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Tim Penyusun:
Prof Dr Ir Nurjanah, MS
Taufik Hidayat, SPi, MSi
Asadatun Abdullah, SPi, MSM, MSi
C.02/02.2017
Judul Buku:
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Industri Hasil Perairan
Penuntun Praktikum
Penulis:
Prof Dr Ir Nurjanah, MS
Taufik Hidayat, SPi, MSi
Asadatun Abdullah, SPi, MSM, MSi
Editor:
Hans Baihaqi
Ryan Fachrozan
Desain Sampul & Penata Isi:
Ardhya Pratama
Korektor:
Bayu Nugraha
Jumlah Halaman:
80 + 10 halaman romawi
Edisi/Cetakan:
Cetakan 1, September 2014
Cetakan 2, Februari 2017
ISBN: 978-979-493-685-6
Nama :.................................................................................................
NIM : ................................................................................................
Kelompok : ................................................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................73
RIWAYAT PENULIS............................................................................77
Kata Pengantar
Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah Swt. atas karunia-Nya yang diberikan kepada tim
penyusun sehingga dapat menyelesaikan Penuntun Praktikum Pengetahuan
Bahan Baku Industri Hasil Perairan. Penuntun praktikum ini disusun sesuai
dengan kompetensi dan cakupan yang harus ditempuh oleh mahasiswa dalam
menyelesaikan studinya pada mata kuliah Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Industri
Hasil Perairan.
Penuntun praktikum ini digunakan untuk membantu jalannya praktikum,
baik untuk praktikan maupun untuk asisten yang mendampinginya. Penuntun
praktikum ini diharapkan dapat memberikan panduan yang memudahkan
terlaksananya praktikum serta pembelajaran yang berarti mahasiswa dapat
mengaplikasikan keterampilannya di laboratorium maupun di perusahaan dan
lapangan.
Penyusun mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu
dalam proses penyusunan penuntun praktikum Pengetahuan Bahan Baku
Industri Hasil Perairan. Kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat kami harapkan
untuk kesempurnaan penuntun praktikum Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Industri
Hasil Perairan edisi berikutnya. Jika terdapat kesalahan dalam penulisan pustaka,
pengutipan karya, dan kesalahan signifikan lainnya kami mohon maaf yang
sebesar-besarnya.
Tim Penyusun
Komoditi Perikanan Pengetahuan
Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Ikan Nila
Ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) merupakan ikan air tawar yang termasuk dalam
famili Cichlidae dan merupakan ikan asal Afrika. Ikan nila umumnya hidup
di perairan tawar, seperti sungai, danau, waduk, rawa, sawah, dan saluran irigasi.
Ikan nila berasal dari Sungai Nil dan danau-danau sekitar sungai Nil, sekarang
ikan ini telah tersebar ke negara-negara di lima benua yang beriklim tropis dan
subtropis. Ikan nila dapat hidup dengan kondisi lingkungan yang memiliki
toleransi tinggi terhadap kualitas air yang rendah dan mempunyai kelebihan,
yaitu dapat hidup normal dihabitat ikan jenis lain tidak dapat hidup. Ikan nila
dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik pada lingkungan perairan dengan
kadar Dissolved Oxygen (DO) antara 2,0–2,5 mg/l. Secara umum, nilai pH air
pada budidaya ikan nila antara 5–10, namun nilai pH optimum berkisar 6–9.
Ikan nila dikenal sebagai ikan yang bersifat euryhaline (dapat hidup pada kisaran
salinitas yang lebar).
Morfologi ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) menurut Saanin (1968), mempunyai
ciri-ciri bentuk tubuh bulat pipih, punggung lebih tinggi, pada badan dan sirip
ekor (caudal fin) ditemukan garis lurus (vertikal). Nila memiliki lima sirip, yaitu
satu sirip punggung (dorsal fin), sepasang sirip dada (pectoral fin), sepasang sirip
perut (venteral fin), sepasang sirip anal (anal fin), dan satu sirip ekor (caudal fin).
Pada sirip punggung, ditemukan garis lurus memanjang. Ikan Nila (Oreochormis
niloticus) dapat hidup diperairan tawar dan mereka menggunakan ekor untuk
bergerak, sirip perut, sirip dada, dan penutup insang yang keras untuk mendukung
badannya.
Menurut Saanin (1984), ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) mempunyai klasifikasi
sebagai berikut:
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Chordata
Kelas : Osteichthyes
Subkelas : Actinopterygii
Ordo : Percomorphi
Sub-ordo : Percoidea
Famili : Cichlidae
Genus : Oreochromis
Spesies : Oreochromis niloticus
Pertumbuhan ikan nila dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor internal dan
faktor eksternal. Faktor internal adalah faktor yang berasal dari dalam tubuh,
beberapa yang termasuk faktor internal di antaranya keturunan, umur, ketahan
tubuh, serta kemampuan mencerna makanan faktor eksternal, yaitu faktor-faktor
yang berasal dari luar tubuh ikan. Beberapa yang termasuk faktor eksternal antara
lain jumlah makanan dan jumlah populasi. Pakan ikan berperan penting pada
pertumbuhan ikan nila, sekarang pakan ikan mengalami inovasi yaitu dengan
memberikan pakan maggot (Hermetia illucens) berbasis limbah rumah tangga.
Maggot adalah larva lalat (Hermetia illucens) yang dibudidayakan secara masal.
