LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI

“MEKANISME TRANSPOR SEL DAN PERMEABILITAS”

MODUL SEL & GENETIKA

Oleh :

1. M. TEGAR NURACHMAN I1011171047

2. MICHAEL NIRONSTA HAREFA I1011171058
3. GUSTI MUHAMMAD DWI I1011171059
ANDREAN
4. SELVY HARTATI I1011161074

Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter

Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Tanjungpura
2017
BAB 1

PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar belakang

Pada hasil percobaan yang di dapat menujukan beberapa hasil atau analisis yang
dilakukan dan perbandingan yang dilakukan. Pengidentifikasian mekanisme pada
transmembran dengan mengetahui sekaligus permeablelitas transmembran.
Setiap sel yang hidup harus memasukkan materi yang di perlukan serta membuang sisa-
sisa metabolismnya. Untuk mempertahankan ion-ion dalam sitoplasma, sel juga selalu
memasukkan dan mengeluarkan ion-ion tertentu. Pengaturan keluar masuknya materi dari dan
menuju ke dalam sel sangat dipengaruhi oleh permeabilitas membran [2].
Cara melewati membrane sel melalui beberapa mekanisme berikut, yaitu: 1) Tranport
pasif, adalah perpindahan zat yang tidak memrlkan energi. Transpor pasif meliputi difusi dan
osmosis. 2) Transpor aktif, merupakan transpor partikel-partikel yang bergerak melewati
gradient konsentrasi yang memerlukan energi dalam bentuk ATP [1]].
Difusi merupakan proses perpindahan atau pergerakan molekul zat atau gas dari
konsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah. Difusi melalui membrane dapat berlangsung melalui
tiga mekanisme, yaitu difusi sederhana, difusi melalui saluran yang terbentuk oleh protein
transmembran, dan difusi difasilitasi[4].
Pada hakikatnya osmosis adalah difusi. Para ahli kimia menyatakan bahwa osmosis
adalah difusi dari tiap-tiap pelarut melalui suatu selaput yang permeable secara diferensial.
Membran sel yang meloloskan molekul tertentu tetapi menghalangi molekul yang lain
dikatakan permeabel secara diferensial. Secara sederhana osmosis dapat dikatakan difusi air
atau perpindahan suatu zat melalui selaput permeabel secara diferensial dari suatu tempat yang
berkonsentrasi tinggi ke tempat yang berkonsentrasi rendah[3] .
Osmosis adalah proses perpindahan air dari zat yang berkonsentrasi rendah (hipotonik)
ke larutan yang berkonsentrasi tinggi (hipertonik) melalui membran semi permiabel, sehingga
menghasilkan larutan yang berkonsentrasi seimbang (isotonik).Difusi adalah peristiwa
berpindahnya suatu zat yag berkonsentrasi tinggi ke bagian yang berkonsentrasi rendah. Turgor
adalah tekanan dari dalam vakuola kepada membran plasma dan dinding sel karena adanya
osmosis air ke dalam vakuola. Plasmolisis adalah menciutnya sitoplasma ketika sel berada pada
larutan yang hipertonik (larutan berkonsentrasi tinggi[5].
Membran sel sering juga disebut membran plasma. Membran sel merupakan bagian
paling luar yang membatasi isi sel dengan sekitarnya (kecuali pada sel tumbuhan, bagian
 luarnya masih terdapat dinding sel). Lipid dan protein merupakan bahan penyusun utama dari
membran [6].
Membran plasma mempunyai fungsi, sifat, struktur, dan sistem transport yang sangat
penting bagi proses hidup suatu sel.Seperti membungkus sel, membatasi perluasan sel, sebagai
filter yang sangat selektif, merupakan alat untuk transport aktif, mengontrol masuknya nutrien
dan keluarnya hasil metabolisme, menjaga perbedaan konsentrasi ion di dalam dan di luar sel,
serta sebagai sensor untuk sinyal-sinyal yang terdapat di luar sel [7].
Pada praktikum kali ini kami melakukan analisi dari percobaan yang digunakan agar
mengetahui lebih dalam dan karakteristik membran dalam jalur transportasi pada sifat
permeablelitasnya dengan melakukan perbandingan dan variasi dalam komponen-
komponennya

1.2 Tujuan Praktikum

Agar mengetahui dan membandingan pada reaksi yang terjadi pada transportasi membran
dengan membandingakan variasi dengan mendapatkan kesimpulan bagaimana mekanismen
transpor sel dan permeablelitas pada simulasi dialis, difusi yang terfasilitasi, tekanan osmotik,
filtrasi, dan transpor aktif
 Left Solute Right Solute
Solute MWCO Concentration Concentration Average Diffusion

Rate

Na+ Cl- 20 9.00 0.00 0.0000

Urea 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Urea 20 9.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 20 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 50 9.00 0.00 0.0150

Urea 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 50 18.00 0.00 0.0273

Urea 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 50 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 100 9.00 0.00 0.0150

Urea 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Urea 100 9.00 0.00 0.0094

Bab 2
Hasil dan Pemabahasan
Name: Selvy Hartati

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple
Diffusion) Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The driving force for diffusion is

You correctly answered: b. the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion.

