TRIADE BESI

Fe – Co - Ni
Kimia Anorganik
Apa itu Triade Fe???
• Persamaan yg dimiliki unsur2 gol VIII B (pd
SPU) terjadi antara tiga unsur horisontal pd
setiap periode golongan tersebut, Shg dianggap
sbg satu klp ato triade

• Logam yg dimasukkan dalam triade Fe (yg

berada pd golongan VIII B periode 3) adalah:
▫ Besi (Fe) Nikel (Ni) dan Kobalt (Co)

• Ketiga logam tsb dimasukkan dlm satu golongan

krn memiliki persamaan sifat feromagnetik
Ferromagnetisme ???
▫ Pd fase padat, atom logam berkelompok mjd suatu
kumpulan kecil (daerah) yg dinamakan domain

• Pd bahan magnetis → domain telah terarah (efek

magnetis telah menuju arah yg sama)

• Pd batang besi yg bukan magnet → domain

mengarah sec acak, shg efek magnetis hilang
▫ Ketika logam didekatkan pd medan magnet, domain
diarahkan shg terbentuk resultan magnet yg besar
▫ Jika magnet dihilangkan domain tetap searah dan
terbentuk magnet permanen
Kenapa hanya Triade Fe yg memiliki
sifat feromagnetik?
• Sifat feromagnetik ditentukan oleh 2 hal:
1. Harus memiliki elektron tak berpasangan
2. Jarak antar-atom memungkinkan utk membentuk
domain
 Jika atom terlalu besar, interaksi antar atom mjd lemah
shg tdk terbentuk domain
 Jika atom terlalu kecil, kecenderungan atom utk
berpasangan lebih besar, shg sifat magnetis hilang

• Ukuran yg tepat utk membentuk domain (sifat

magnetis) adalah pd triade Fe yaitu besi, nikel dan
kobalt
Dapatkah bahan yg lain memiliki sifat
feromagnetis?

• Alloy logam spt Al – Cu – Mn ato Ag – Al – Mn

ato Bi – Mn dpt memiliki sifat feromagnetis,
adanya camp dgn logam yg lain dpt mengikat
atom shg mampu membentuk domain

• Ato logam Gd ato Dy punya sifat ferromagnetis

pd suhu rendah
dan BAJA
Keberadaan
• Unsur terbanyak setelah Al
yaitu 4,7% – 5 % pd kerak
bumi
• Terdpt pd batuan tanah sbg
oksida besi spt magnetit
(Fe3O4) hematit, (Fe2O3),
limonit (2Fe2O3 .3H2O)
dan siderit (FeCO3).
Ekstraksi besi
• Bijih besi , CaCO3 dan C dimasukkan dlm bag atas
tanur

• Udara panas ditiupkan pd bag bwh tanur agar C

bereaksi dgn O mjd CO2

• Gas CO2 bereaksi dgn C mjd CO (mrp rx exoterm shg

menurunkan suhu)
Rx: C + O2 → CO2
CO2 + C → 2CO
• CO mereduksi seny besi pd bijih dgn rx sbb:
Fe2O3 + CO → Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe3O4 + CO → FeO + CO2
FeO + CO → Fe + CO2
Cont’d
• Reaksi keseluruhan :
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
dihasilkan lelehan Fe di dasar tanur

• CaCO3 dlm tanur terurai mjd CaO

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO bereaksi dgn SiO2, P4O10 dan Al2O3
menghasilkan terak (slag) yg punya ttk didih dan
kerapatan lbh rendah dr Fe shg terpisah dgn
lelehan Fe
Pembuatan baja
Tungku Bessemer
• Prinsip kerja : adalah utk mengurangi kadar
karbon pada besi gubal (dari tanur tiup) dari 3-
4% mjd 0,- 1,5%
▫ Digunakan gas oksigen murni utk mengubah
karbon dan pengotor lainnya yang terdapat pada
besi gubal membentuk senyawa oksida
▫ Senyawa oksida tsb direaksikan dgn CaO (dari
penguraian CaCO3) membentuk terak (CaSiO3,
Ca3(PO4)2)
Sifat besi
• Name : Iron
Symbol : Fe
Atomic Number : 26
Atomic Mass : 55.845 amu
Melting Point : 1535.0 °C (1808.15 K, 2795.0 °F)
Boiling Point : 2750.0 °C (3023.15 K, 4982.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons : 26
Number of Neutrons : 30
Classification : Transition Metal
Crystal Structure : Cubic
Density @ 293 K : 7.86 g/cm3
Color : Silvery
Properties:
Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s23d6
• with a valence of 2, 3, 4, or 6 tp biloks stabil +3,
• Pure iron is chemically reactive and corrodes
rapidly, especially in moist air or at elevated
temperatures.
• The melting point of iron is 1535°C, boiling point is
2750°C
• Four allotropic forms, or ferrites, are known:
▫ a, b, g, and d, with transition points at 770, 928, and
1530°C.
▫ The a form is magnetic, but when iron is transformed
into the b form, the magnetism disappears, although
the lattice remains unchanged.
Kegunaan Fe
• Iron is vital to plant and animal life. In humans, it
appears in the hemoglobin molecule.

