LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI

MODUL MUSKULOSKELETAL

Disusun Oleh :

Deo Gratias Efrem I1011171073

Ricky Pramudya I1011171034
Aldi Aufar Augusta I1011171048
M. Tegar Nurachman I1011171047

PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA
2018
 PENDAHULUAN

Otot adalah sebuah jaringan dalam tubuh dengan kontraksi sebagai tugas utama. Otot
diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga jenis yaitu otot lurik, otot polos dan otot jantung. Otot menyebabkan
pergerakan suatu organisme maupun pergerakan dari organ dalam organisme tersebut. Sistem otot
adalah sistem tubuh yang memiliki fungsi seperti untuk alat gerak, menyimpan glikogen dan menentukan
postur tubuh. Otot merupakan alat gerak aktif yang mampu menggerakkan tulang, kulit dan rambut
setelah mendapat rangsangan. (1,2)

Otot sendiri merupakan alat gerak aktif karena berfungsi untuk berkontraksi. Otot akan
memendek jika sedang berkontraksi dan memanjang jika berelaksasi. Hal ini dikarenakan otot sendiri
tersusun atas dua filamen yaitu filamen aktin yang tipis dan filamen miosin yang tebal yang keduanya
menyusun miofibril dilanjutkan menyusun serabut otot dan selanjutnya menyusun satu otot. Sesuai
dengan penjelasan diatas bahwa fungsi otot salah satu diantaranya adalah mengkerut atau memendek
sehingga akibat pemendekan ini maka bentuk sendi akan berubah dengan kata lain bergerak. Otot sendiri
akan mengalami kontraksi terus menerus kalau frekuensi rangsangan cukup tinggi. Akan tetapi perlu
diketahui bahwa meskipun terjadi kontraksi belum tentu panjang seluruh otot atau sebagian mengalami
perubahan. (1,2)

Karena peran otot yang sangat penting ini, maka fisiologi otot sangat penting untuk dipelajari.
Dalam praktikum kali ini, fungsi fisiologis otot dipelajari melalui perangkat simulasi PhysioEx.
Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by

You correctly answered: b. tendons.

2. Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called

You correctly answered: c. fibers.

3. The term motor unit refers to

You correctly answered: c. one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

4. The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called

You correctly answered: d. the neuromuscular junction.

5. A twitch is
You correctly answered: a. one contractile response to a single action potential.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Will changes to the stimulus voltage alter the duration of the latent period?
Your answer : b. No, changing the stimulus voltage will not change the latent period duration.

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential and the start of muscle tension
development in a muscle fiber?
You correctly answered: c. the latent period

What occurs during the latent period of these isometric contractions?

You correctly answered: b. All the steps of excitation-contraction coupling occur.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force Latent Period
0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----
3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04 ----
4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32 2.80
6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65 2.80
8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81 2.80
10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82 2.80

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which neurotransmitter?

You correctly answered: b. acetylcholine

2. The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to

You correctly answered: a. an individual skeletal muscle cell.

3. The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response to one action potential from the motor
neuron is called
You correctly answered: c. an EPP (end-plate potential).

4. Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?

You correctly answered: b. hyperpolarization phase

5. A skeletal muscle twitch is

You correctly answered: a. one contractile response to a single action potential.

6. Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?
You correctly answered: d. the contraction phase: the time between the end of the latent period and peak muscle tension

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Review Sheet Results
1. Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical stimulus, and latent period.
Your answer: (1,2)
Skeletal muscle fiber : a single cell that consist of skeletal muscle.
Motor unit : a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it inervates.
Skeletal muscle twitch : one contractile response to a single anction potential.
Electrical stimulus : Stimulus from the voltage change given by electrical source.
Latent period : Period after the stimulus were given, before the contraction phase.

2. What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction?

Your answer:
Initiating changes in ion permeability that resulted the graded potential of muscle plasma membrane.(1)

3. Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers.

