KEGIATAN BELAJAR LUAR JARINGAN

TEKNIK AUDIO-VIDEO
TA. 2020-2021
MATAPELAJARAN Dasar Listrik dan Elektronika (DLE)
KELAS X TAV
MATERI Hukum–Hukum kelistrikan Dan Elektronika
KOMPETENSI DASAR 3.2.Memahami hukum–hukumkelistrikan
dan elektronika

LANDASAN TEORI

Merancang Rangkaian Percobaan Resistor

Banyak ditemukan di sekolah-sekolah guru memberikan tugas praktek kepada peserta didik
dengan cara mengambil dari buku atau dari pikiran si guru dan menuliskannya di papan tulis.
Rangkaian yang diberikan tersebut apakah sudah dianalisis, layak diujicobakan atau tidak.

Seharusnya setiap rangkaian percobaan yang akan diberikan kepada peserta didik harus
dirancang dengan benar/ dianalisa dan diujicobakan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menjaga
kerusakan alat ukur, komponen percobaan dan sumber tegangan (catu daya).

Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan/ dipertimbangkan dalam merancang rangkaian adalah :

a. Kemampuan alat ukur (tegangan dan arus)

b. Kemampuan komponen (daya resistor)

c. Kemampuan catu daya ( ketersedian tegangan dan arus)

Untuk merancang dan menganalisa rangkaian percobaan resistor harus mengetahui Hukum
Ohm dan Kirchhoff.

Hukum Ohm

Hukum Ohm berbunyi, resistansi berbanding terbalik dengan jumlah arus yang mengalir
melalui resistor tersebut sebagaimana dijelaskan pada diagram di bawah ini.
 Gambar 18. Diagram Hukum Ohm

Hukum Kirchhoff

Hukum Kirchhoff pada rangkaian seri: selisih tegangan sumber dengan jumlah tegangan
jatuh pada masing-masing beban adalah 0.

U1 U2 U3

Us R1 R2 R3

Gambar 19. Rangkaian Seri Resistor

V sumber – (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) = 0

VR1 + VR2 + VR3 = VSumber

R Total =R1 + R2+ R2

I = VSumber /RTotal

VR1 = IT . R1

VR2 = IT . R2

VR3 = IT . R3

Hukum Kirchhoff pada rangkaian paralel: arus yang mengalir menuju suatu titik
berbanding lurus dengan jumlah arus yang keluar dari titik tersebut.

AT

A1 A2 A3

Us

R1 R2 R3

Gambar 20. Rangkaian Paralel Resistor

I Sumber - ( IR1 + iR2 + IR3 ) = 0

IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = I Sumber

VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = VSumber

1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

IR1 = VS / R1

IR2 = VS / R2

IR1 = VS / R3

Menganalisa rangkaian seri-paralel resistor dilakukan secara bertahap

U1

AT
R1
A2 A3
Us

R2 R3
U2

Gambar 21. Rangkaian Seri – Paralel Resistor

Langkah 1

Hitung R2 // R3

Rp = R2 // R3

Langkah 2

Rs = R1 + Rp
IT = Vs / Rs

VR1 = IT . R1

VR2 = VR3 = VS – VR1

IR2 = VR2 / R2

IR3 = VR3 / R 3

Contoh :

25 V 10 Ω 40 Ω

Gambar 22. Rangkaian Percobaan Resistor

Bila kita cermati gambar rangkaian di atas sebagai rangkaian percobaaan terlihat
informasinya belum lengkap maka timbul pertanyaan hal-hal sebagai berikut:

1. Apakah tersedia catu daya 25 V dan berapa arus catu daya yang diperlukan,
maksudnya 25 V/....A atau 25 V/.... mA

2. Apakah tersedia komponen yang digunakan dan berapa daya resistor yang harus
digunakan.

3. Apakah alat ukur yang tersedia mampu mengukur besar tegangan dan arus pada
rangkaian.

Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut rangkaian harus dianalisa sebagai berikut :

Rtotal = 10 Ω + 40 Ω

= 50 Ω

ITotal = V/R

= 25 V/50 Ω

= 0, 5 A = 500 mA

Hasil perhitungan terjawab pertanyaan 1 dan 3 yaitu :

- Arus yang mengalir pada rangkaian 500 mA maka arus catu daya yang digunakan
 harus diatas 500 mA bila tidak catu daya akan panas dan rusak.

- Alat ukur arus listrik DC yang digunakan minimum batas ukurnya 500 mA.

Untuk menghitung daya resistor adalah sebagai berikut :

PR1 = I2..R1

= 0.25A . 10 Ω

= 2,5 Watt

PR2 = I2 . R2

= 0,25 A . 40 Ω

= 10 Watt

Hasil analisa, pertanyaan no 2 terjawab bahwa komponen resistor harus mengggunakan

daya yang besar yaitu lebih besar dari nilai di atas. Bila tidak komponen akan panas dan
terbakar.

