2022
1.
Modul
Praktikum
Parasitologi
Nama: ______________________________
No. Absen:___________________________
Kelompok ___________________________
Kelas: _______________________________
DIAGNOSIS LABORATORIUM PARASIT (PROTOZOA DAN HELMINTH)
1. Pendahuluan
Diagnosis infeksi parasit terutama oleh protozoa usus di laboratorium, baik yang hidup
maupun yang sudah diawetkan, harus berdasarkan suatu teknik pengolahan sampel yang tepat,
agar diperoleh diagnosis yang tepat. Sebagai contoh, untuk pemeriksaan sampel feses disentri yang
mengandung Entamoeba histolotica bentuk vegetatif, bila pemeriksaannya dilakukan 2 jam setelah
feses dikeluarkan oleh penderita, maka bentuk vegetatif dari protozoa tersebut tidak dikenal lagi. Hal
ini dikarenakan bentuk vegetatif sudah mati. Bila bahan pemeriksaan tersebut sebelum dikirim ke
laboratorium sudah difiksasi terlebih dengan suatu bahan pengawet yang tepat, maka struktur dan
morfologi protozoa tidak rusak, sehingga diagnosisnya tepat.
Diagnosis protozoa yang tepat, ditentukan dari cara pengambilan sampel (feses), cara
pengawetan feses dan pengiriman feses ke laboratorium, karena ada beberapa feses akan rusak
jika diawetkan dengan bahan pengawet yang tidak tepat.
Pada pengiriman feses juga perlu diperhatikan, agar sampel tidak menjadi kering dan rusak
setelah sampai di laboratorium. Jika sampel (feses) yang diterima di laboratorium ternyata masih
baik, selanjutnya dilakukan pengolahan yang tepat, sehingga diagnosisnya tepat. Untuk membuat
diagnosis selanjutnya, tergantung pada kemampuan memilih cara pengolahan feses yang cocok,
sehingga protozoa dapat dikenal dengan mudah.
atau mengandung lendir dan darah, maka harus segera diperiksa dan dilakukan dalam waktu
maksimal 2 jam, sebab Entamoeba histolotica bentuk vegetatif mudah sekali mati. Pada feses yang
segar Entamoeba histolotica masih hidup dan mudah sekali ditemukan dengan sediaan basah
menggunakan larutan eosin, dimana akan tampak adanya pergerakan pseudopodia dari protozoa. Bila
feses disimpan selama 1 malam atau lebih, maka harus difiksasi dengan larutan pengawet terlebih
dahulu.
3. Pengawetan feses
Untuk pemeriksaan jumlah sampel feses yang besar, maka tidak mungkin semua sampel
diperiksa dalam beberapa waktu jam saja, sehingga sampel feses harus diawetkan.
Untuk pengawetan feses, terdapat beberapa macam fiksatif yang bisa dipakai, diantaranya
adalah :
a. larutan Formalin (biasanya 5% atau 10%)
b. Larutan Schauddin
c. Larutan Polivinil Alkohol yang mengandung larutan Schaudin
d. Larutan Mertiolat-iodium Formaldehid (MIF)
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
PRAKTIKUM I
PEMERIKSAAN PARASIT USUS
Tujuan praktikum :
Untuk mempelajari cara diagnosis laboratorium penyakit yang disebabkan oleh protozoa usus
dengan cara pemeriksaan feses secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis.
Dasar Teori :
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2. Kualitas feses
Terdiri dari :
a. Warna
Secara fisiologi warna feses normal adalah sedikit coklat, karena adanya sterkobilin dan
urobilin yang dibuat oleh bakteri usus dari zat warna empedu. Selain itu warna tinja juga
dipengaruhi oleh makanan atau obat yang dimakan pada saat itu. Misal : makan sayur-sayuran
menyebabkan feses berwarna hijau, sedangkan pemakain obat yang mengandung besi
menyebabkan feses berwarna hitam.
Jika terjadi kelainan seperti saluran empedu yang tersumbat sehingga cairannya tidak
dapat masuk dalam usus, maka feses menjadi tidak berwarna (seperti dempul).
