Coby Harmon Beberapa istilah telah disesuaikan dengan SAK Kerangka Konseptual Pelaporan
University of California, Santa Barbara Keuangan, berlaku 1 Januari 2020.
2-1 Westmont College
Kerangka Konseptual dalam BAB 2
Pelaporan Keuangan
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda diharapkan mampu untuk:
1. Menjelaskan kegunaan 3. Melakukan reviu mengenai
kerangka konseptual dan tujuan asumsi-asumsi dalam
pelaporan keuangan. akuntansi.
2. Mengetahui karakteristik 4. Menjelaskan penerapan
kualitatif informasi akuntansi prinsip dasar akuntansi.
dan elemen dasar laporan
keuangan.
2-2
PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 2
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS 3rd Edition
2-3
Kieso ● Weygandt ● Warfield
Tujuan Pembelajaran 1
Kerangka Konseptual Menjelaskan kegunaan
kerangla konseptual dan
tujuan pelaporan keuangan.
2-4 LO 1
Kerangka Konseptual
Tiga Level:
Level Satu = Tujuan Pelaporan Keuangan
2-6 LO 1
ASUMSI PRINSIP PEMBATASAN
1. Entitas ekonomi 1. Pengukuran 1. Biaya
2. Kelangsungan 2. Pengakuan
usaha pendapatan
3. Unit moneter
3. Pengakuan beban Level Tiga
4. Periodesitas “bagaimana"—
4. Pengungkapan penuh implementasi
5. Akrual
KARAKTERISTIK
KUALITATIF ELEMEN
1. Kualitas 1. Aset
fundamental 2. Liabilitas
3. Ekuiti Level Dua
2. Kualitas
peningkat 4. Penghasilan Jembatan (bridge)
5. Beban antara level satu
dan tiga
TUJUAN
Memberikan informasi
mengenai pelaporan
entitas yang berguna
bagi investor saat ini
ILLUSTRATION 2.7 dan investor potensial, Level Satu
pemberi pinjaman,
Kerangka Konseptual untuk dan kreditur lainnya “mengapa"—
Pelaporan Keuangan dalam kapasitas
sebagai penyedia
tujuan akuntansi
modal.
2-7
ASSUMPTIONS PRINCIPLES CONSTRAINTS
1. Economic entity 1. Measurement 1. Cost
2. Going concern 2. Revenue recognition
3. Monetary unit 3. Expense recognition
Third level
4. Periodicity 4. Full disclosure The "how"—
5. Accrual implementation
QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS ELEMENTS
1. Fundamental 1. Assets
qualities 2. Liabilities
3. Equity Second level
2. Enhancing
qualities 4. Income Bridge between
5. Expenses levels 1 and 3
OBJECTIVE
Provide information about the
reporting
entity that is useful
to present and potential
ILLUSTRATION 2.7 equity investors, First level
lenders, and other
Conceptual Framework for The "why"—
creditors in their
Financial Reporting capacity as capital purpose
providers.
of accounting
2-8
Tujuan Dasar
2-9 LO 1
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN 2
Konsep Dasar Mengetahui karakteristik
kualitatif dari informasi
akuntansi dan elemen laporan
Karakteristik Kualitatif dari keuangan.
Informasi Akuntansi
2-10 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
ILLUSTRATION 2.2
Hierarchy of Accounting
Qualities
2-11 LO 2
Relevance
ILLUSTRATION 2.7
Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting
2-12 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
Kualitas Fundamental—Relevan
2-13 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
Kualitas Fundamental—Relevan
Kualitas Fundamental—Relevan
2-15 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
Kualitas Fundamental—Relevan
ILLUSTRATION 2.7
Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting
2-17 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
2-18 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
2-19 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
2-21 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
Kualitas Peningkat
Informasi yang diukur dan dilaporkan dengan cara yang sama untuk
perusahaan yang berbeda dianggap memiliki keterbandingan.
2-22 LO 2
Karakteristik Kualitatif
Kualitas Peningkat
Kualitas Peningkat
Kualitas Peningkat
ILLUSTRATION 2.7
Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting
2-26 LO 2
Unsur-Unsur Dasar
Unsur-Unsur Laporan Keuangan
Penghasilan
Beban
2-27 LO 2
Unsur-Unsur Dasar
Unsur-Unsur Laporan Keuangan
Aset
Kewajiban kini entitas yang timbul dari
peristiwa masa lalu, yang
Liabilitas
penyelesaiannya diharapkan
mengakibatkan arus keluar sumber daya
Ekuitas entitas yang mengandung manfaat
ekonomi.
Penghasilan
Beban
2-28 LO 2
Unsur-Unsur Dasar
Unsur-Unsur Laporan Keuangan
Aset
Liabilitas
Penghasilan
Beban
2-29 LO 2
Unsur-Unsur Dasar
Unsur-Unsur Laporan Keuangan
Aset
Liabilitas
Aset
Liabilitas
2-34
Keterbandingan
LO 2
Konsep Pengakuan, Tujuan Pembelajaran 3
Meninjau ulang asumsi
Pengukuran, dan dasar akuntansi.
Pengungkapan
ILLUSTRATION 2.7
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
2-35 LO 3
Asumsi
Prinsip Pengukuran
Biaya Historis umumnya dianggap sebagai representasi
tepat dari jumlah yang dibayarkan untuk item tertentu.
Prinsip Pengukuran
IASB menetapkan hierarki nilai wajar yang memberikan gambaran mengenai
prioritas teknik penilaian yang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai wajar.