• Iron metal is usually alloyed with other metals and

carbon for commercial uses.
▫ Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3-5% carbon, with
varying quantities of Si, S, P, and Mn. Pig iron is
brittle, hard, and fairly fusible and is used to produce
other iron alloys, including steel.
▫ Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of
carbon and is malleable, tough, and less fusible than
pig iron. Wrought iron typically has a fibrous
structure.
Baja
• Adalah alloy (campuran )
antara besi dan karbon serta
beberapa logam lain seperti
Cr, Mn, V dsb.
Jenis-jenis baja
• Baja karbon = alloy interstitial
▫ Baja karbon rendah (<0,25% C):
 keras tapi mudah dibentuk
 digunakan utk aplikasi badan mobil, kawat, pipa, sepeda

▫ Baja karbon sedang (0,25 – 0,45%)

 Lebih keras, lebih elastis
 Utk aplikasi mobil, jembatan, mur baut, per mobil, as
roda

▫ Baja karbon tinggi (0,45 – 1,5 %)

 Sangat keras tapi rapuh
 Alat bor, palu, gergaji, alat pemotong
• Baja alloy
▫ Berupa alloy substitutional

▫ Dengan menambahkan unsur spt Cr, Mn, Al, dll

utk mendapatkan sifat2 tertentu, spt:
 Utk menaikkan sifat mekanik baja (kekerasan,
keliatan, kekuatan tarik, dsb)
 Menaikkan sifat mekanik pd temperatur rendah
 Meningkatkan daya tahan thd reaksi kimia (oksidasi
dan reduksi)
 Fe + C = baja
karbon

Alloy Baja = Fe +
unsur logam lain
 Korosi
Korosi adl reaksi redoks spontan
antara logam dgn zat lain yg
menyentuh permukaannya sehingga
membentuk oksida logam

Konsentrasi oksigen lebih besar pd

bagian tepi dari tetesan air shg
terjadi reaksi reduksi oksigen
(sebagai katoda)

Sementara logam (Fe) akan

mengalami reaksi oksidasi (sebagai
anoda)
• Reaksi keseluruhan:
O2 + 2Fe + H2O → Fe2+ + 4OH-
• Jika tetesan air mengndung asam maka reaksi di
katoda
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O, sdg pd anoda rxnya sama
• Fe2+ bereaksi dgn OH- membentuk Fe(OH)2
padatan
Fe2+ + 2OH- → Fe(OH)2 (s)

• Fe(OH)2 teroksidasi oleh air dan oksigen

Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O → 4Fe(OH)3 (s)

• Padatan Fe(OH)3 terhidrasi mjd karat Fe2O3.xH2O

berupa padatan cokelat berongga dan rapuh
Proses korosi dipengaruhi oleh
▫ Air dan kelembaban udara
▫ Elektrolit,
Mrp media utk transfer muatan (elektron)
▫ Adanya oksigen
▫ Permukaan logam,
Permukaan yg tdk rata memudahkn terjadinya
kutub2 bermuatan (anode dan katode)
▫ Letak logam dlm deret volta (potensial reduksi),
Potensial rendah mudah terkorosi, dan sebaliknya
Pencegahan korosi
• Menghindarkan kontak Fe dengan udara/air.
▫ Pengecatan
▫ Pelumuran dgn oli
▫ Pembalutan dgn plastik

• Pembuatan alloy dgn logam yg tahan korosi spt Cr, Ni dsb.

• Pelapisan dgn logam yg lebih tahan korosi (Eo lbh positif)

▫ Pelapisan dgn timah (tin plating).
▫ Pelapisan dgn seng (galvanisasi)
▫ Pelapisan dgn Cr (chromium plating)

• Pengorbanan anode (sacrificial protection) Menggunakan logam

dgn Eo lbh kecil dr Fe
▫ Contohnya Mg, logam yg lebih aktif (Eo lbh kecil dr Fe) shg akan lebih mudah
teroksidasi, Mg (sbg anoda ) yg memberikan elektron kpd O
Keberadaan
• Cobalt is widely distributed in nature, but in small
concentrations. Its concentration in the earth’s crust is
estimated to be about 0.0025% and in the sea water is
about 0.02 μg/L.