Bila terjadi perdarahan dibagian anal sebelah usus, maka feses berwarna merah seperti darah.
b. Konsistensi
Menurut konsistensinya, feses dibagi menjadi 5 macam, yaitu :
1) Keras (hard)
Jika feses ditusuk dengan lidi, maka lidi tidak dapat masuk. Keadaan ini terjadi pada
penderita obstipasi, biasanya fesesnya sangat keras seperti : batu dan berbentuk bulat-bulat
kecil-kecil (coprolithiasis).
2) Normal (formed)
Jika feses ditusuk dengan lidi, maka lidi masuk dan akan menetap berdiri tegak.
3) Lembek (soft)
Jika ditusuk dengan lidi, maka lidi akan masuk dan bila dilepaskan lidi akan
condong/miring.
4) Setengah cair (loose/watery)
Jika feses ditusuk dengan lidi dan setelah dilepaskan maka lidi akan rebah dan sejajar
dengan permukaan.
5) Cair/encer (watery)
Feses cair seperti air.
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
c. Bau
Secara fisiologis bau normal feses disebabkan oleh adanya skatol, indol dan H2S. Pada
orang yang diet susu maka fesesnya tidak berbau.
Pada penderita amoeba, feses berbau amis karena adanya darah pada feses.
d. Bentuk
Pada obsttipasi bentuk feses normal berbentuk bulat dan keras seperti batu, sedangkan pada
kondisi patologis bentuk feses bermacam-macam :
Seperti pensil : biasanya pada penderita stenosis usus bagian bawah. Seperti buih :
biasanya pada penderita dispepsi.
Seperti bubur : biasanya ditemukan pada penderita diare
e. Adanya lendir atau darah
Pada kondisi normal, feses manusia tidak ada darah maupun lendir dalam feses. Pada
penderita disentri akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Entamoeba histolytica feses
mengandung darah dan lendir.
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
Prinsip pemeriksaan :
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2. Larutan lugol
3. Formalin 10%
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
Hasil pemeriksaan :
1. Pemeriksaan feses :
a. MAKROSKOPIS
- Warna : ................................................................
- Bau : ................................................................
- Lendir/ darah / lain – lain : ................................................................
- Konsistensi : ................................................................
b. MIKROSKOPIS
1) ...................................................................
Ciri-ciri :
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Kesimpulan :
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
Tugas :
Jelaskan perbedaan disentri yang disebabkan oleh amoeba dengan disentri basiler !
PENGESAHAN PRAKTIKUM
Tanggal :
Dosen :
Tanda Tangan :
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
PRAKTIKUM II
3. PRAKTIKUM PROTOZOA KELAS FLAGELLATA CARA SEDIMENTASI
Tujuan praktikum :
Untuk mengetahui cara diagnosis laboratorium protozoa kelas flagellata dangan cara sedimentasi
serta untuk melihat morfologi protozoa kelas flagellata.
Dasar Teori :
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Prinsip Pemeriksaan :
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Alat praktikum :
1. Objek glass
2. Cover glass
3. Mikroskop
4. Centrifuge
Cara Kerja :
1. Siapkan alat dan bahan
2. Sampel urine sebanyak 10 ml – 20 ml dimasukkan kedalam tabung centrifuge, kemudian
dicentrifuge selama 5 menit, kemudian cairan supernatan dibuang.
3. Larutkan kembali sedimen dengan menambhkan PZ , kemudian centrifuge kembali
4. Ambil sedimen 0,5 – 1 ml kemudian letakkan diatas objeck glass dan ditutup dengan cover
glass, lalu amati dibawah mikroskop.
Hasil pemeriksaan :
1) ...................................................................
Ciri-ciri :
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Kesimpulan :
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PENGESAHAN PRAKTIKUM
Tanggal :
Dosen :
Tanda Tangan :
Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
PRAKTIKUM III
Tujuan Pemeriksaan :
Untuk mengetahui cara pembuatan sediaan darah tebal dan tipis untuk diagnosa malaria
Dasar Teori :
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
Prinsip Pemeriksaan :
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Alat praktikum :
1. Autoclik + Jarum
2. Objek glass
3. Pipet tetes
4. Tisuue
5. Kapas kering
6. Objeck glass
Reagensia :
1. Alkohol 70%
Cara Kerja :
A. Pengambilan sampel darah malaria :
1. Ujung jari manis atau jari tengah dibersihkan dengan kapas yang telah dibasahi dengan
alkohol 70%.