ILLUSTRATION 2.4
2-39 LO 4
Prinsip Dasar Akuntansi
2-40 LO 4
Prinsip Dasar
Akuntansi
Ilustrasi: Asumsikan
Airbus (DEU)
menandatangani
kontrak untuk menjual
pesawat ke British
Airways (GRB) seharga
€100 juta. Untuk
menentukan kapan
harus mengakui
pendapatan, Airbus
menggunakan lima
langkah untuk
pengakuan pendapatan
sebagaiman tersaji di
sebelah kanan.
ILLUSTRATION 2.5
2-41 The Five Steps of
Revenue Recognition
Prinsip Dasar Akuntansi
ILLUSTRATION 2.6
Expense Recognition Procedures for Product and Period Costs
2-42 LO 4
Prinsip Dasar Akuntansi
Tersaji melalui:
Laporan Keuangan
Informasi tambahan
2-43 LO 4
Prinsip Dasar Akuntansi
BE2-9: Identifikasi prinsip dasar akuntansi mana yang
paling baik dijelaskan dalam setiap item di bawah ini!.
(a) Parmalat (ITA) melaporkan pendapatan dalam Revenue
laporan laba ruginya saat mengirimkan barang, Recognition
bukan saat uang tunai diterima.
(b) Google (USA) mengakui beban penyusutan untuk Expense
mesin selama periode 2 tahun di mana mesin itu Recognition
membantu perusahaan memperoleh pendapatan.
(c) KC Corp. (USA) melaporkan informasi tentang Full
tuntutan hukum yang tertunda dalam catatan atas Disclosure
laporan keuangannya.
(d) Fuji Film (JPN) melaporkan tanah pada laporan
posisi keuangannya sebesar jumlah yang Measurement
dibayarkan untuk memperolehnya, meskipun
2-44 estimasi nilai pasar wajarnya lebih besar. LO 4
Hambatan Biaya
2-45 LO 4
Hambatan Biaya
2-46 LO 4
Hambatan Biaya
2-47 LO 4
Summary of
the Structure
ILLUSTRATION 2.7
Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting
2-48 LO 2
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
2-49
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
Compare the conceptual frameworks underlying IFRS and U.S. GAAP.
The IASB and the FASB originally planned to develop a common conceptual
framework. The Boards converged on two subjects: Objectives of Financial
Reporting and Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information. However,
the IASB decided it was important to move forward and complete other parts
of the conceptual framework. The FASB did not join in on this eff ort although it
now appears likely it will start soon on adding to and modifying its existing
conceptual framework as well.
2-50 LO 5
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
Relevant Facts
Following are the key similarities and differences between U.S. GAAP and
IFRS related to the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.
Similarities
• In 2010, the IASB and FASB completed the first phase of a jointly created
conceptual framework. In this first phase, they agreed on the objective of
financial reporting and a common set of desired qualitative characteristics.
These were presented in the Chapter 2 discussion. Note that prior to this
converged phase, the Conceptual Framework gave more emphasis to the
objective of providing information on management’s performance
(stewardship).
2-51 LO 5
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
Relevant Facts
Similarities
• The existing conceptual frameworks underlying U.S. GAAP and IFRS are
very similar. That is, they are organized in a similar manner (objective,
elements, qualitative characteristics, etc.). There is no real need to change
many aspects of the existing frameworks other than to converge different
ways of discussing essentially the same concepts.
• Both the IASB and FASB have similar measurement principles, based on
historical cost and fair value. In 2011, the Boards issued a converged
standard on fair value measurement so that the definition of fair value,
measurement techniques, and disclosures are the same between U.S.
GAAP and IFRS when fair value is used in financial statements.
2-52 LO 5
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
Relevant Facts
Differences
• Although both U.S. GAAP and IFRS are increasing the use of fair value to
report assets, at this point IFRS has adopted it more broadly. As examples,
under IFRS, companies can apply fair value to property, plant, and
equipment; natural resources; and, in some cases, intangible assets.
• U.S. GAAP has a concept statement to guide estimation of fair values when
market-related data is not available (Statement of Financial Accounting
Concepts No. 7, “Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in
Accounting”). The IASB has not issued a similar concept statement; it has
issued a fair value standard (IFRS 13) that is converged with U.S. GAAP.
2-53 LO 5
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
Relevant Facts
Differences
• The monetary unit assumption is part of each framework. However, the unit
of measure will vary depending on the currency used in the country in which
the company is incorporated (e.g., Chinese yuan, Japanese yen, and British
pound).
• The economic entity assumption is also part of each framework although
some cultural differences result in differences in its application. For
example, in Japan many companies have formed alliances that are so
strong that they act similar to related corporate divisions although they are
not actually part of the same company.
2-54 LO 5
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
2-55 LO 5
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
On the Horizon
The IASB and the FASB face a difficult task in attempting to update, modify,
and complete a converged conceptual framework. There are many challenging
issues to overcome. For example, how do we trade off characteristics such as
highly relevant information that is difficult to verify? How do we define control
when we are developing a definition of an asset? Is a liability the future
sacrifice itself or the obligation to make the sacrifice? Should a single
measurement method, such as historical cost or fair value, be used, or does it
depend on whether it is an asset or liability that is being measured? We are
optimistic that the new converged conceptual framework will be a significant
improvement over its predecessors and will lead to standards that will help
financial statement users to make better decisions.
2-56 LO 5
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
2-57