Your answer:
Action potential in motor neuron will trigger the release of acetylcholine.Acetylcholine that diffuse into sarcolemma and bind
to motor end plate receptor will initiating change to ion permeability that causing the graded potential at muscle plasma
(1)
membrane. The potential in muscle plasma membrane will trigger chains of event that causing the muscle cell contraction.

4. Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch.

Your answer: (1)
1. Latent phase : period after the stimuli until beginning of contraction.
2. Contraction phase : period beetwen the start of contraction and the peak of contraction.
3. Relaxation phase : period beetwen the peak of contraction and complete relaxation.

5. Does the duration of the latent period change with different stimulus voltages? How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
The duration of latent period will remain the same with different stimulus voltage. The result was same as my prediction.

6. At the threshold stimulus, do sodium ions start to move into or out of the cell to bring about the membrane
depolarization?
Your answer:
(1)
The sodium ion move into the cell to depolarize the membrane.

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Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab
Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by

You correctly answered: c. motor neurons.

2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in

You correctly answered: d. a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it innervates.

3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in

You correctly answered: c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction

You correctly answered: c. the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling occur.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what will happen to the amount of active
force generated with each stimulus?
Your answer : c. The active force will first increase and then plateau at some maximal value as the stimulus voltage
increases.

Stop & Think Questions:

What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0, and why does this observation make
sense?
You correctly answered: a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this stimulus.

What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle?
You correctly answered: b. threshold voltage

6. Enter the threshold voltage for this experiment in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the
lab report
You answered: 0.8 volts

12. Enter the maximal voltage for this experiment in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the
lab report.
You answered: 8.5 volts

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force

0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 75 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 75 0.02 0.0 0.02
1.0 75 0.15 0.0 0.15
1.5 75 0.43 0.0 0.43
2.0 75 0.66 0.0 0.66
2.5 75 0.87 0.0 0.87
3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04
3.5 75 1.19 0.0 1.19
4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32
4.5 75 1.42 0.0 1.42
5.0 75 1.51 0.0 1.51
5.5 75 1.59 0.0 1.59
6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65
6.5 75 1.70 0.0 1.70
7.0 75 1.74 0.0 1.74
7.5 75 1.78 0.0 1.78
8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81
8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
9.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
9.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. Motor unit recruitment refers to

You correctly answered: a. an increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the force developed in a muscle.

2. Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from

You correctly answered: a. activation of cross bridge cycling via increased intracellular calcium levels.

3. The ________ is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane (sarcolemma).

You correctly answered: d. threshold voltage

4. By definition, the ________ is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit all the muscle fibers into
developing active force.
You correctly answered: c. maximal voltage

5. Why was a maximal voltage observed in this experiment?

You correctly answered: b. At the maximal voltage, all the muscle fibers contained in this muscle are depolarized and they
all develop active force (that is, they were all successfully recruited).

6. A sufficiently strong electrical stimulus applied to an isolated, mounted skeletal muscle induces the development of
muscle force, or muscle tension. Which of the following statements concerning this observation is true?
You correctly answered: c. The electrical stimulus mimics acetylcholine release at a neuromuscular junction

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the effect of increasing stimulus voltage on isolated skeletal muscle. Specifically, what happened to the muscle
force generated with stronger electrical stimulations and why did this change occur? How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
The increase of stimulus voltage will increase the active force, because the stronger stimulus will activate more muscle
fibers. But at some maximal value, the increase of stimulus voltage won't increase the active force, because all of the
muscle fiber has been activated. The result were same as my prediction. (1)

2. How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo?

Your answer:
Additional motor unit will recruted to increase the muscle force that produced. The stimulus must get over the threshold to
create whole muscle force, the force will get stronger with higher stimulus until it reach the maximum value. (1)

3. What happened in the isolated skeletal muscle when the maximal voltage was applied?
Your answer:
All of the muscle fibers get depolarized and create active force.

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Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab
Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. During a single twitch of a skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: b. maximal force is never achieved.

2. When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other and result in a stronger muscle
contraction than a stand-alone twitch. This phenomenon is known as
You correctly answered: c. wave summation.

3. Wave summation is achieved by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the stimulus frequency (the rate of stimulus delivery to the muscle).

