BAB II
FLORA DAN FAUNA DI INDONESIA DAN DUNIA
DARING KE 2
TA 2020/ 2021
BIODATA SISWA
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BAB II
FLORA DAN FAUNA DI INDONESIA DAN DUNIA
Biosfer berasal dari kata Bio yaitu Hidup, dan Sphaira yaitu Lapisan atau tempat. Maka dapat
ditarik kesimpulan BIOSFER adalah lapisan yang terdiri dari tanah, air, dan udara, tempat
berlangsungnya kehidupan. Oleh karena itu biosfer tidak dapat lepas dari atmosfer, litosfer dan
hidrosfer.
Secara terperinci jenjang kehidupan mahluk hidup dipermukaan bumi adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Individu
Individu adalah kumpulan organisme tunggal yang termasuk dalam spesies tertentu.
Contoh seekor ayam, seekor kucing, sebatang pohon pisang, dan seorang manusia.
2. Populasi
Populasi adalah kumpulan invidu sejenis yang berkumpul dan hidup pada suatu daerah dan
waktu tertentu.
Contoh populasi ayam di desa jatimakmur pada tahun 2001 adalah berjumlah 1000 ekor
3. Komunitas
Komunitas adalah kumpulan dari berbagai populasi pada suatu kawasan tertentu yang saling
berinteraksi dan mempengaruhi satu sama lain.
Contoh populasi ayam. Populasi kambing, populasi burung, dan populasi manusia.
4. Ekosistem
Ekosistem adalah kumpulan dari komunitas yang berbeda yang memiliki ciri khas yang
berbeda dan memiliki hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi.
Contoh produsen ( tumbuhan ) konsumen ( herbivora, karnivora, omnivora ) pengurai
( mikroorganisme )
5. Biom
Biom adalah beberapa ekosistem yang terdapat pada suatu wilayah geografis dengan iklim
dan kondisi yang sama.
B. FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI SEBARAN FLORA DAN FAUNA
1. IKLIM ( klimatik )
a. Suhu
Suhu tergantung pada letak lintang dan ketinggian tempat dan kondisi topografi.
Jenis vegetasi atas dasar suhu menurut Augustin P. De Candolle, seorang Botanis Swiss
dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yaitu :
1. Megaterm
Adalah Jenis tumbuhan yang tumbuh didaerah tinggi yang bersuhu tinggi atau
beriklim tropis serta curah hujan tinggi sepanjang tahun.
Contoh vegetasi yang ada di daerah Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan Dan Papua
2. Xerofita
Adalah jenis tumbuhan yang tumbuh didaerah tinggi yang bersuhu tinggi atau
beriklim tropis dengan curah hujan yang rendah.
Contoh vegetasi yang terdapat di sekitar daerah parangtritis Yogyakarta.
3. Mesoterm
Adalah jenis tumbuhan yang tumbuh di daerah beriklim sedang atau subtropis dan
memiliki pergantian suhu rendah dan tinggi.
Contoh tumbuhan hutan gugur tropis, yang terdapat di daerah Jawa Tengah, Jawa
Timur, NT, Sulawesi dan Papua.
4. Mikroterm
Adalah jenis tumbuhan yang tumbuh di daerah beriklim dingin dengan suhu yang
relatif lebih rendah sepanjang tahun.
Contoh berupa pohon yang tinggi dengan daun seperti jarum, terdapat di lereng
Ranu Kumbolo di jawa timur.
5. Hekistoterm
Jenis tumbuhan yang tumbuh di daerah beriklim kutub dengan suhu yang sangat
rendah sepanjang tahun.
Contoh vegetasi tundra alpin seperti lumut- lumutan yang terdapat di wilayah
pegunungan Jaya Wijaya di Papuan.
b. Kelembapan udara
Kelembapan udara adalah kandungan total uap air di udara, yang dipengaruhi oleh suhu
udara.
Berdasarkan kelembapan udara tumbuhan dapat dikelompokan menjadi yaitu :
1. Xerofita
Adalah jenis tumbuhan yang mampu bertahan hidup di lingkungan dengan
kelembapan udara yang sangat rendah.
Tumbuhan ini dapat hidup dilingkungan yang tidak memiliki persediaan air dan
sangat kering.
Contohnya kaktus, dan beberapa jenis rumput gurun, vegetasi ini dapat ditemukan
disekitar Parang tritis Yogyakarta
2. Mesofita
Adalah jenis tumbuhan darat yang hidup dilingkungan yang lembap, tidak terlalu
basah dan tidak terlalu kering.
Contoh tanaman hutan, padang rumput, tanaman budi daya seperti anggrek dan
jamur. Vegetasi ini tersebar di wilayah Nusa Tengggara
3. Higrofita
Adalah jenis tumbuhan yang hidup dilingkungan darat yang basah.
Contoh paku – pakuan.
Habitat Higrofita contohnya rawa – rawa atau padang rumput yang terendam air.
Tanaman ini mempunyai transpirasi yang rendah, sedangkan kelebihan air
dikeluarkan melalui saluran tersendiri yang disebut Hidatoda atau Stomata Air.
4. Hidrofita
Adalah tumbuhan yang hidup terendam sebagian atau seluruhnya di dalam air.
Cirinya memiliki batang yang lembut dan daun yang tipis, dan terkadang tidak
memiliki akar.
Contoh
- Tumbuhan Yang mengambang eceng gondok
- Tumbuhan yang terendam Hydrilla
- Tumbuhan berakar di dasar air teratai dan selada
5. Halofita
Adalah tumbuhan yang hidup ditanah dengan konsentrasi garam yang tinggi, yang
biasanya tumbuh di rawa yang berada didekat laut.
Contoh hutan bakau ( mangrove) terdapat diwilayah Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan,
Sulawesi dan Papua.
6. Tropofita
Adalah jenis tumbuhan yang mampu beradaptasi terhadap perubahan kelembapan
yang ektrem dan kekringan.
Jenis tumbuhan ini disebut juga dengan tumbuhan meranggas, artinya ketika musim
hujan tumbuhan ini seperti tanaman higrofita, dan ketika musim kering tanaman ini
seperti tanaman xerofita.
Contoh pohon jati, kedondong, kapuk, tanaman ini tersebar diwilayah Jawa tengah,
Jawa Timur dan NTT.
c. Angin
Angin adalah udara yang bergerak. Ketika panas, udara akanmemuai sehingga menjadi
lebih ringan dan bergerak naik, ruang yang ditinggalkan akan diisi oleh udara yang
lebih dingin. Peristiwa tersebut diesbut dengan konveksi.
Hal tersebut berpengaruh pada tanah, dapat mengeringkan dan melembapkan tanah
dipermukaan bumi.
d. Curah hujan
Curah hujan adalah sumber utama air tanah, sebagai persediaan air untuk tumbuhan dan
hewan dari tanah akibat dari siklus Hidrologi, yang dipengaruhi oleh presipitasi ( curah
hujan ) dan evapotranspirasi ( penguapan air ).
e. Cahaya matahari
Cahaya matahari digunakan untuk proses fotosintesis, semakin berkurang cahaya
matahari, semakin sedikit peluang tumbuhan untuk hidup.
2. FISIOGRAFI
Fisiografi merupakan faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kondisi yang berlaku disuatu
habitat dan distribusi tumbuhan dan hewan. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan fisiografi
adalah bentuk permukaan bumi, seperti ketinggian tempat, kemiringan, drainase, dan tingkat
erosi tanah.
3. TANAH ( Edafik )
Edafik adalah faktor yang berkaitan dengan struktur dan komposisi tanah yang ditemukan di
daerah tertentu, dan akan mempengaruhi jenis tumbuhan yang hidup.
Faktor edafik meliputi :
- Kedalaman lapisan atas tanah yang mempengaruhi air, nutrisi, dan stabilitas
struktur tumbuhan.
- Tekstur dan struktur tanah
- Muatan materi organik didalam tanah
- Derajat keasaman tanah ( pH) adalah ukuran konsentrasi ion hidrogen dari
larutan berair dan menunjukkan tingkat asam atau alkalinitas.
4. BIOTIK
Komponen biotik yang berperan sentral terhadap sebaran flora dan fauna di suatu wilayah
adalah manusia, karena manusia dapat menjaga kelestraian dan mengubah tatanan
kehidupan flora dan fauna dengan mengubah fungsi lahan.
Sehingga tipe flora dan fauna di Indonesia dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga bagian yaitu :
1. TIPE INDONESIA BARAT
a. Flora
Indonesia bagian barat termasuk dalam wilayah iklim tropis basah diwilayah ini terdapat
hutan hujan tropis dengan ciri – ciri sebagai berikut :
- Daun lebat
- Rata – rata ketinggian pohonnya 60 m
- Banyak terdapat pohon memanjat
- Banyak tumbuh pohon epifit ( pakis dan anggrek )
b. Fauna
Di wilayah Indonesia bagian barat terdapat hewan –hewan yang mirip hewan di daerah
Asia. Seperti contoh Harimau sumatera, Tapir, Badak, Gajah, Beruang, Banteng,
Siamang, Kera gibbon.
