CHROMALVEOLATA
EVI ROVIATI
PERTEMUAN KE-4 MK PROTISTA DAN FUNGI
CATATAN KULIAH SEBELUMNYA
Excavata
Agenda Kuliah hari ini
Chromalveolata: Karakteristik
01 Mungkin muncul dari endosimbiosis sekunder
Chromalveolata: Alveolata
02 Dinoflegellata, Apicomplexa, Cilliata
Chromalveolata: Stramenopila
03 Diatom, Alga Pirang, Alga Coklat, Oomycetes
Mungkin muncul dari endosimbiosis
Chromalveolata sekunder yang mencakup Alveolata
dan Stramenophila
3 µm
Alveolata: Apicomplexa
• Merupakan parasit hewan dan beberapa penyebab
penyakit serius pada manusia
• Dinamakan demikian karena salah satu ujungnya (apex),
puncaknya, mengandung kompleks organel yang khusus
untuk menembus sel dan jaringan inang
• Memiliki plastid nonfotosintetik, apicoplast
1
An infected Anopheles 2 The sporozoites enter the person’s
mosquito bites a person, liver cells. After several days, the sporozoites
injecting Plasmodium undergo multiple divisions and become
sporozoites in its saliva. merozoites, which use their apical complex
to penetrate red blood cells (see TEM below).
Sporozoites
(n) Liver
7 An oocyst develops
from the zygote in the wall Liver cell
of the mosquito’s gut. The
oocyst releases thousands
of sporozoites, which Oocyst Apex
migrate to the mosquito’s MEIOSIS
Merozoite Red blood 0.5 µm
salivary gland.
(n) cell
Zygote Red blood
(2n) cells 3 The merozoites divide asexually inside the
red blood cells. At intervals of 48 or 72 hours
(depending on the species), large numbers of
merozoites break out of the blood cells, causing
FERTILIZATION periodic chills and fever. Some of the merozoites
infect new red blood cells.
Gametes Gametocytes
(n)
Key
Haploid (n)
4 Some merozoites
Diploid (2n)
form gametocytes.
Oral groove
Cell mouth
MEIOSIS
4 The cells swap
one micronucleus.
Macronucleus
Haploid
micronucleus
Compatible Diploid
mates micronucleus
Diploid
micronucleus
MICRONUCLEAR
FUSION
5 The cells
separate.
9 Two rounds of cytokinesis 8 The original macro- 7 Three rounds of 6 Micronuclei fuse,
partition one macronucleus nucleus disintegrates. mitosis without forming a diploid Key
and one micronucleus Four micronuclei cytokinesis micronucleus.
into each of four daughter cells. become macronuclei,
produce eight Conjugation
micronuclei.
while the other four Reproduction
remain micronuclei.
STRAMENOPILA
Memiliki flagela seperti jerami
Stramenopila memiliki flagella “berambut”
dan flagella halus
• Clado Stramenopila mencakup beberapa kelompok heterotrof dan kelompok
alga fotosintetik, yaitu Diatom, Alga Pirang, Alga Coklat dan Oomycetes.
• Sebagian besar stramenopil memiliki flagel “berbulu” yang dipasangkan dengan
flagel “halus”
Hairy
flagellum
Smooth
flagellum
5 µm
Stramenopila: Diatom
• Diatom adalah ganggang uniseluler dengan dinding dua bagian yang
unik, seperti kaca dari silika terhidrasi: epiteca & hipoteca
3 µm
Diatom
• Diatom adalah komponen utama fitoplankton dan sangat beragam
• Akumulasi dinding diatom yang memfosil menyusun banyak endapan yang dikenal
sebagai tanah diatom
Figure 28.16
50 µm
Golden Algae (Ganggang Pirang)
• Ganggang emas, atau chrysophyta 25 µm
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
Pergiliran Generasi
• Berbagai siklus hidup telah berevolusi di antara
ganggang multiseluler
• Siklus hidup yang paling kompleks meliputi pergantian
generasi, yaitu pergantian bentuk haploid dan diploid
multiseluler
Siklus hidup alga coklat Laminaria
1 The sporophytes of this seaweed
are usually found in water just below
the line of the lowest tides, attached
to rocks by branching holdfasts.
3 Sporangia produce
zoospores by meiosis.
MEIOSIS The zoospores are all
Sporophyte 4
structurally alike, but
(2n)
Zoospores about half of them develop
7 The zygotes into male gametophytes
grow into new and half into female
sporophytes, gametophytes. The
starting life Female gametophytes look
attached to Developing
sporophyte nothing like the sporo-
the remains of Gametophytes
phytes, being short,
the female (n)
Zygote branched filaments that
gametophyte. (2n) grow on the surface of
Egg subtidal rocks.
Male gametophytes release
Male 5
Mature female FERTILIZATION sperm, and female gametophytes
gametophyte produce eggs, which remain
(n) attached to the female gameto-
phyte. Eggs secrete a chemical
Key Sperm signal that attracts sperm of the
6 Sperm fertilize same species, thereby increasing
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
the eggs. the probability of fertilization in
the ocean.
Oomycetes (Cendawan air dan
kerabatnya)
• Oomycetes mencakup cendawan air (water mold), karat
putih (white rust), dan embun tepung (downy mildew)
• Pernah dianggap jamur berdasarkan studi morfologi
• Sebagian besar oomycetes adalah pengurai atau parasit
• Dan memiliki filamen (hifa) yang memfasilitasi penyerapan
nutrisi.
• Dampak ekologis oomycetes dapat menjadi signifikan
• Phytophthora infestans menyebabkan busuk daun kentang
• Saprolegnia parasit dan saprofit pada ikan
Siklus hidup cendawan air
Encysted zoospores
1 2 Several days later, 3 Meiosis produces 4 On separate branches of the
land on a substrate and
the hyphae begin to eggs within oogonia same or different individuals, meiosis
germinate, growing into
form sexual structures. (singular, oogonium). produces several haploid sperm nuclei
a tufted body of
contained within antheridial hyphae.
hyphae.
Germ tube
Oogonium
Cyst Egg nucleus
(n) Antheridial
9 Each zoospor- MEIOSIS hypha with
angium produces sperm nuclei
about 30 ASEXUAL (n)
biflagellated REPRODUCTION
zoospores Zoospore
asexually. (2n)
SEXUAL FERTILIZATION
Zygote REPRODUCTION
8 The ends
of hyphae germination Zygotes
form tubular (oospores)
Zoosporangium
zoosporangia. (2n)
(2n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
7 The zygotes germinate
5 Antheridial hyphae grow like
and form hyphae, and the
hooks around the oogonium and
cycle is completed.
deposit their nuclei through
fertilization tubes that lead to the
eggs. Following fertilization, the
6 A dormant period zygotes (oospores) may develop
follows, during which the resistant walls but are also
oogonium wall usually protected within the wall of the
disintegrates. oogonium.
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