4. Wave summation increases the force produced in the muscle. Another way to increase the force produced by a muscle
is to
You correctly answered: d. increase the number of activated motor units.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: As the stimulus frequency increases, what will happen to the muscle force generated with each
successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this response?
Your answer : b. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle force generated by each successive stimulus will
increase. There will be a limit to this increase.

Predict Question 2: In order to produce sustained muscle contractions with an active force value of 5.2 grams, do you think
you will need to increase the stimulus voltage?
Your answer : b. no

Stop & Think Questions:

Was there any change in the force generated by the muscle during the second stimulated twitch?
You correctly answered: c. Yes, the second twitch generated more muscle force.

Is the total muscle force generated by the higher frequency stimulation greater than the force generated in previous
stimulations?
You correctly answered: a. Yes, it is greater than the previous stimulations.

Does the force generated by the muscle change with each additional stimulus?
You correctly answered: b. As the stimulus frequency increased, the muscle tension generated by each successive stimulus
also increased, and a limiting maximum value was observed.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Stimulus Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 Single 1.83 0.0 1.83
8.5 75 Single 2.40 0.0 2.40
8.5 75 Single 2.67 0.0 2.67
8.5 75 Multiple 4.75 0.0 4.75
10 75 Multiple 4.75 0.0 4.75
8.5 75 Multiple 5.34 0.0 5.34

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following is not one of the ways that the body can increase the force produced by a skeletal muscle?
You correctly answered: d. application of higher voltages to the whole muscle

2. When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping twitches to follow each other closely in time
such that the peak tension of each twitch rises in a stepwise fashion up to a plateau value, the result is known as
You correctly answered: c. treppe.

3. In this experiment the isolated skeletal muscle was repetitively stimulated such that individual twitches overlapped with
each other and resulted in a stronger muscle contraction than a standalone twitch. This phenomenon is known as
You correctly answered: c. wave summation.

4. Wave summation is achieved by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the rate of stimulus delivery (frequency) to the muscle.

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Review Sheet Results
1. What is the difference between stimulus intensity and stimulus frequency?
Your answer: (1)
Stimulus intensity means the power of stimulus.
Stimulus frequency means the rate of stimulus.

2. In this experiment you observed the effect of stimulating the isolated skeletal muscle multiple times in a short period with
complete relaxation between the stimuli. Describe the force of contraction with each subsequent stimulus. Are these results
called treppe or wave summation?
Your answer:
The second stimulation have stronger effect to the muscle and resulting in stronger contraction force. This phenomenon
called Treppe. (1,3)

3. How did the frequency of stimulation affect the amount of force generated by the isolated skeletal muscle when the
frequency of stimulation was increased such that the muscle twitches did not fully relax between subsequent stimuli? Are
these results called treppe or wave summation? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
When the stimulation frequency increased to the situation that muscle relaxation didn't occur, the force will increased with
each stimulus. If the muscle twitches overlap and the stimulus occurs in fast orders, the muscle contraction would be
stronger. This phenomenon called Wave Summation. (1,3)

4. To achieve an active force of 5.2 g, did you have to increase the stimulus voltage above 8.5 volts? If not, how did you
achieve an active force of 5.2 g? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
No. I achive the active force of 5.2 g by increase the stimulus frequency. The result were same as my prediction.

5. Compare and contrast frequency-dependent wave summation with motor unit recruitment (previously observed by
increasing the stimulus voltage). How are they similar? How was each achieved in the experiment? Explain how each is
achieved in vivo.
Your answer:
Wave summation depend on the rate of stimulation by the nervous system. The motor unit recruitment depends on the
power of stimulus. they have similiarity in the system of how they trigger the muscle twitch. The wave summation were
achived by increase the stimulus frequency. The motor unit recruitment were achived by increase the strength of stimulus,
therefore more motor fibers are activated. In vivo, wave summation achived by allowing more Ca2+ into the cytosol to
maintain the cross bridge cycle. In vivo, the motor unit recruitment achived by increase the power of stimuli, but this
depends on the number of motor fibers available.(1)

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Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.