• Most cobalt found on earth is diffused into the rocks. It

also is found in coal and soils, and at trace concentations
in animals and plants.
• It is an essential element for plants and animals (as
vitamin B12). Its absence in animals can cause retarded
growth, anemia and loss of apetite.

• The element has been detected in meteorites and in the

atmospheres of the sun and other stars.
Ekstraksi Co
• Unsur Co diproduksi ketika hidroksida hujan
shg terbentuk NaOCl (natrium hipoklorit)
2Co2+ + NaOCl + 4OH- + H2O → Co(OH)3 + NaCl

• Trihidroksida yg terbentuk kemudian

dipanaskan shg membentuk oksida
2Co(OH)3 → Co2O3 + 3H2O

• Reduksi oksida Co dgn C

2Co2O3 + 3C → 4Co + 3CO2
Sifat Co
• Silvery-white metal; occurs in two allotropic
modifications over a wide range of temperatures
▫ The crystalline closed-packed-hexagonal form is known as
alpha form and a face-centered cubic form is the beta (or
gamma) form.
▫ The alpha form predominates at temperatures up to 417°C
and transforms to beta allotrope above this temperature

• Density 8.86 g/cm3

• Cast hardness (Brinnel) 124
• Melts at 1,493°C; vaporizes at 2,927°C

• Soluble in dilute acids.

Kegunaan logam Co
• The most important use of Co is in the
manufacture of various wearresistant and
superalloys. Its alloys have shown high
resistance to corrosion and oxidation at high
temperatures. Used in machine components.

• Cobalt catalysts are used in many industrial

processes
• Kobalt digunakan sebagai pewarna untuk
keramik, gelas dan industri cat, to impart pink or
blue color.

• 60Co mrp unsur radioaktif, mengalami peluruhan

patikel β, dan memancarkan sinar γ, digunakan
sebagai radioterapi untuk kanker dan tumor serta
sterilization of food.
• Symbol: Ni
• Atomic number 28; Atomic weight 58.693
• Electron configuration: [Ar]3d84s2

• Valence states 0, +1, +2, and +3; common oxidation

state +2
• Potensial elektrode standar, Ni2+ + 2e– ↔ Ni –0.237 V

• Five natural isotopes: Ni-58 (68.08%), Ni-60

(26.22%), Ni-61 (1.14%), Ni-62 (3.63%), Ni-64
(0.93%);
▫ Nineteen radioactive isotopes are known in the mass
range 51-57, 59, 63, 65-74; the longest-lived
radioisotope Ni-59 has a half-life 7.6x104 years.
Keberadaan
• The abundance of nickel in the earth’s crust is only
84 mg/kg, the 24th most abundant element.
• It is found in most meteorites, particularly in the
iron meteorites or siderites, alloyed with iron.
• Its average concentration in seawater is 0.56 μg/mL.
Nickel is one of the major components of the earth’s
core, comprising about 7%.
• The most common nickel ores are:
▫ pentlandite, (Ni,Fe)9S16,
▫ limonite, (Fe,Ni)O(OH)•nH2O,
▫ garnierite, (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8.
Ekstraksi
• Bijih nikel dipanggang di udara menghasilkan
NiO
2Ni + O2 → 2NiO
• Direduksi dgn C mjd Ni
2NiO + C → 2Ni + CO2
• Ni dimurnikan dgn elektrodeposisi
Cnt’d … Ekstraksi nikel

• Very pure nickel can be obtained by the carbonyl

refining processes involves :
▫ Reaction of crude nickel with carbon monoxide
under pressure at 100°C to form nickel
tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4.
Ni + CO → Ni(CO)4
▫ The liquid tetracarbonyl upon heating at 300°C
decomposes to nickel metal and carbon monoxide.
Sifat Ni
• Silvery-white lustrous metal; face-centered cubic
crystal structure
• Ductile; ferromagnetic
• Density 8.908 g/cm3 at 20°C; hardness 3.8
Mohs
• Melts at 1,455°C; vaporizes at 2,730°C
• Insoluble in water
• Dissolves in dilute nitric acid; slightly soluble in
dilute HCl and H2SO4
• Insoluble in ammonia solution.
Kegunaan Ni
• The most important applications of nickel metal involve
its use in numerous alloys. Such alloys are used to
construct various equipment, reaction vessels, plumbing
parts, missile, and aerospace components.

• Nickel anodes are used for nickel plating of many base

metals to enhance their resistance to corrosion.

• Nickel-plated metals are used in various equipment,

machine parts, printing plates, and many household
items such as scissors, keys, clips, pins, and decorative
pieces.
Cont’d

• Nickel powder is used as porous electrodes in

storage batteries and fuel cells.

• Another major industrial use of nickel is in

catalysis. Nickel and raney nickel are used in
catalytic hydrogenation or dehydrogenation of
organic compounds including olefins, fats, and
oils.