Bila rangkaian di atas dirubah menjadi rangkaian paralel, coba dianalisa rangkaian secara
paralel

E. Rangkaian Percobaan Resistor

1. Rangkaian Percobaan Mengamati Fungsi Resistor sebagai Pembatas Arus

1

R1
2

R2
3

R3
4
Us

Gambar 23

2. Percobaan Rangkaian Seri Resistor

 U1 U2 U3

Us R1 R2 R3

Gambar 24

3. Percobaan Rangkaian Paralel Resistor

AT

A1 A2 A3

Us

R1 R2 R3

Gambar 25

4. Percobaan Rangkaian Seri-Paralel Resistor

U1

AT
R1
A2 A3
Us

R2 R3
U2

Gambar 26

5. Rangkaian Percobaan Mengamati Fungsi Resistor Variabel sebagai Pengatur Arus

VR R1

+ L
Us
- 12 V
 Gambar 27

6. Rangkaian Percobaan Mengamati Fungsi Resistor Variabel sebagai Pembagi

Tegangan

L1
+ VR
Us
- 5K

L2

Gambar 28

F. Merancang Rangkaian Percobaan Kondensator

Kondensator ada dua macam, yaitu kondensator elektrolit dan kondensator non elektrolit.
Kondensator non elektrolit juga dibedakan atas kondensator bernilai tetap dan
kondensator variabel.

Simbol Kondensator
+

+
- -
Gambar. 29 Simbol Kondensator Elektrolit dan Non Elektrolit

Penggunaan kondensator di dalam rangkaian elektronika dapat berupa :

 Sebagai penghubung (coupling)

 Sebagai filter (filter)

 Bersama L membentuk frekuensi

 Bersama R menentukan ketetapan waktu (time constan) R-C

 Penyerap bunga api, dll

Kondensator bersifat seperti saklar tertutup terhadap arus bola balik dan seperti saklar
 terbuka terhadap arus searah.

Dalam perancangan rangkaian percobaan kondensator, yang harus diperhatikan adalah :

 Tegangan elco harus lebih tinggi dari tegangan sumber yang diberikan

 Kapasitas elco tergantung pada penggunaannya

 Pemasangan elco terhadap polaritas tegangan sumber tidak boleh salah/terbalik

G. Rangkaian Percobaan Kondensator

1. Rangkaian Pengisian dan Pengosongan Kondensator

1 2

+
Us C L
-

Gambar 30
Percobaan ini memperlihatkan fungsi kondensator dapat menyimpan energi
listrik.Penerapannya pada lampu blitz kamera, pada lampu TL, rangkaian bel elektronik
dan lain-lain. Kondensator bersifat seperti saklar tertutup (on) terhadap arus bola balik
dan seperti saklar terbuka (off) terhadap arus searah.

2. Rangkaian Percobaan Mengamati Sifat Kondensator Terhadap Arus DC dan AC

C1
1
+ -
C2
2 + -
Us Us C3
12 V 12 V + 3 + -
-

L
12 V

Gambar 31

Percobaan ini memperlihatkan sifat kondensator terhadap arus bolak balik (AC) dan arus
searah (DC) dan frekuensi.
Bila kondensator dialiri arus listrik bolak balik maka kondensator terdapat hambatan
listrik yang disebut Reaktansi Kapasitif disingkat XC satuannya ohm.

XC = 1/2πfC

f = frekuensi (Hz); π = 3,14; C = Kapasitas kondensator ( farrad)

Penerapannya pada rangkaian penguat dimana kondensator sebagai kopling dan pada
rangkaian cross over untuk penghambat frekuensi rendah(digunakan elco)

3. Rangkaian Seri Kondensator

Uc1 Uc2

+ - + -
Us + C1 C2

-
A

Gambar 32
4. Rangkaian Paralel Kondensator

A1 A2

Us +
+

- C1 C2

- -

Gambar 33

5. Rangkaian Seri Paralel Kondensator

+ -
C1

Us +
+

- C2 C3

- -
A1 A2

A
 Gambar 34
6. Rangkaian Konstan Waktu RC

UR1 UC1

R1
+
- Us

Gambar 35
 LEMBARAN KERJA PESERTA DIDIK
(LKPD)
Hukum–Hukumkelistrikan Dan Elektronika
Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Nama :
Tanggal : Kelas :
Waktu : Jurusan :

A. KOMPETENSI DASAR

3.3. Memahami hukum–hukumkelistrikan dan elektronika

B. TUJUAN

1. Setelah mempelajari materi siswa dapat menjelaskan Hukum Ohm

dengan benar
2. Melalui diskusi siswa dapat menjelaskan hukum Kirchhof I (tentang
arus) dengan benar
3. Melalui diskusi siswa dapat menjelaskan hukum Kirchhof II (tentang
tegangan)
4. Melalui pemberian tugas siswa dapat menerapkan teori hukum ohm pada
rangkaian seri dan parallel resistor dengan benar.
5. Melalui pemberian tugas siswa dapat menerapkan teori hukum ohm pada
rangkaian campuran resistor dengan benar

C. Kerjakan soal-soal berikut dengan baik dan benar!

1. Perhatikan rangkaian berikut ini

Dari gambar rangkaian seri diatas tentukanlah :

a. Besar tegangan pada R1 , R2, R3, R4, R5
b. Besar arus pada R1 , R2, R3, R4, R5
c. Nilai Rtotal
d. Besar I total
2. Perhatikan gambar berikut ini
AT

A1 A2 A3

Us

R1 R2 R3

Jika diketahui Us sebesar 200 V , R1= 1KΩ , R2= 4KΩ dan R3=2KΩ
Hitunglah :
a. Rtotal
b. I1, I2, I3 dan Itotal

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Tabel Monitoring Tugas

Tgl. Pemberian Tugas: Tgl. Penilaian Tugas:
NILAI
.................................... ................................
Tanda Tangan Orang Tua Guru Pengampu

........................................... .....................................