2. In diffusion, molecules move

You correctly answered: a. from high concentration to low concentration.

3. Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size? You correctly answered:
d. 200 MWCO

4. Avogadro's number is a constant for the number of

You correctly answered: b. molecules.

03/20/18 page 1

Experiment Results

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: The molecular weight of urea is 60.07. Do you think urea will diffuse through
the 20 MWCO membrane?

Your answer : c. No, not at all.

Predict Question 2: Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumin is a protein with 607 amino
acids, and the average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole.

Which of the following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane?

Your answer : c. glucose only

Stop & Think Questions:

The reason sodium chloride didn't diffuse left to right is that

You correctly answered: c. the membrane pore size was too small.

Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average molecular
weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole. There is no reason to run these solutes at the 20
MWCO because You correctly answered: d. glucose and albumin are both too large to pass.
 Right Solute
Solute MWCO Left Solute Concentration Concentration Average Diffusion

Rate

Albumin 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 100 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Urea 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 200 9.00 0.00 0.0042

Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Urea 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000

Albumin 200 9.00 0.00 0.0000

Glucose 200 0.00 0.00 0.0000

The rate of diffusion for urea

You correctly answered: b. is slower than that for sodium because urea is a larger molecule.
Experiment Data:
03/20/18 page 3

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the left
beaker was to You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of diffusion.

2. Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea.

You correctly answered: c. Urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium.

3. Which of the following solutes did not pass through any of the membranes? You correctly
answered: b. albumin

4. When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reached

You correctly answered: a. equilibrium.

03/20/18 page 4

Review Sheet Results

1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Your answer:

Ukuran dan konsentrasi zat terlarut

2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:
 Karena molekul urea terlalu besar untuk melewati membran 20 MWCO

3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO
membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

Glukosa dapat berdifusi melewati membran 200 MWCO, tidak seperti albumin yang tidak
berdifusi karena molekul albumin terlalu besar untuk melewati membran 200 MWCO.

4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride,
albumin, and urea.

Your answer:

Sodium Klorida, Urea, Glukosa, Albumin.

Name: Gusti Muhammad Dwi Andrean

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion
Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane
because You correctly answered: d. they are lipid insoluble or they are too
large.

2. Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?

You correctly answered: c. Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient.

3. Examples of solutes that might require facilitated

diffusion include You correctly answered: d. all of the
above.

4. Which of the following would not affect the rate of

facilitated diffusion? You correctly answered: a. the amount of
intracellular ATP
Experiment Results

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers will
have on the glucose transport rate?

Your answer : b. The glucose transport rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What effect do you think adding Na+ Cl- will have on the glucose transport rate?

Your answer : c. There will be no change in the glucose transport rate.

Stop & Think Questions:

What happened to the glucose transport rate when the glucose concentration was
increased from 2 mM to 8 mM?

You correctly answered: a. The glucose transport rate increased.

Describe the conditions that resulted in the fastest rate of glucose transport.

You correctly answered: d. 700 glucose carrier proteins and 8 mM glucose

Run Number Solute Start Conc. L Start Conc. R Carriers Rate

1 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 500 0.0000

1 Glucose 2.00 0.00 500 0.0008

2 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 500 0.0000

2 Glucose 8.00 0.00 500 0.0023

3 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 700 0.0000

3 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010

4 Glucose 8.00 0.00 700 0.0031

4 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 700 0.0000

4 Glucose 8.00 0.00 700 0.0031

5 Na+ Cl- 0.00 0.00 100 0.0000

5 Glucose 10.00 0.00 100 0.0028#

6 Na+ Cl- 0.00 2.00 700 0.0042

6 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010

Why do you think equilibrium wasn't reached?

You correctly answered: b. The membrane proteins were saturated.

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. What variable(s) increased the rate of facilitated diffusion of

glucose? You correctly answered: d. both a and b

2. For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is
the same as You correctly answered: b. making the concentration gradient steeper

3. When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are

You correctly answered: a. saturated.

4. Na+ Cl- had no effect on glucose transport because

You correctly answered: b. sodium is not required for glucose transport in the simula
Review Sheet Results

1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in
which it is different from simple diffusion.