2. Ujung jari ditusuk menggunakan autoclik atau blood lancet.
3. Tetesan darah yang pertama dihapus dengan kapas kering.
B. Pembuatan sediaan darah tebal dan sediaan darah tipis :
1. Tetesan darah yang kedua ditempelkan pada bagian tengah objek glass, kemudian dengan
ujung objek glass yang lain tetesan darah tersebut dibuat bulatan dengan cara mengerakkan
ujung objek glass secara berputar sampai terbentuk bulatan dengan garis tengah ± 1 cm.
Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
2. Tetesan darah yang ketiga diletakkan pada ujung objek glass, kemudian dibuat
sediaan darah tipis.
3. Sediaan darah tebal dan sediaan darah tipis dikeringkan pada temperatur kamar..
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2) ...................................................................
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Kesimpulan :
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Penuntun Praktikum Parasitologi-I
Tugas :
PENGESAHAN PRAKTIKUM
Tanggal :
Dosen :
Tanda Tangan : 35
Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
PRAKTIKUM IV
1. PENGECATAN SEDIAAN MALARIA (TETES TEBAL DAN TIPIS)
Tujuan Pemeriksaan :
Untuk mengetahui cara pengecatan sediaan darah tebal dan sediaan tipis untuk diagnosa penyakit
malaria
Dasar Teori :
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
Sampel praktikum : Preparat sediaan darah tebal dan sediaan darah tipis
Alat praktikum :
1. Pipet tetes
2. Beaker glass
3. Rak pewarnaan
4. Tissue
Reagensia :
1. Larutan methanol absolute
2. Cat Giemsa
3. Buffer pH Netral
4. Akuades
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2) ...................................................................
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Penuntun Praktikum Parasitologi-I
Kesimpulan :
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PENGESAHAN PRAKTIKUM
Tanggal:
Dosen:
Tanda Tangan :
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
PRAKTIKUM V
2. PEMERIKSAAN PREPARAT MALARIA (SEDIAAN DARAH TEBAL)
Tanggal Praktikum : ............ ....................................... 20.....
Tujuan Pemeriksaan :
Untuk mengetahui cara diagnosis penyakit malaria secara laboratorium melalui pemeriksaan
darah dengan cara pembuatan sediaan darah tebal
Dasar Teori :
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Sampel praktikum : preparat sediaan darah tebal
Alat praktikum :
1. Mikroskop
2. Kertas lensa
3. Tissue
Reagensia :
1. Oil imersi
Hasil pemeriksaan :
1) ...................................................................
Ciri-ciri :
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Perbesaran 10 x 100
2) ...................................................................
Ciri-ciri :
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Perbesaran 10 x 100
Kesimpulan :
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PENGESAHAN PRAKTIKUM
Tanggal :
Dosen :
Tanda Tangan :
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
PRAKTIKUM III
3. PEMERIKSAAN PREPARAT MALARIA ( SEDIAAN DARAH TIPIS)
Tanggal Praktikum : ............ ....................................... 20.....
Tujuan Pemeriksaan :
Untuk mengetahui cara diagnosis penyakit malaria secara laboratorium melalui pemeriksaan
darah dengan cara pembuatan sediaan darah tipis
Dasar Teori :
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Sampel praktikum : preparat sediaan darah tipis
Alat praktikum :
4. Mikroskop
5. Kertas lensa
6. Tissue
Reagensia :
1. Oil imersi
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Modul Praktikum Parasitologi
Hasil pemeriksaan :
1) ...................................................................
Ciri-ciri :
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Perbesaran 10 x 100
2) ...................................................................
Ciri-ciri :
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Perbesaran 10 x 100
Kesimpulan :
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PENGESAHAN PRAKTIKUM
Tanggal :
Dosen :
Tanda Tangan :
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA