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Penyebab kehilangan/gangguan
Kebisingan Industri pendengaran adalah:
 Kebisingan industri
 Luka pada telinga akibat ledakan, shock pukulan
pada kepala dan benda asing atau infeksi pada
telinga.

Inside NOISE What is noise?

What is noise?
– Definition, energy conducted and sensed, properties:
intensity/pressure, frequency, exposure,
Why unwanted?
– Health Effect, age, psychological: annoyed, concentration,
rest/relax problem, communication annoyance,
physiological: blood, heart, hearing loss, nausea, muscle
control, acoustic trauma (permanent) vs temporary,
Who are susceptible?
– Esp. Industrial workers, determining factors: sensitivity,
age,
How to evaluate & control?
Definisi:
 Suara-suara yang tidak dikehendaki (for Who?
Why?)
 Suara: sensasi yang diterima telinga sebagai
akibat fluktuasi tekanan udara terhadap tekanan
udara
d yang stabil.
t bil
 Telinga akan merespons fluktuasi-fluktuasi kecil
tersebut dengan sensitivitas yang sangat besar.
 Bising juga diartikan vibrasi/energy yang
dikonduksikan dalam media udara, cairan,
padatan, tidak tampak dan dapat memasuki telinga
serta menimbulkan sensasi pada alat dengar

Jenis Bising
 Tergantung pada durasi dan frekuensi
 Steady wide band noise, bising yang meliputi suatu jelajah
frekuensi yang lebar (bising dalam ruang mesin)
 Steady narrow band noise, bising dari sebagian besar
energi bunyi yang terpusat pada beberapa frekuensi saja,
Properties of noise? contoh
h gergajiji bundar.
b d
 Impact noise, kejutan singkat berulang, contoh riveting
 Intermitten noise, bising terputus, contoh lalu lintas
pesawat

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Karakteristik bising Contoh…

1. Intensitas/tekanan (sound
pressure/intensity)
2. Frekuensi
3. Durasi eksposur terhadap bising
Ketiga
g karakteristik diperlukan
p karena:
 Semakin keras suara, semakin tinggi
intensitasnya
 Frekuensi tinggi lebih berbahaya terhadap
kemampuan dengar. Telinga manusia lebih
sensitif terhadap frekuensi tinggi
 Semakin lama durasi eksposur semakin
besar kerusakan pada mekanisme
pendengaran

Intensitas Tekanan = Sound Pressure

 Laju aliran energi tiap satuan luas yang dinyatakan dalam
desibell (dB) – Alexander Graham Bell-
 dB adalah merupakan satuan yang dihasilkan dari
perhitungan yang membandingkan suatu tekanan suara
yang terukur terhadap suatu tekanan acuan (sebesar
0,0002 dyne/cm2).
 B = log (int.terukur/int.acuan) untuk mendapatkan angka
yang lebih akurat ditentukan dengan angka kelipatan 10
(desi)
 Intensity level dB=10 Log (IT/IA)
 Sound pressure level (tekanan bunyi) = 20 log (IT/IA),
karena intensitas sebanding dengan kuadrat tekanan
bunyi.
 Manusia dapar mendengar suara pada
tekanan antara 0,0002 dynes/cm2 (ambang
dengar/threshold of hearing) sampai 2000
dynes/cm2  range besar sehingga satuan
yang dipakai dB (decibel): logaritmik
 Dinyatakan dalam decibel (dB) yang
dilengkapi skala A, B, dan C
 sesuai dengan berbagai kegunaan
 Skala A digunakan karena merupakan
response yang paling cocok dengan telinga
manusia (peka terhadap frekuensi tinggi)
 Skala B dan C untuk evaluasi kebisingan
mesin, dan cocok untuk kebisingan frekuensi
rendah

The decibel
SOUND INTENSITY
SOUND SOURCE LINEAR UNITS LOGARITHMIC UNITS
Bel Decibel
 Ruang kelas: ?dB 
Lowest limit of hearing 1 0 0

 Rumah Rustling leaf

Quiet farm setting
10
100
1
2
10
20

 Restauran Whisper (5 feet)

Dripping faucet, quite office
1,000
10,000
3
4
30
40

 Berbisik Low conversation, residence

Ordinary conversation
100,000
1,000,000
5
6
50
60

 Berteriak Idling car

Silenced compressor, very noisy restaurant
10,000,000
100,000,000
7
8
70
80

 Jet plane Backhoe 1,000,000,000 9 90

Unsilenced compressor 10,000,000,000 10 100
Rock dril, woodworking 100,000,000,000 11 110
Pile driver* 1,000,000,000,000 12 120
Rivet gun* 10,000,000,000,000 13 130
Explosive-actuated tool*, jet plane 100,000,000,000,000 14 140
*Intermittent or "impulse" sound
Source: Construction Safety Association of Ontario, Hearing Protection for the Construction Industry, 1985, page 3

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The decibel

 dB = 10 log10 (I1/I0) I = Intensitas

Pressure Sound intensities
dB = 20 log10 (P1/P0) P= Tekanan = 0,0002
Pa Bel (B) Decibel (dB)
Threshold of hearing 0,00002 0 0
dynes/cm2
Quiet office 0,002 4 40
Ringing alarm clock at 1 m 02
0,2 8 80
SP (microbar) SPL (dB) Ratio Intensitas
Ship's engine room 20 12 120
0,0002 0 100 Turbo jet engine 2000 16 160
0,002 20 102

Jadi bila SP berubah 10x, maka dB bertambah ? x


Pneumatic
103-113 Crane 90-96
chip hammer
Jackhammer 102-111 Hammer 87-95
Concrete jjoint
99 102
99-102 Gradeall 87 94
87-94
cutter
Front-end
Skilsaw 88-102 86-94
loader
Stud welder 101 Backhoe 84-93
Garbage
Bulldozer 93-96 disposal (at 3 80
ft.)
Vacuum
Earth Tamper 90-96 70
cleaner

Satuan (Konversi) Sumber > 1…..

1bar=105Pa=105N/m2 dB=L=20 log(P1/P2)=10 log(P1/P2)2
 =105.105dyne/104cm2 L/10= log(P1/P2)2
 =106dyne/cm2 atau 10L/10= 10log(P1/P2)^2=(P1/P2)2
1microbar = 1 dyne/cm
/ 2
L=10 log(P1/P2)2
 =10 log 10L/10 (satu sumber)
 =10 log (Σ10Li/10)
 L =10 log (10L1/10+ 10L2/10+…)

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Sumber > 1….. (Contoh) Kebisingan dari 2 sumber

Perbedaan ΣdBA yang turun
 =10 log (Σ10Li/10) antara sumber ditambah ke
bunyi bunyi terbesar 3
(banyak sumber) Perbedaan Tambah pada yg lebih

mbahkan pada
0 3,0 (dB) tinggi

tingkat kebisingan lebih tinggi

 =10 log 1 2,6 2,5 0 atau 1 3

(10L1/10+10L2/10+…) 2 2,1 2 atau 3 2

3 1,8 2

Decibel yang ditam

4–9 1
4 1,5
10+ 0
5 1,2 1,5
6 1,0
1
7 0,8
8 0,6
0,5
10 0,4
12 0,3
14 0,2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Perbedaan antara 2 tingkat bising, dB(A)
16 0,1

Frekuensi Frekuensi
Adalah jumlah getaran dalam tekanan  Dibagi dalam 8 octaf (octave bands), 37.5,
suara per satuan waktu (Hertz atau cycle 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 Hz
 Telinga manusia bereaksi beda terhadap
per detik), frekuensi dipengaruhi ukuran, berbagai frekuensi
bentuk dan p pergerakan
g sumber,,  Kebisingan ‘rata-rata’
rata-rata mencakup seluruh
pendengaran normal orang dewasa dapat taraf kebisingan dari setiap frekuensi 
menangkap bunyi dengan frekuensi 20- dihitung Leq
Leq = ekuivalen noise level/ekuivalen energi
15.000 Hz. level
Leq = 10 log10 (Σ 10 Lpi/10)

Why unwanted?
Efek bising pada manusia
Health Effect, age, psychological:  Psikologis, terkejut, mengganggu dan
annoyed, concentration, rest/relax memutuskan konsentrasi, tidur dan saat
problem, communication annoyance, istirahat
physiological: blood, heart, hearing loss,  Fisiologis, seperti menaikkan tekanan
nausea, muscle l control,
t l acoustic
ti trauma
t darah dan detak jantung, mengurangi
(permanent) vs temporary, ketajaman pendengaran, sakit telinga,
mual, kendali otot terganggu, dll.
 Gangguan komunikasi yang
mempengaruhi kenyamanan kerja dan
keselamatan.