Catatan
Antara daerah Indonesia bagian tengah dengan Indonesia bagian Timur dibatasi oleh
garis WEBER.
TABEL 1
PENILAIAN
NO MATERI MUDAH SEDANG SULIT
1 Karakteristik Bioma di Dunia
2 Faktor – faktor yang memengaruhi sebaran flora dan fauna
3 Persebaran flora dan fauna di dunia
4 Persebaran flora dan fauna d Indonesia
5 Konservasi flora dan fauna di dunia dan Indonesia
6 Pemanfaatan flora dan fauna Indonesia sebagai sumber
daya alam
TABEL 2
NO ASPEK YANG DINILAI MAMPU TIDAK MAMPU
1 Karakteristik Bioma di Dunia
2 Faktor – faktor yang memengaruhi sebaran flora dan fauna
3 Persebaran flora dan fauna di dunia
4 Persebaran flora dan fauna d Indonesia
5 Konservasi flora dan fauna di dunia dan Indonesia
6 Pemanfaatan flora dan fauna Indonesia sebagai sumber daya alam
3. TUGAS PROYEK
Petunjuk menjawab tabel 3 tugas proyek :
Untuk mengerjakan tugas proyek anda harus melihat jawaban anda pada tabel 1 dan tabel 2,
mana materi yang paling anda kuasai. Dan setelah itu anda harus membuat lima ( 5 ) soal essay beserta
jawaban nya masing – masing.
CATATAN
Dalam menjawab tugas proyek harus ditulis tangan
TABEL 3
NO MATERI YANG ANDA KUASAI MATERI YANG TIDAK ANDA KUASAI
1
4
Soal essay ( di tulis tangan )
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1. Persebaran flora dan fauna di indonesia, fauna yang tersebar di indonesia bagian barat adalah
kecuali...
A. Gajah D. Kuskus.
B. Badak E. Banteng
C. Harimau
4. Terdapat padang rumput, semak belukar, pohon nya rendah, adalah ciri hutan...
A. Hutan tropis D. Hutan belukar
B. Hutan taiga E. Hutan sabana.
C. Hutan subtropis
5. Hutan yang terdapat di daerah dataran rendah dan di sungai nya banyak lumpur adalah jenis
hutan...
A. Tropis D. Sabana
B. Subtropis E. Bakau.
C. Musim
7. Hutan Sabana biasa terdapat di indonesia bagian timur yaitu terdapat di daerah...
A. Sulawesi D. Madura
B. Kalimantan E. Nusa tenggara.
C. Jawa
9. Hutan yang terdiri dari satu jenis tanaman di kenal dengan istilah hutan...
A. Hutan sabana D. Hutan heterogen
B. Hutan tropis E. Hutan musim
C. Hutan homogen.
11. Hutan yang tedapat di pulau kalimantan biasanya adalah jenis hutan...
A. Hutan payau D. Hutan rimba
B. Hutan heterogen E. Hutan lindung
C. Hutan rawa.
12. Hutan rawa atau hutan bakau biasanya banyak terdapat di pulau...
A. Sumatera D. Papua
B. Sulawesi E. Jawa
C. Kalimantan.
13. Berdasarkan manfaat dan tujuannya hutan dibagi menjadi empat yaitu, kecuali...
A. Hutan raya. D. Hutan suaka
B. Hutan lindung E. Hutan rekreasi
C. Hutan produksi
14. Hutan yang fungsi utamanya untuk melindungi tumbuhan yang sudah langkah dan
dikhawatirkan punah adalah hutan...
A. Hutan suaka. D. Hutan produksi
B. Hutan rimba E. Hutan raya
C. Hutan rekreasi
15. Penyebaran tumbuhan dengan cara memakan biji – biji buah - buahan disebut...
A. Ektozoik D. Monozoik
B. Endozoik E. Extozoik
C. Mesozoik
ESSAY.
1. Tuliskan secara terperinci jenjang kehidupan mahluk hidup dipermukaan bumi ....?
2. Tuliskan pengertian taman nasional...?
3. Tuliskan perbedaan cagar alam dengan suaka margasatwa..?
4. Tuliskan 10 jenis- jenis hewan yang terdapat di indonesia bagian barat..?
5. Tuliskan 10 tempat – tempat wisata alam yang ada di Indonesia yang sudah terkenal di Dunia..?
Jawaban
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