MAKALAH

Comprehesion skill : Inferences

Diajukan untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok
Mata Kuliah : Literal Reading
Dosen Pengampu : HANDAYANI SETIOWATI,M. Pd

DISUSUN OLEH :
1. INTAN KUSUMA WARDHANI (2001052007)
2. MERLIN JHEAN AURA (2001051021)
3. SOVIANA NUR AZIZAH (2001051040)

KELAS A
FALKUTAS TARBIYAH DAN ILMU KEGURUAN
JURUSAN TADRIS BAHASA INGGRIS
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (IAIN) METRO LAMPUNG
Tahun Akademik 2020/2021

1
 KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa atas segala limpahan rahmat,
inayah, taufik dan hinayahnya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan
makalah ini dengan bentuk maupun isinya yang sangat sederhana. Semoga makalah ini
dapat dipergunakan sebagai salah satu acuan, petunjuk maupun pedoman bagi
pembaca untuk lebih memahami materi bahasan “topik dan pembatasannya”.

Harapan kami semoga makalah ini dapat menambah pengetahuan dan

pengalaman bagi para pembaca. Semoga makalah ini juga dapat menjadi referensi
pembaca untuk membuat makalah selanjutnya yang lebih spesifik dan lebih baik.

Makalah ini kami akui masih banyak kekurangan karena pengalaman dan
pengetahuan yang kami miliki sangat kurang. Oleh kerena itu, kami harapkan kepada
para pembaca untuk dapat memberikan masukan-masukan berupa kritik dan saran
yang bersifat membangun untuk kesempurnaan makalah ini.

Apabila terdapat banyak kesalahan penggunaan kata dan ejaan tanda baca
kami mohon dimaklumi. Akhir kata kami ucapkan terima kasih.

Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Metro,06 Oktober 2020

Penyusun

i
 DAFTAR ISI

Halaman Judul...........................................................................................................
Kata Pengantar.......................................................................................................... i
Daftar Isi..................................................................................................................... ii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang................................................................................................. 1
B. Rumusan Masalah............................................................................................ 1
C. Tujuan.............................................................................................................. 1

BAB II PEMBAHASAN
A. The Meaning of Inferences.............................................................................. 2
B. How To Make Inferences................................................................................. 3
C. Examlpes Of Inferences................................................................................... 4

BAB III PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan...................................................................................................... 5
B. Saran................................................................................................................. 5
..........................................................................................................................

DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................................................................................. 6

ii
iii
 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1. Latar Belakang
Making an inference involves using what you know to make a guess about what
you don't know or reading between the lines. Readers who make inferences use the
clues in the text along with their own experiences to help them figure out what is not
directly said, making the text personal and memorable. Helping students make texts
memorable will help them gain more personal pleasure from reading, read the text more
critically, and remember and apply what they have read.

The conditions under which inferences that connect goals to other goals and
actions in narrative texts were investigated following a three-pronged approach.
Contrasting texts that allowed or prevented inferences were constructed according to the
expectations of a causal network, discourse model. Inferences depended upon whether a
subgoal or action directly fit the plan of a superordinate goal, and upon which goal was
the most recent unsatisfied goal in a hierarchical plan.The making of predicted goal
inferences was evaluated and supported by subjects talking aloud as they read each
sentence.

B. Rumusan Masalah

1. What is the meaning of inferences?

2. How to make a inferences?
3. How examples from inferences?
4.

C. Tujuan

1. Understand the meaning of inferences.

2. Undestand to make inferences.
3. Knowing exemples about infenrences.

1
 BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. The meaning of Inferences

Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical
consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is
theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in
Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE). Deduction is inference deriving logical
conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid
inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular premises to
a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably
by Charles Sanders Peirce, distinguishing abduction from induction.

Various fields study how inference is done in practice. Human inference (i.e.
how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the fields of logic,
argumentation studies, and cognitive psychology; artificial intelligence researchers
develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference. Statistical
inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This
generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case.
Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be
subject to random variations.

So infernces is a consclusion you reach by applying logic to the evidence you are given
from the sstory.

2
B. How to Make Inferences
1. Identifiy an Inference Question
You’ll need to determine whether or not you’re actually being asked to make an
inference on a reading test. The most obvious questions will have the words
“suggest”, “imply”, or “infer”.
2. Trust the Passage
You’ll need to let go of your prejudices and prior knowledge and use the
passage to prove that the inference you select is the correct one.
3. Hunt for Clues
The clues can be supporting details, vocabulary, character’s actions,
descriptions, or dialogue.
4. Narrow down the Choices
Create all the clues to a specific sentences, and that sentence referring to text.
5. Practice
Write the inference where referred into the question are made on the first steps.

3
C. Examples of Inferences

The young woman walked a bit hesitantly towards the famous cozy Italian
restaurant. She did not believe the excuse her parents gave her for having to meet her at
the restaurant instead of at their house. To make matters worse, she was a bit grumpy
because she was still catching up on the sleep that she lost during exam time. She
noticed some cars that looked familiar in the parking lot. As soon as she walked through
the door, she heard, "Surprise!"

Now read and make an inference.You may say something such as:

a) The text says: She did not believe the excuse her parents gave her.
I know: Sometimes if people play practical jokes, others don't believe
everything they say. Maybe her parents played practical jokes.
b) The text says: She was a bit grumpy because she was still catching up on the
sleep that she lost during exam time.
I know: I know exams are usually given in school, so she is probably in high
school or college.
c) The text says: She noticed some cars that looked familiar in the parking lot. As
soon as she walked through the door, she heard, "Surprise!"
I know: If the cars are familiar, that means people she knows are in the
restaurant. This makes me change my inference. If her parents wanted to meet
her at the restaurant, and other people she knows are there, maybe it's a surprise
party.

By modeling your thought process, we can see how you took the information from the
text, along with what you knew already and your own ideas, to make inferences. Point
out which facts came from the text and which came from your background knowledge.
Then put them all together to make the inference that it might be a surprise party.

4
 BAB III

PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan
Infernces is a consclusion you reach by applying logic to the evidence you are
given from the story
How to Make Inferences
1. Identifiy an Inference Question
2. Trust the Passage
3. Hunt clues
4. Narrow down the Choices
5. Practice

B. Saran
Dalam makalah ini tentunya masih banyak kekurangan, sangat penting bagi kami jika
ada kritik dan saran. Karena hal tersebut dapat membantu kami lebih baik lagi.

5
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference

https://alegorinai.wordpress.com/2018/09/11/making-inference/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-memory-and-language/vol/32/issue/3

https://www.teachervision.com/reading-comprehension/inferences