Your answer:

Kedua dari difusi tersebut merupakan difusi pasif dari konsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah.

difusi difasilitasi berbeda dari difusi sederhana karena difusi tersebut memerlukan protein pembawa
untuk difusi

2. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in
the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with
your prediction?

Your answer:

ada lebih banyak cara dari glukosa, jadi laju difusi tersebut meningkat , seperti yang diperkirakan

3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words,
explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?

Your answer:
laju difusi glukosa tidak berubah karena natrium klorida tidak menggunakan pembawa protein
sehingga menghambat difusi glukosa
Name: M TEGAR NURACHMAN, I1011171047

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure
Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

3. Which of the following is true of

osmosis? You correctly answered: c. It is a
type of diffusion.

4. Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is

added to cells? You correctly answered: d. The cells shrink.

5. The variable that affects osmotic pressure is

You correctly answered: a. the concentration of nondiffusing solutes.

5. The net movement of water would be into the

cell in a You correctly answered: b. hypotonic
solution.
Experiment Results

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration will have?

Your answer : a. increased osmotic pressure

Predict Question 2: What do you think will be the pressure result of the current experimental
conditions?

Your answer : c. pressure above the left beaker

Stop & Think Questions:

Why do you think there is no pressure change?

You correctly answered: b. Sodium is able to diffuse through the pores.

Why do you think there was no pressure change?

 You did not answer this question.

Correct answer: c. There is no net movement of water because the solute concentrations are the same.

Experiment Data:

Start Conc.
Run Number Solute MWCO L Pres. L Start Conc. R Pres. R Rate

1 Na+ Cl- 20 5.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000

1 Albumin 20 0.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000

1 Glucose 20 0.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000

2 Na+ Cl- 20 10.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000

2 Albumin 20 0.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000

2 Glucose 20 0.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000

3 Na+ Cl- 50 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.0167

3 Albumin 50 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

3 Glucose 50 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

4 Na+ Cl- 100 8.00 0 0.00 0 0.0133

4 Albumin 100 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

4 Glucose 100 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

5 Na+ Cl- 100 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

5 Albumin 100 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

5 Glucose 100 8.00 0 8.00 0 0.0000

6 Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

6 Albumin 200 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0000

6 Glucose 200 8.00 0 0.00 0 0.0036

7 Na+ Cl- 200 0.00 153 0.00 0 0.0000

7 Albumin 200 9.00 153 0.00 0 0.0000

7 Glucose 200 0.00 153 10.00 0 0.0044

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

4. If you double the concentration of a nondiffusible solute that is on one side of a membrane, the
osmotic pressure will You correctly answered: c. double.

5. Which membrane did not allow Na+ Cl- to pass through?

You correctly answered: a. 20 MWCO

2. When a solute is able to diffuse through a

membrane You correctly answered: b.
equilibrium is reached.

3. Water diffuses

You correctly answered: c. toward solutes.

Review Sheet Results

4. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has
this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

pada saat peningkatan Na + CL akan meningkatkan tekanan osmotik dikarenakan semakin

banyak zat terlarut yang ditambahkan maka semakin banyak air yang harus melalui membran.

5. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is
different.

Your answer:

osmosis dan difusi adalah transpor pasif dari konsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah sedangkan
osmosis berbeda dari difusi karena osmosis adalah perpindahan zat pelarut melalui membran
selektif.

3. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, “Water

chases milliosmoles.” Your answer:

apabila terjadi peningkatan zat terlarut dan peningkatan jumlah milliosmoles, air akan menurun
karena air bergerak menuju konsentrasi tinggi zat terlarut

4. The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker
with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:

pada saat glukosa berdifusi dan beaker kanan ke beaker kiri sampai tercapai keseimbangan, maka
Albumin tidak bisa berdifusi melalui membran karena ukuran molekulnya besar, jadi tekanan
osmotik 153 mmHg tersebut adalah hasilnya
Name: Michael Nironsta Harefa

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 4: Simulating Filtration Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Filtration is a process that

You correctly answered: c. is passive.

2. Filtration is dependent upon a

You correctly answered: b. hydrostatic pressure gradient.

3. The filtrate

You correctly answered: d. All of these answers are correct.

6. An important place that filtration takes place in the

body is in You correctly answered: d. the kidneys.
Experiment Results

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: What effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the filtration rate?

Your answer : c. The filtration rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen if you increase the pressure above the beaker (the driving
pressure)?

Your answer : a. The filtration rate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

The reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was that

You correctly answered: b. the solutes were all too large to pass through.

What does an increase in the driving pressure correspond to in the body?

You correctly answered: d. an increase in blood pressure

 Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute MWCO Pressure Filter Rate Residue Start Conc. Filter Conc.