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Interference with communication by speech Mechanics of hearing

 When background or ambient noise levels are sufficiently


high enough, the background noise can mask the sound
levels of speech that wish to be heard.

 Restaurants can often be classic examples of excessive

noise interference due to lack of sufficient quality or quantity
off sound
d absorbing
b bi materials
t i l ththatt preventt excessive
i noise
i
buildup.
 Diners have to speak louder and louder to be heard and in
doing so compete with one another, thereby increasing the
sound levels to even greater levels. Appropriate acoustical
treatment will prevent the reflected noise buildup and
significantly reduce the necessity for diners to speak louder to
enjoy conversations with one another.

Mekanisme pendengaran Mekanisme pendengaran

 Terdiri dari 3 bagian: telinga luar (daun Pemaparan pada suara tinggi dan
telinga sampai membran timpani) periode/durasi yang lama akan
meneruskan gelombang ke telinga menyebabkan sel syaraf pendengar dan
tengah
rambut p
pada corti over aktif sehingga
gg
 Telinga tengah: membran timpani (yang
menimbulkan kehilangan pendengaran
melekat pada 3 tulang kecil sampai
membrana ovale)  getaran diteruskan permanen
 Telinga dalam: tube berspiral seperti
rumah siput berisi cairan  cairan
bervibrasi  stimulasi rambut sel 
impuls syaraf otak

Pengukuran efek bising Audiometric test


Untuk mengevaluasi akibat pemaparan
terhadap kehilangan pendengaran,
kenyamanan,
y , interferensi komunikasi dan
mengumpulkan informasi untuk
pengontrolan.

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Audiometric test Standard OSHA

Current OSHA Standards
 
•1926.52 Occupational Noise Exposure
•TABLE D-2 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES

Sound Level dBA slow

Duration per day, hours
response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 1/2 102
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 or less 115

How Does Excessive Noise

NAB Kebisingan di lingkungan kerja Damage Your Ears?
INDONESIA Permen 51/1999  Microscopic hair cells of the cochlea are exposed to
USA (TLV ACGHI) intense noise over time
t dBA  Hair cells become fatigued and less responsive, losing
t (eksposur) jam dB(A)
8 85 their ability to recover.
8 90
4 88  Damage becomes permanent resulting in noise-induced
6 92 permanent threshold shift.
4 95 2 91  Risk of Hearing g Loss
3 97 1 94  Estimated Risk of Incurring Material Hearing Impairment
30 mnt 97 as a Function of Average Daily Noise Exposure Over a
2 100 40-year Working Lifetime (source: NIOSH)
1,5 102 15 mnt 100
1 105 7,5 mnt 103  Average Exposure 90 dBA 29%
3,75 mnt 106  Average Exposure 85 dBA 15%
0,5 110
1,88 mnt 109  Average Exposure 80 dBA 3%
<0,25 115
kebisingan impulsif < 140 dB dst
dilarang > 140 dB

Ketulian What Is The Purpose of Having a

= berkurangnya ketajaman pendengaran Hearing Test on a Regular Basis?
dibanding/terhadap orang normal (15 dB)/ gol usia
• Ada 2 macam:
 An audiometric testing program is used to track
- permanen: karena penyakit, usia tua, obat, trauma, dan your ability to hear over time.
kebisingan
– Baseline and annual
- temporer:
p akibat ekposur
p bising,
g, dapat
p p pulih setelah
istirahat beberapa saat tergantung keparahan TTestt recordsd provide
id the
th onlyl data
d t that
th t can be
b
• Ketulian temporer akan menjadi permanen bila terus used to determine whether the program is
terekpos bising (dari rumah, tempat umum, rekreasi, preventing noise-induced permanent threshold
musik, industri, dll.) shifts. It is an integral part of the hearing
• Secara mekanisme: ketulian ada 2: conservation program.
- konduktif: peralatan konduksi suara rusak akibat  Case Study 1. Teenage Girl
trauma atau sakit From the American Academy of Family
- sensorinueral: akibat persyarafan pendengaran rusak Physicians website, Rabinowitz article

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FIGURE 1. Audiogram findings in the patient in Case Study 1 Conclusion

case 1.