1. Stimulus frequency refers to

You correctly answered: b. the rate that stimulating voltage pulses are applied to an isolated whole skeletal muscle.

2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of complete (fused) tetanus?
You correctly answered: d. Muscle tension increases and decreases during a state of unfused tetanus.

3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by the muscle,
the muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: a. maximal tetanic tension.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the stimulus frequency increases further, what will happen to the muscle tension and twitch
appearance with each successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this response?
Your answer : b. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle tension generated by each successive stimulus will
increase. There will be a limit to this increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

What begins to happen at around 80 msec?
You correctly answered: c. unfused tetanus develops

How does the trace at 130 stimuli/sec compare with the trace at 50 stimuli/sec?
You correctly answered: b. Fused tetanus develops at this greater stimulus frequency.

How do the traces with 146–150 stimuli per second compare with the trace at 130 stimuli per second?
You correctly answered: d. Maximal tetanic tension develops with these very high stimulation frequencies.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Stimuli/sec Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 50 5.12 0.0 5.12
8.5 75 130 5.88 0.0 5.88
8.5 75 140 5.91 0.0 5.91
8.5 75 142 5.92 0.0 5.92
8.5 75 144 5.94 0.0 5.94
8.5 75 146 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 148 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 150 5.95 0.0 5.95

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.

1. The term tetanus refers to

You correctly answered: b. sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli.

2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of complete (fused) tetanus?
You correctly answered: d. Muscle tension increases and decreases between different values for an unfused tetanus.

3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by the muscle,
the muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: a. maximal tetanic tension.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe how increasing the stimulus frequency affected the force developed by the isolated whole skeletal muscle in
this activity. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
when the frequency was at low rate, the force also at the low level. As the frequency in 50 stimuli/sec the unfused tetanus
were developed, but the fused tetanus developed at higher frequency. At the 146-150 stimuli/sec the force reached the
maximal value, also the maximal tetanic tension achieved, where no further force increased with additional stimulus
frequency. My prediction are correct.

2. Indicate what type of force was developed by the isolated skeletal muscle in this activity at the following stimulus
frequencies: at 50 stimuli/sec, at 140 stimuli/sec, and above 146 stimuli/sec.
Your answer:
50 stimuli/sec = Unfused Tetanus
140 stimuli/sec = Fused Tetanus
>146 stimuli/sec= Maximal Tetanic Tension

3. Beyond what stimulus frequency is there no further increase in the peak force? What is the muscle tension called at this
frequency?
Your answer:
Beyond 146 stimuli/sec. Maximal Tetanic Tension (1)
.

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Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. When skeletal muscle twitches fuse so that the peaks and valleys of each twitch become indistinguishable from each
other, the muscle is in a state known as
You correctly answered: d. complete (fused) tetanus.

2. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase of skeletal muscle force can occur, the
muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: c. maximal tetanic tension.

3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged, repetitive stimulation is
called
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.

4. Which of the following is not thought to be a contributing factor to the development of fatigue?
You correctly answered: a. buildup of Ca2+ in the muscle fibers

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If the stimulator is briefly turned off for defined periods of time, what will happen to the length of time that
the muscle is able to sustain maximal developed tension when the stimulator is turned on again?
Your answer : b. The length of the rest period will proportionately increase the length of time for sustained muscle tension.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why does the stimulated muscle force begin to decrease over time despite the maintained stimuli? (Note that a decrease in
maximal force indicates muscle fatigue is developing.)
You correctly answered: d. More than one of these answers could be correct.

Why did the length of the intervening rest period affect the length of time the skeletal muscle can maintain maximum tension
once the stimulator is turned on again?
You correctly answered: c. Intracellular concentrations of ADP and Pi declined during the rest period.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Stimuli/sec Rest Period (sec) Active Force (g) Sustained Maximal Force
(sec)
8.5 120 0 5.86 10
8.5 120 0 5.86 10
8.5 120 12 5.86 1.80
8.5 120 20 5.86 5.00

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle, force is created by the

You correctly answered: c. power stroke of the myosin heads.