1 Na+ Cl- 20 50 1 present 5.00 0.00

1 Urea 20 50 1 not present 0.00 0.00

1 Glucose 20 50 1 not present 0.00 0.00

1 Powdered Charcoal 20 50 1 not present 0.00 0.00

2 Na+ Cl- 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 4.81

2 Urea 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 0.00

2 Glucose 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 0.00

2 Powdered Charcoal 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 0.00

3 Na+ Cl- 200 50 10 present 5.00 4.81

3 Urea 200 50 10 present 5.00 4.74

3 Glucose 200 50 10 present 5.00 4.39

3 Powdered Charcoal 200 50 10 present 5.00 0.00

4 Na+ Cl- 200 100 20 present 5.00 4.81

4 Urea 200 100 20 present 5.00 4.74

4 Glucose 200 100 20 present 5.00 4.39

4 Powdered Charcoal 200 100 20 present 5.00 0.00

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

6. After filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate,
which includes You correctly answered: d. all of the above.

7. The top beaker in the simulation corresponds to

You correctly answered: a. the blood capillary.

6. Why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+ Cl- solute with any of the
membranes? You correctly answered: c. Some of the solute remained on the
membrane filter.

7. An increase in blood pressure would probably initially __________ filtration in

the kidneys. You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of
Review Sheet Results

4. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an
analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

pada hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan menunjukan bahwa peningkatkan ukuran lubang
memberikan lebih banyak cara untuk gerakan seperti yang saya duga. Bila ada kemacetan, makin
banyak mobil yang kita jalani yang memiliki pengaruh dari tekanan itu sendiri

5. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why.

Your answer:

bubuk arang, dikarenakan dari jumlah partikel dan keabsolutenya itu sendiri

6. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

pada saat percobaan ditemukan bahwa Karena tekanan membantu larutan bergerak melalui
membran, laju filtrasi meningkat seperti yang saya telah duga
Name: Michael Nironsta Harefa

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 4: Simulating Filtration Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Filtration is a process that

You correctly answered: c. is passive.

2. Filtration is dependent upon a

You correctly answered: b. hydrostatic pressure gradient.

3. The filtrate

You correctly answered: d. All of these answers are correct.

7. An important place that filtration takes place in the

body is in You correctly answered: d. the kidneys.
Experiment Results

Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: What effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the filtration rate?

Your answer : c. The filtration rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen if you increase the pressure above the beaker (the driving
pressure)?

Your answer : a. The filtration rate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

The reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was that

You correctly answered: b. the solutes were all too large to pass through.

What does an increase in the driving pressure correspond to in the body?

You correctly answered: d. an increase in blood pressure

 Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute MWCO Pressure Filter Rate Residue Start Conc. Filter Conc.

1 Na+ Cl- 20 50 1 present 5.00 0.00

1 Urea 20 50 1 not present 0.00 0.00

1 Glucose 20 50 1 not present 0.00 0.00

1 Powdered Charcoal 20 50 1 not present 0.00 0.00

2 Na+ Cl- 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 4.81

2 Urea 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 0.00

2 Glucose 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 0.00

2 Powdered Charcoal 50 50 2.5 present 5.00 0.00

3 Na+ Cl- 200 50 10 present 5.00 4.81

3 Urea 200 50 10 present 5.00 4.74

3 Glucose 200 50 10 present 5.00 4.39

3 Powdered Charcoal 200 50 10 present 5.00 0.00

4 Na+ Cl- 200 100 20 present 5.00 4.81

4 Urea 200 100 20 present 5.00 4.74

4 Glucose 200 100 20 present 5.00 4.39

4 Powdered Charcoal 200 100 20 present 5.00 0.00

03/20/18 page 2
Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

8. After filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate,
which includes You correctly answered: d. all of the above.

9. The top beaker in the simulation corresponds to

You correctly answered: a. the blood capillary.

8. Why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+ Cl- solute with any of the
membranes? You correctly answered: c. Some of the solute remained on the
membrane filter.

9. An increase in blood pressure would probably initially __________ filtration in

the kidneys. You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of
Review Sheet Results

6. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an
analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

pada hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan menunjukan bahwa peningkatkan ukuran lubang
memberikan lebih banyak cara untuk gerakan seperti yang saya duga. Bila ada kemacetan, makin
banyak mobil yang kita jalani yang memiliki pengaruh dari tekanan itu sendiri

7. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why.

Your answer:

bubuk arang, dikarenakan dari jumlah partikel dan keabsolutenya itu sendiri

7. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

pada saat percobaan ditemukan bahwa Karena tekanan membantu larutan bergerak melalui
membran, laju filtrasi meningkat seperti yang saya telah duga
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