 "Temporary threshold shift" example

 Common in persons exposed to high
noise
 Represents
p transient hair cell
dysfunction
 Complete recovery can occur
 Repeated episodes of such shifts
causes permanent threshold shifts
because hair cells in the cochlea are
The area below the curves represents sound levels that the patient could still hear.
(X = left ear; O = right ear) progressively lost.

Case Study 2 Factory Worker Age 55 Case Study 2 Conclusion

 Noise Induced Hearing Loss
– Speech discrimination and social function
interference
– Difficulty in perceiving and differentiating consonant
sounds
– Sounds such as a baby y crying
y g or a distant telephone
p
ringing, may not be heard at all.
 Tinnitus
– Common symptom of noise overexposure
– Further interferes with hearing acuity, sleep and
concentration.
 These impairments have been associated with
depression and an increased risk of accidents.

Carpenter Hearing Losses by Age Pengukuran kebisingan

• Mengukur overall level  sound level
meter (satuan dBA)
• Mengukur kebisingan pada setiap level
frekuensi  SLM dengan frequency
analyzer
• Penentuan eksposur kebisingan pada
pekerja  noise dosimeter (satuan dBA)

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Alat ukur NOISE

MEASUREMENT
KIT

 Sound level meter, mencatat keseluruhan

NOISE KALIBRATOR
suara yang dihasilkan tanpa memperhatikan
frekuensi yang berhubungan dengan bising
totall (30-130
(30 130 d) – (20-20.000Hz)
(20 20 000H )
 Sound level meter dengan octave band
analyzer, mengukur level bising pada berbagai
batas oktaf di atas range pendengaran manusia
dengan mempergunakan filter menurut oktaf SOUND
LEVEL
yang diinginkan (narrow band analyzers untuk METER
spektrum sempit 2-200 Hz) NOISE DOSIMETER

PENGUKURAN PADA DOSEBADGER

PEKERJA

Damage risk criteria Noise control

 Variation in individual susceptibility A source radiating sound energy
 The total energy of the sound
A path along which the sound
 The frequency distribution of the sound
energy travels
 Other characteristics of the noise
exposure, such h as whether
h th it is
i A receiver such as the human ear
continuous, intermittent, or made up of a
series of impacts
 The total daily time of exposure
 The length of employment in the noise
environment.

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Pengendalian kebisingan •Cara teknis:

SUMBER PATHWAY PENERIMA
SUMBER PATHW AY/MEDIA PENERIMA/RECEIVER Substitusi Absorpsi/damping Isolasi pekerja
Insulasi sumber Perisai Reduksi waktu
Perpanjang jarak APD

•Cara
Cara medis:
Pengendalian dilakukan di 3 bagian: SUMBER, RUANG
Pemeriksaan ketajaman pendengaran secara periodik
ANTARA sumber dan penerima/pekerja, pada
PENERIMA/PEKERJA Penempatan pekerja sesuai dengan kepekaan thd bising
Urutan pengendalian paling efektif: Monitor ketulian temporer
• Kurangi/hilangkan sumber bising
• Pengendalian pathway: jarak diperjauh dengan
•Cara manajemen:
perisai/isolator/automatisasi Reduksi waktu eksposur
• Perlindungan penerima dari bising (APD) Diklat pemakaian dan pemeliharaan APD

Noise control Noise control

Source: modification or  Noise can be controlled at the source, along the
path or at the worker. At the source, equipment
redesigning of the source. may be replaced by quieter models, or less
– The modification of compressed air jets for parts noisy work procedures can be adopted. In
ejection, to reduce noise by altering the jet flow. general, less friction and vibration mean less
– M lti l
Multiple-opening
i air
i ejection
j ti nozzel:
l less
l noise
i than
th noise Maintenance procedures such as
noise.
single-opening.
lubrication may sometimes reduce noise by
reducing friction. Equipment can sometimes be
modified to reduce the amount of noise that is
generated. Sound-absorbing material may be
attached to the noise source. Or the frequency
of the noise may be shifted to one that is less
hazardous.