2. The term tetanus refers to

You correctly answered: b. sustained muscle tension due to repetitive stimuli.

3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged, repetitive stimulation is
called
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.

4. During fatigue
You correctly answered: c. the number of active cross bridges begins to decline although the rate of stimulus delivery
(frequency) remains constant.

5. If an intervening rest period is imposed on active skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: c. the development of fatigue will be delayed.

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Review Sheet Results
1. When a skeletal muscle fatigues, what happens to the contractile force over time?
Your answer:
the contractile force will decrease, because after reaching the maximal tetanic tension there are no force generated.

2. What are some proposed causes of skeletal muscle fatigue?

Your answer: (1,2)
1. Depletion of Glycogen energy.
2. Hydrogen ion accumulation from lactic acid interfere with the function of cross brige.
3. Intracellular acidosis from the inhibition of glycolisis enzyme by lactic acid and slowing of ATP production.
4. Depletion of Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction.
5. Accumulation of extracellular K+

3. Turning the stimulator off allows a small measure of muscle recovery. Thus, the muscle will produce more force for a
longer time period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the stimuli were allowed to continue without interruption.
Explain why this might occur. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer: (1)
The resting time will allow the concentration of intracellular lactic acid, ADP,etc to decrease. Thus, the time for muscle to
maintain the maximal tension will increase. The result were same as my prediction.

4. List a few ways that humans could delay the onset of fatigue when they are vigorously using their skeletal muscles.
Your answer: (4)
1. Warming up the muscle before vigorously using the musle.
2. Increase the oxygen saturation.
3. Gradualy increase the trainning.
4. Take a few breaks time beetwen exercise.

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Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length-Tension Relationship Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During an isometric contraction

You correctly answered: d. the skeletal muscle is generating force, but it remains at a fixed length.

2. The force that results from muscles being stretched is

You correctly answered: a. passive force.

3. Active force
You correctly answered: b. is determined by the amount of myosin bound to actin.

4. When you generate the isometric length-tension curve, which of the following forces will not be indicated on your
screen?
You correctly answered: c. tetanic force

5. Passive force in skeletal muscle is largely caused by

You correctly answered: c. the protein titin.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the resting length of the muscle is changed, what will happen to the amount of total force the muscle
generates during the stimulated twitch?
Your answer : a. An increase in muscle length will increase total force.

Stop & Think Questions:

Note the dip in total force at a muscle length of
90 mm as compared to the total force at a muscle length of 80 and 100 mm. Why does this occur?
You did not answer this question.
Correct answer: d. At this muscle length, active force has decreased in value and passive force has not yet increased to a
significant value.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
8.5 70 1.75 0.0 1.75
8.5 65 1.55 0.0 1.55
8.5 60 1.21 0.0 1.21
8.5 55 0.73 0.0 0.73
8.5 50 0.11 0.0 0.11
8.5 80 1.75 0.02 1.77
8.5 90 1.21 0.25 1.46
8.5 100 0.11 1.75 1.86

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. When a skeletal muscle is stimulated and generates force but remains at a fixed length
You correctly answered: d. the muscle is contracting isometrically.

2. Which protein is mostly responsible for the development of passive force in a muscle?
You correctly answered: d. titin

3. In skeletal muscle, active force stimulated through a range of muscle lengths

You correctly answered: b. will utilize ATP hydrolysis to drive the cross bridge cycle.

4. Which of the following is not depicted in a typical skeletal muscle isometric length-tension curve?
You correctly answered: a. time

5. Maximal active tension will be produced in a skeletal muscle fiber when

You correctly answered: a. the fiber is at its resting length.

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Review Sheet Results
1. What happens to the amount of total force the muscle generates during the stimulated twitch? How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
If the muscle length increase above the resting length, the passive force will increase.
If the muscle lenght decrease below the resting length, the active force will decrease.

2. What is the key variable in an isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle?

Your answer:
The muscle length.

