• Density r
1. Uji Tarik
2. Uji Keras
3. Uji Impak
4. Uji Bending
5. Uji Fatigue
6. Uji creep
5
PENGUJIAN SIFAT MEKANIK
6
Stress-Strain Relationships
10
Engineering Stress
• Tensile stress, s: • Shear stress, t:
Ft
s
Ao
original area
before loading
Strain is dimensionless.
13
Tensile Test
14
Stress-Strain Test
specimen
machine
15
Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
s UTS
Strain
yield Fracture
strength Hardening
sy 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope =Young’s (elastic) modulus
Region yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
σ Eε Region fracture
4
σ 1
E
ε E
σy
Strain ( e ) (DL/Lo)
ε 2 ε1
Stress-Strain Diagram (cont)
• Elastic Region (Point 1 –2)
- Logam akan kembali ke bentuk semula setelah
beban dilepaskan
- Tegangan proporsional secara linier tehadap
regangan
σ
σ Eε or E
ε
σ : Stress(psi)
E : Elastic modulus (Young’s Modulus) (psi)
ε : Strain (in/in)
- Point 2 : Yield Strength : titik dimana
deformasi plastik terjadi
Linear Elastic Properties
• Hooke's Law: s=Ee
Modulus of Elasticity, E:
(Young's modulus)
Units:
E: [GPa] or [psi] 18
n: dimensionless
Stress-Strain Diagram (cont)
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
F
20
Plastic Deformation (permanent)
• Deformasi yang terjadi dimana jika beban diberikan pada
material sampai mengalami berubah bentuk dan kemudian
beban tersebut dilepaskan maka material tidak akan kembali
ke bentuk semula
linear linear
elastic elastic
Plastic means permanent.
plastic 22
Tahapan selama pengujian tarik berlangsung
23
POLIMER
24
Necked region logam ulet yang sudah patah
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26
Young’s Modulus - Aluminum Alloy
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
• Stress-strain
behavior found
for some steels
with yield point
phenomenon
Baja karbon
rendah
31
T
E
N
S
I
L
E
P
R
O
P
E
R
T
I
E
32
S
True Stress and True Strain
True stress The load divided by the actual cross-sectional
area of the specimen at that load.
True strain The strain calculated using actual and not
original dimensions, given by εt ln(l/l0).
34
Example 3: True Stress and True Strain
Calculation
Compare engineering stress and strain with true stress and
strain for the aluminum alloy in Example 1 at (a) the
maximum load. The diameter at maximum load is 0.497
in. and at fracture is 0.398 in.
Example 3 SOLUTION
Strain Hardening
An increase in sy due to
plastic deformation.
Strain Hardening (n, K or C values)
37
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
tension shear
σallow = σY / n1 tallow = τY / n2
ATAU
tension shear
σallow = σU / n3 tallow = τU / n4
Allowable loads
• Allowable load = permissible load atau the safe load
A material that
suffers very
little plastic
deformation is
Ao Af
brittle.
• Another ductility measure: % AR x100
Ao
• Ductility dapat dinyatakan sebagai percent elongation (%
EL) atau percent reduction in area (AR).
• %AR > %EL is possible if internal voids form in neck. 45
Toughness is Toughness
the ability to
absorb Lower toughness: ceramics
energy up to Higher toughness: metals
fracture (energy
per unit volume of
material).
A “tough”
material has
strength and
ductility.
Approximated
by the area
under the
stress-strain
curve. 46
Toughness dari hasil uji tarik
• Energi per satuan volume material untuk terjadi patah
• Dapat diprediksikan dengan mengukur luas area di
bawah kurva stress-strain
smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers
21
Contoh soal
49
KERAMIK
50
Mechanical Behavior - Ceramics
51
The Bend Test for Brittle Materials
54
MEASURING ELASTIC MODULUS
• Room T behavior is usually elastic, with brittle failure.
• 3-Point Bend Testing often used.
--tensile tests are difficult for brittle materials.
24
Stress-Strain Behavior: Elastomers
3 different responses:
A – brittle failure
B – plastic failure
C - highly elastic (elastomer)
58