished throughout the life of the
individual until they covered the entire body.

in samoa, the tradition of applying tattoo, or ‘tatau’, by hand,

has long been defined by rank and title, with chiefs and their
assistants, descending from notable families in the proper birth order.
the tattooing ceremonies for young chiefs, typically conducted at
the onset of puberty, were elaborate affairs and were a key part
of their ascendance to a leadership role.
the permanent marks left by the tattoo artists would forever
celebrate their endurance and dedication to cultural traditions.
the first europeans who set foot on samoan soil were members
of a 1787 french expedition. they got a closer look at the natives
and reported that ‘the men have their thighs painted or tattooed
in such a way that one would think them clothed,
although they are almost naked’. the mythological origins of
samoan tattooing and the extraordinary cross-cultural history
of tatau has been transported to the migrant communities of
new zealand, and later disseminated into various international
subcultures from auckland to the netherlands.

the hawaiian people had their traditional tattoo art,

known as ‘kakau’. it served them not only for ornamentation
and distinction, but to guard their health and spiritual well-being.
intricate patterns, mimicking woven reeds or other natural forms,
graced men's arms, legs, torso and face.
women were generally tattooed on the hand, fingers, wrists
and sometimes on their tongue.

the arrival of western missionaries forced this unique art form

into decline as tattooing has been discouraged or forbidden by
most christian churches throughout history.

---
new zealand
the maori of new zealand had created one of the most impressive
cultures of all polynesia. their tattoo, called ‘moko’, reflected their
refined artistry - using their woodcarving skills to carve skin.
the full-face moko was a mark of distinction, which communicated
their status, lines of descent and tribal affiliations. it recalled their
wearer's exploits in war and other great events of their life.

---
indonesia
borneo is one of the few places in the world where traditional
tribal tattooing is still practiced today just as it has been for
thousands of years. until recently many of the inland tribes had
little contact with the outside world.
as a result, they have preserved many aspects of their traditional
way of life, including tattooing.
borneo designs have gone all around the world to form the
basis of what the western people call ‘tribal’.

---
india / thailand
hanuman in india was a popular symbol of strength on
arms and legs. the mythical monk is still today one of the
most popular creations in thailand and myanmar.
they are put on the human body by monks who incorporate
magical powers to the design while tattooing.
women are excluded because monks are not allowed to be
touched by them and because thais believe women do not
need the extra boost as they are already strong enough on
their own.

---
africa
in africa, where people have dark skin, it is difficult to make
coloured tattoos as we know them.
but they want to be tattooed anyway, so they have developed
another technique - they make scarifications (this is not really
tattooing, but it is related to tattooing). made by lifting the skin a little,
and making a cut with a knife or some other sharp thing
special sands or ashes were rubbed in to make raised scars
in patterns on the body, it can be felt like braille lettering...
these patterns often follow local traditions.

---
ancient greece and rome
the greeks learnt tattooing from the persians.
their woman were fascinated by the idea of tattoos as
exotic beauty marks.
the romans adopted tattooing from the greeks.
roman writers such as virgil, seneca, and galenus reported that
many slaves and criminals were tattooed.
a legal inscription from ephesus indicates that during the early
roman empire all slaves exported to asia were tattooed with the
words ‘tax paid’.
greeks and romans also used tattooing as a punishment.
early in the fourth century, when constantine became roman emperor
and rescinded the prohibition on christianity, he also banned tattooing
on face, which was common for convicts, soldiers, and gladiators.
constantine believed that the human face was a representation of the
image of god and should not be disfigured or defiled.

---
the celts
were a tribal people who moved across western europe in times
around 1200 and 700 B.C. they reached the british Isles around
400 B.C. and most of what has survived from their culture is in
the areas now known as ireland, wales and scotland.
celtic culture was full of body art.
permanent body painting was done with woad, which left a blue
design on the skin. spirals are very common, and they can be single,
doubled or tripled. knotwork is probably the most recognized form
of celtic art, with lines forming complex braids which then weave
across themselves. these symbolise the connection of all life.
step or key patterns, like those found in early labyrinth designs,
are seen both in simple borders and full complex mazes.
much in the way that labyrinths are walked, these designs are
symbolic of the various paths that life’s journey can take.

---
central and south america
in peru, tattooed inca mummies dating to the 11th century
have been found. 16th century spanish accounts of mayan tattooing
in mexico and central americareveal tattoos to be a sign of courage.
when cortez and his conquistadors arrived on the coast of mexico
in 1519 they were horrified to discover that the natives
not only worshipped devils in the form of statues and idols,
but had somehow managed to imprint indelible images of these
idols on their skin. the spaniards, who had never heard of tattooing,
recognized it at once as the work of satan.
the sixteenth century spanish historians who chronicled the
adventures of cortez and his conquistadors reported that tattooing
was widely practiced by the natives of central america.