3. Based on the unique arrangement of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle sarcomeres, explain why active force varies
with changes in the muscle's resting length.
Your answer:
If the resting length of the muscle is decreased, more actin will bound to the myosin, therefore the active force will
increased.

4. What skeletal muscle lengths generated passive force? (Provide a range.)

Your answer:
80-100 mm.

5. If you were curling a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your bicep muscles be contracting isometrically?
Your answer:
When the biceps muscle length are fixed.

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Name: Deo Gratias Efrem

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the Load-Velocity Relationship Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During an isotonic concentric contraction, the

You correctly answered: b. force generated by the muscle is greater than the weight of the attached load.

2. During an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: b. the latent period increases with heavier loads.

3. During the latent period for an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: c. cross bridges cycle and, when muscle tension exceeds the load, muscle shortening occurs.

4. Muscle shortening velocity

You correctly answered: a. decreases with heavier loads.

5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the load on the muscle increases, what will happen to the latent period, the shortening velocity, the
distance that the weight moves, and the contraction duration?
Your answer : b. The latent period will increase, the shortening velocity will decrease, the distance will decrease, and the
contraction duration will decrease.

Stop & Think Questions:

What kind of contraction did you observe when you attached the 2.0 gram weight to the skeletal muscle and stimulated a
contraction?
You correctly answered: c. isometric

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Weight Velocity Twitch Duration Distance Lifted

(mm/msec) (msec) (mm)
8.5 75 0.5 0.100 78.00 4.0
8.5 75 1.0 0.057 49.00 2.0
8.5 75 1.5 0.022 30.00 0.5
8.5 75 2.0 0.000 0.00 0.0

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. Which of the weights allowed the fastest muscle shortening velocity?

You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

2. Which of the weights induced the longest latent period of the muscle contraction?
You correctly answered: c. 1.5-g weight

3. Which weight did the muscle contraction move the greatest distance?
You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

4. Which of the weights allowed the longest duration of muscle contraction?

You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.

6. When lifting a heavy load

You correctly answered: d. the muscle shortening velocity is decreased in comparison with lighter loads.

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Review Sheet Results
1. If you were using your bicep muscles to curl a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your muscles be contracting isotonically?
Your answer:
When the arm are flexed from the down position, and when the arm extends downward.

2. Explain why the latent period became longer as the load became heavier in the experiment. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Because more time are needed to generate the force required. The result were same as my prediction.

3. Explain why the shortening velocity became slower as the load became heavier in this experiment. How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
With a light load, the shortening velocity are maxed. As the load weight increased, the shortening velocity will decrease
because the contraction will need more time. The result were same as my prediction.

4. Describe how the shortening distance changed as the load became heavier in this experiment. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
The shortening distance will decreased because to lift the load will need more energy. The result were same as my
prediction.

5. Explain why it would take you longer to perform 10 repetitions lifting a 10-kg weight than it would to perform the same
number of repetitions with a 5-kg weight.
Your answer:
Because with heavier load the latent period will increased and the shortening velocity speed will decreases. so it will need
more time to perform 10 repetition of 10kg load than the 5 kg load.

6. Describe what would happen in the following experiment: A 2.5-g weight is attached to the end of the isolated whole
skeletal muscle used in these experiments. Simultaneously, the muscle is maximally stimulated by 8.5 volts and the platform
supporting the weight is removed. Will the muscle generate force? Will the muscle change length? What is the name for this
type of contraction?
Your answer:
The recoil of the muscle tissue will generate force. The length of muscle will change due the load gravity. The type of
contraction is Isometric.

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Reference

1. Sherwood.L. Fisiologi manusia : dari sel ke sistem. 8th edition. Jakarta :EGC; 2014.
2. Guyton, A.C., Hall. J.E. Buku ajar fisiologi kedokteran. 12th edition. Jakarta:
Elsevier;2014
3. Dorland, W.N. Kamus saku kedokteran dorland. 28th edition. Jakarta: EGC; 2008.
4. Sarifin. Kontraksi otot dan kelelahan. Makassar. J Ilara Universitas Negeri Makassar;
2010:1(2):56-60.