Pedoman terbaru dari Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2019 tahap
pengobatan asma berdasarkan kontrol gejala, dimulai dengan kortikosteroid
inhalasi dosis rendah (ICS)-formoterol yang diperlukan [6]. Jika gejala tidak
terkontrol ada peningkatan langkah-bijaksana dalam dosis ICS ± antagonis
reseptor leukotriene / antimuskarinik dan pada langkah pengobatan yang
paling parah penambahan terapi biologis [6]. Pada pasien dengan asma
resisten kortikosteroid, sekarang ada bukti yang baik untuk kemanjuran terapi
anti-IgE untuk subkelompok pasien dengan asma alergi berat dan untuk terapi
anti-IL5 untuk subkelompok dengan asma eosinofilik [6].
TCM telah dipraktikkan di Cina, Jepang, Korea, dan Thailand selama lebih
dari dua ribu tahun, meskipun nama di setiap negara dapat berbeda dan
semakin dikenal dan dipraktikkan di bagian lain dunia. Salah satu alasan
utama popularitas TCM adalah keyakinan bahwa sebagian besar obat-obatan
herbal yang berasal dari 'alami' tidak berbahaya dan tidak menimbulkan efek
samping [7]. Ini, tentu saja, adalah penyederhanaan yang berlebihan, karena
banyak tanaman, seperti poison ivy, sebenarnya cukup beracun. Dalam versi
terbaru dari International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), WHO
juga telah memasukkan dasar diagnostik TCM berdasarkan pola gejala.
Namun, bukti dari uji klinis acak (RCT) masih diperlukan untuk menunjukkan
kemanjuran TCM.
Background
Acute bronchitis is one of the most frequent pediatric diseases and has high
prevalence for in- and outpatient care. Acute bronchitis is mainly a viral-
caused infection, but a high and inappropriate use of antibiotics has been
demonstrated in many countries. As CAM therapies might reduce the use of
antibiotics and can complement conventional therapies in children, they could
be an appropriate treatment option.
Metode Pencarian literatur sistematis dilakukan dengan menggunakan basis data umum dan
komplementer dan pengobatan alternatif (CAM)-spesifik. Istilah pencarian termasuk 65
definisi terkait CAM diterapkan.
Results
Literature search revealed 309 articles, whereby 18 articles hit search criteria.
These clinical trials were subgrouped into the categories herbal
medicine, anthroposophic medicine and homeopathy. The most often studied
approaches are herbal remedies, in particular the Pelargonium sidoides
extract, EPs® 7630. Its efficacy was demonstrated in three placebo-controlled
trials and two observational studies. Anthroposophic approaches (mainly
ribwort-containing remedies) were investigated in two controlled trials and
three observational studies. Two studies were found investigating the
homeopathic remedies Monapax® and Droperteel®.
Conclusion
Study results indicate a favorable effect of investigated CAM approaches.
However, only three of 18 studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs),
so a reliable statement on effectiveness was not possible and further RCTs
are indispensable.
Section snippets
Background
Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases in pediatrics and is one
of the main reasons for a doctor’s consultation as well as admission to
hospital.1 Due to its high frequency, acute bronchitis ranks among the most
costly children’s conditions in western countries.2 The disease can range from
mild to severe and is characterized by symptoms such as coughing and
respiratory rales. Fever and dyspnea can also be possible symptoms.3 Acute
bronchitis is mostly a viral-caused inflammation of
Methods
Research and writing was conducted according to the PRISMA protocol.24 The
PRISMA checklist has been taken into account wherever possible
(supplemental data 1.)
Results
The online database screening revealed a variety of CAM-associated
therapies for bronchitis in children. After removal of duplicates, 309 articles
met search criteria; among these 19 clinical trials investigating CAM therapies
were identified. The content of residual articles did not correlate to the
research question and its terms. The most common reason for exclusion was
investigation of therapies in an adult cohort, study of diseases other than
bronchitis or studies dealing with conventional
Discussion
Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases in pediatrics in western
countries. Conventional medicine offers hardly any therapeutic options to cure
symptoms and remains mainly restricted to inhalation with sodium chloride
(0.9 %) and application of β2 agonists (e.g. salbutamol) in case of obstruction.
As a mostly viral-caused infection the treatment with antibiotics is not
effective. Nevertheless, an overuse and unnecessary prescription practice has
been stated.7., 8., 9., 10., 11
Conclusion
Literature revealed promising results for several CAM-based therapy
approaches indicated for acute bronchitis in children. Still, an evidence-based
statement on effectiveness remains limited to RCTs, which have only been
found for the herbal preparation EPs® 7630 and the homeopathic
remedy Monapax®·. Thus, further randomized placebo-controlled trials are
required to estimate effectiveness and safety, as well as reduction in antibiotic
use, of CAM therapies.
Acknowledgement
We thank the Mahle Foundation and Christophorus Foundation for their
financial support.