Noise control
 Noise can often be controlled along the
path to the worker with the use of sound-
absorbing paneling on walls or ceilings,
and enclosures around noisy machinery.
 Controls at the worker include both
administrative
d i i t ti controls
t l and d personall
protective equipment.
– Administrative controls modify how the work
is carried out.
– The time employees spend in noisy areas
may be reduced.
– Workers in noisy areas may be rotated to As the distance from the noise source increases, the
less noisy areas. pressure (or intensity) of the noise decreases faster than its
sound level.

9

Noise control
Noisy operations may be
conducted outside normal working
hours to reduce the number of
people exposed.
Where noise exposures cannot be
reduced by other methods, hearing
protection is required. This
includes ear plugs and ear muffs.
Machine insulation
Machine: on floors and walls
vibrate themsound radiation
proper use of machine mountings
insulates the machine and reduce
the transmission of vibration
Reduction of exposure time
Limiting the total daily exposure
reduces the noise hazard.
See TLV
16/10/2013
Insulation of the workers
A separate noise insulated room
provides effective control (up to 30
dB noise reduction).
Control of noise by absorption
Travels out in all direction
When encounter wallsreflected
Total noise exposure within the
room = direct + reflected noise
Application of sound absorption
material (However, limited: no
effect on direct noise).
Personal protection against noise
Many operations cannot be quieted
by engineering methods.
Therefore  protection: ear plugs
Properly worn: 25 – 40 dB
protection
Degree of discomfort  employee
education is adequate
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Steps aiming to control noise at

bising work
 Assess risks to develop a noise control
plan
Tipe bising: menerus dan terputus  Reduce risks for all employees
Lokasi pekerja  Investigate and implement good practice
for control of noise
Waktu kerja
 Prioritise noise control measures
 Use hearing protection for residual risks
 Carry out a noise dosimetry program to
check the effectiveness of noise control
measures

Some simple noise control

techniques
 Application of damping material to
chutes, hoppers, machine guards etc.,
can give a 5-25 dB reduction in the noise
radiated
 Cabin internal noise can be reduced by
10-12 dB by applying damping pads and
sound barrier mats to floor and engine
bulkhead
 Reduce fan speed by 30% to achieve a
noise reduction of 8 dB
BARRIER-BARIER ATAU PANEL

Noise control can be complex

Engage
employees
ISOLASI PEKERJA/MESIN DI TEMPAT BISING in process

Use noise
control
consultants
to help solve
your
problems if
complex
BAHAN ABSORBER BAHAN BARRIER

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Hearing protectors Rating hearing protectors

 Selected for protection, user preference
The sound level conversion (SLC80 ) rating of a
and work activity
hearing protector, ear plugs or headset is a simple
 Guard against over-protection — isolation
number and class rating that is derived from a test
can lead to under-use and safety risks
procedure as outlined in the Australian/New Zealand
 Require information, instruction, Standard AS/NZS 1270:2002
training, supervision and motivation
 Will only protect if worn all the time and
properly

Class and specification of

Ear plugs
hearing protectors
May be used up to this
SLC80 Class noise exposure level Properly fitted Wrongly fitted

10 to 13 1 90 dB(A)
14 tto 17 2 95 dB(A)
18 to 21 3 100 dB(A)
22 to 25 4 105 dB(A)
26 or
5 110 dB(A)
greater

Reduction in protection provided by

Ear muffs hearing protectors with decreased
wearing time
Effective
Proper clamping force Worn-out head band Wear time
attenuation
Example:
Effectiveness of 60 minutes 30 dB
wearing
earing an ear
muff with a rating 55 minutes 11 dB
of 30 dB for an
exposure time of 50 minutes 8 dB
one hour
45 minutes 6 dB

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Our challenge Example….

Away from …
 Durasi tingkat bising yang Durasi per Tingkat
 Noise assessment as the end point diijinkan dapat dilihat dari
tabel di bawah ini: hari bising
 Reliance on hearing protection  Kebisingan yang terukur di 8 90
Towards … suatu area adalah 90 dB
selama 2 jjam sehari,, 97 dB 6 92
 Control of noise risks through prioritised selama 2 jam, dan sisa 4
jam berikutnya terdapat
4 95
action plans variasi tingkat bising 3 97
secara bergantian 95 dB 2 100
 Introducing equipment with good noise selama 10 menit dan 80 dB
selama 10 menit. 1,5 102
and vibration characteristics – ‘Buy
 Tentukan apakah tingkat 1 105
Quiet’ kebisingan yang terukur
masih dalam batas yang ¾ 107
diijinkan atau tidak. ½ 110
¼ 115

TWA untuk kebisingan: berdasarkan standar 3. 4 orang pekerja printer di unit percetakan dimana
kebisingan. terdapat
Noise
offset press. Masing-masing terpapar sbb:

STANDAR Jumlah jam dB(A) Jumlah jam dB(A)

No. of presses Average Sound Average daily
KEBISING 8 90 1,5 102
operating Pressure Level (dBA) time in operation
AN 6 92 1,0 105
(hours)
4 95 0,75 107
0 81 4.5
3 97 0,5 110

2 100 0,25 115 1 93 2.1

dB(A) 80 90 95 97 100 2 96 1.0

1 T ukur 2 jam 4 jam 2 jam
T TLV tt 8 jam 4 jam 3 jam 3 98 0.4
TWA 0 4/8 2/4 = 1 < batas aman
2 T ukur 0 2 jam 2 jam 2 jam
Berapa dosis harian yang diterimanya? dan Equivalent
T TLV tt 8 jam 4 jam 3 jam 8-hour Sound Pressure Level (SPL) yang dialami
TWA 0 2/8 2/4 2/3 = 17/12 >batas aman pekerja percetakan tersebut?

Jawab: Noise
8
Tmax 
2 ( L 90 ) / 5 n
Ci C C C
D  1  2  ....  n
Untuk SPL 81 dBA: i 1 Tmax i Tmax1 Tmax 2 Tmax n
8
Tmax @ 81dBA  = 27.858 jam
2(8190 ) / 5 4 .5 2 .1 1. 0 0 .4
D pr int er     = 0.998
0 998
Untuk SPL 93 dBA: 27.858 5.278 3.482 2.639
8
Tmax @ 93dBA  = 5.278 jam
2( 9390 ) / 5
Now, expressing this result as a percentage as required
Untuk SPL 96 dBA: by the problem statement, we have: Dprinter= 99.8%
8
Tmax @ 96dBA  = 3.482 jam The Printing Company that employs these four Printers
2( 9690 ) / 5
Untuk SPL 98 dBA: is not in violation of any established OSHA SPL dosage
8 standards.
Tmax @ 98dBA  = 2.639 jam
2 (9890 ) / 5

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Noise Noise
Lequivalent = 90 + 16.61 log[D] 4. How much longer is an individual, without
hearing protection, permitted to work at a
location where the noise level has just been
Lequivalent = 90 + 16.61 log[0.998]
g[ ] reduced from 104 dBA to 92 dBA?
= 89.987
~ 90 dBA

These Printers experience an equivalent SPL

of ~ 90 dBA

To answer this question, we must first determine the OSHA

permitted duration, in hours, for each of the two identified noise
levels.
Tmax = 8 / [2(L-90)/5]
For an SPL of 104 dBA: Tmax @ 104 dBA= 8 / [2(104-90)/5] = 1.149
hours
For an SPL of 92 dBA: Tmax @ 92 dBA= 8 / [2(92-90)/5] = 6.063
hours
The additional time permitted at the lesser noise level of 92
dBA, ΔTmax, is simply the difference between these two OSHA
permitted time intervals; thus:
ΔTmax=6.063 – 1.149 = 4.914 hours
This individual can spend an additional 4.9 hours at a 92 dBA
noise level

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