---
north america
early jesuit accounts testify to the widespread practice of
tattooing among native americans.
among the chickasaw, outstanding warriors were recognised
by their tattoos. among the ontario iroquoians, elaborate
tattoos reflected high status. in north-west america,
inuit women's chins were tattooed to indicate marital status
and group identity.
the first permanent tattoo shop in new york city was settled up
in 1846 and began a tradition by tattooing military servicemen
from both sides of the civil war. samuel o'reilly invented the electric
tattooing machine in 1891.

---
middle-east
during the time of the old testament, much of the pagan world
was practicing the art of tattooing as a means of deity worship.
a passage in leviticus reads:
‘ye shall not make any cuttings on your flesh for the dead nor
print any marks upon you’. (19:28)
this has been cited as biblical authority to support the church's
position. biblical scholar m.w. thomson suggests, however, that
moses favored tattoos. moses introduced tattoos as a way to
commemorate the deliverance of the jews from slavery in egypt.

---
vikings
it is very likely that the vikings were tattooed.
at around year 1100 the arab ibn fadlan described a
meeting with some vikings. he thought them very rude, dirty
- and covered with pictures.

---
england
explorers returned home with tattooed polynesians
to exhibit at fairs, in lecture halls and in dime museums,
to demonstrate the height of european civilization compared
to the ‘primitive natives’.
after captain cook returned from his voyage to polynesia
tattooing became a tradition in the british navy.
by the middle of the 18th century most british ports had
at least one professional tattoo artist in residence.
in 1862, the prince of wales, later to become king edward VII,
received his first tattoo - a jerusalem cross - on his arm.
he started a tattoo fad among the aristocracy when he was
tattooed before ascending to the throne.
in 1882, his sons, the duke of clarence and the duke of york
were tattooed by the japanese master tattooist, hori chiyo.

---
france
in the 18th century, many french sailors returning from voyages
in the south pacific had been tattooed.
in 1861, french naval surgeon, maurice berchon, published a study
on the medical complications of tattooing.
after this, the navy and army banned tattooing within their ranks.

stereotypical and sensationalised association of tattoo design

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sailor
sailors on their ships returned home with their own tattoos...
usually of a very basic style that only uses a minimum amount
of details making the tattoos look quite two dimensional and flat.
this often gives a cartoonish feeling and typical motifs would be flowers,
hearts, mermaids, ships, anchors, snakes, birds, and names.

criminality
for a long time, tattooing was the preserve of sailors and...
criminals!
in prison, the tattoo - professionally done and homemade-
indelibly imprint on their bodies what these men desire in their
souls: autonomy and identity.
the ultimate symbol for gang members are their gang tattoos,
getting a permanent mark is a sign of showing total commitment to
the gang. these tattoos can reveal lots of things, like,
who you are/what gang you're in/ what your beliefs are (racist etc..),
what you have done, where you have been, how many years
you have been in jail (also referred to as ‘dead time’) and even
things like how many you have killed.
known symbols include teardrops under the eye as well as spider
webs on the elbows to symbolize people killed.

circus
the popularity of tattooing during the latter part of the nineteenth
century and the first half of the twentieth century owed much to
the circus. when circuses prospered, tattooing prospered.
for over 70 years every major circus employed several completely
tattooed people. some were exhibited in sideshows;
others performed traditional circus acts such as juggling and
sword swallowing.

---------------
tattoo flash
as with other artistic mediums and cultural developments,
vocabulary continually evolves, reflecting the depth and potential
of body marking and of the contemporary imagination.
in recent years tattooing has emerged to the forefront of popular
consciousness. today a tattoo ‘flash’, is a folder of tattoo-artwork by
tattoo artists. styles range from the traditional and vernacular to
the sacred and innovative.

---
more info and credits
http://www.exn.ca/mummies/story.asp?id=1999041653
http://www.tattoos.com
http://www.tattoo.dk
http://lyletuttle.com/flash.htm

http://www.designboom.com/history/tattoo_history.html

---

see furniture design tattoo

---

'tatu-tattoo’
a tattoo exhibition in brussels, belgium
tahiti man

tattooed hawaian female hula dancer,

samoan tattoo

maori man with a distinctive moko of new zealand,

william hodges, 1771, drawn during james cook's second voyage
maori chiefs, circa 1910

dots tattoo
japanese tattoo

these images are taken from postcards from 1910 of

german circus performers. (right) the globe and the background
of this card suggest that the performer got his symmetrical
tattoos in distant and exotic lands.
(collection of johnny fox's freakatorium, NYC)

german circus, tattoo woman

the german Annie Frank 1911, postcard
coca cola advert, 1944, life magazine

flash from the past

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