Maggot mempunyai kualitas yang cukup baik. Maggot mengandung protein,
lemak, serat kasar, dan BETN berturut-turut sebesar 45,01; 16,78; 21,97; dan
0,15% dalam bobot kering. Maggot berasal dari telur lalat yang mengalami
metamorfosis pada fase kedua setelah fase telur dan sebelum fase pupa yang
kemudian berubah menjadi lalat dewasa. Menurut penelitian Adanitri (2017),
ikan nila yang diberikan pakan maggot memiliki kandungan kimia, yaitu
kadar air 79,16%; kadar lemak 1,87%; kadar protein 16,53%; dan kadar abu
1,23%. Ketersediaan pakan yang baik bagi pertumbuhan ikan nila harus mampu
memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi ikan. Aspek kebutuhan gizi pada ikan sama dengan
makhluk lain yang berperan dalam proses fisiologis dan biokimia aktivitas harian,
mencakup (O-fish 2007).
2
Komoditi Perikanan Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Ikan nilai bernilai ekonomis dan dapat diolah menjadi keripik ikan nila, bakso
nila, nugget nila, dan kolagen dari kulit ikan nila. Ikan nila dimanfaatkan
menjadi makanan berupa keripik ikan nila. Keripik ikan nila yang berasal dari
Klaten didirikan oleh Poklahsar (Kelompok pengolahan dan pasar) nila lestari.
Tidak hanya keripik ikan nila, nila lestari juga memproduksi pepes nila dan
bakso nila. Makanan ini digunakan sebagai oleh-oleh khas Klaten dengan harga
Rp85.000,-/kg. Kolagen merupakan protein struktural yang menyumbang
sekitar seperempat dari semua protein dalam tubuh. HAl ini merupakan unsur
utama jaringan ikat, tendon, kulit, tulang, tulang rawan, pembuluh darah, dan
membran sel. Kolagen yang terkandung dalam kulit ikan nila dikembangkan
menjadi obat oles semacam salep alami yang dapat mempercepat penyembuhan
luka.
3
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Rumput Laut
Rumput laut merupakan makroalga yang termasuk dalam divisi Thallophyta,
yaitu tumbuhan yang mempunyai struktur kerangka tubuh yang terdiri atas
batang/thalus dan tidak memiliki daun serta akar. Jenis rumput laut yang
banyak terdapat di perairan Indonesia, yaitu Gracilaria, Gelidium, Eucheuma,
Hypnea, Sargasum, dan Tubrinaria. Dari beragam jenis rumput laut tersebut
yang dibudidayakan, dikembangkan, dan diperdagangkan secara luas di
Indonesia adalah jenis karaginofit, (di atarannya Eucheuma spinosium, Eucheuma
edule, Eeucheuma serra, Eucheuma cottonii, dan Eucheuma spp.), agarofit
(Gracilaria spp, Gelidium spp., dan Gelidiella spp.), serta alginofit
(Sargassum spp, laminaria spp, ascophyllum spp. dan macrocystis spp.) yang
merupakan bahan baku berbagai industri karena merupakan sumber keraginan
(tepung rumput laut), agar-agar dan alginate.
Rumput laut dari segi morfologinya tidak memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan
antara akar, batang, dan daun. Secara keseluruhan, tanaman ini mempunyai
morfologi yang mirip, walaupun sebenarnya berbeda. Bentuk-bentuk tersebut
sebenarnya hanyalah thallus belaka. Bentuk thallus rumput laut ada bermacam-
macam, antara lain bulat, seperti tabung, pipih, gepeng, dan bulat, seperti
kantong dan rambut dan sebagainya (Aslan 1998). Thallophyta adalah tanaman
yang morfologinya hanya terdiri atas thallus, tanaman ini tidak mempunyai akar,
batang, dan daun sejati. Fungsi ketiga bagian tersebut digantikan oleh thallus.
Tiga kelas utama rumput laut dari thallophyta adalah Rhodophyceae (ganggang
4
Komoditi Perikanan Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
5
Penilaian Tingkat Kesegaran Ikan
(Uji Organoleptik) dan Rendemen
Pendahuluan
Ikan yang baik adalah ikan yang masih segar. Ikan segar adalah ikan yang
mempunyai sifat sama seperti ikan hidup, baik rupa, bau, rasa, maupun teksturnya.
Definisi ikan segar menurut SNI 01-2729.1-2006 adalah produk hasil perikanan
dengan bahan baku ikan yang mengalami perlakuan sebagai berikut: penerimaan,
pencucian, penyiangan atau tanpa penyiangan, penimbangan, pendinginan, dan
pengepakan (BSN 2006). Ikan segar juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
1. Ikan yang baru saja ditangkap dan belum mengalami proses pengawetan
maupun pengolahan lebih lanjut.
2. Ikan yang belum mengalami perubahan fisika maupun kimia atau yang
masih mempunyai sifat sama ketika ditangkap.
Ikan segar dapat diperoleh jika penanganan dan sanitasi yang baik, semakin
lama ikan dibiarkan setelah ditangkap tanpa penanganan yang baik akan
menurunkan kesegarannya. Mutu ikan segar ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor,
yaitu faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal misalnya jenis/spesies, fase/
umur, dan komposisi kimia sedangkan faktor eksternal, yaitu cara penangkapan
ikan, penanganan, dan berbagai faktor lainnya, yaitu mulai dari pelelangan,
pengepakan, pengangkutan, dan penyimpanan. Kesegaran adalah tolok
ukur untuk membedakan ikan yang kualitasnya baik dan tidak. Berdasarkan
kesegarannya ikan dapat dibedakan menjadi empat kelas mutu, yaitu ikan yang
kesegarannya sangat baik (prima), ikan yang kesegarannya baik (advanced), ikan
yang kesegarannya mundur (sedang), dan ikan yang sudah tidak segar (busuk).
Proses yang dialami ikan setelah mati (postmortem), yaitu fase prerigor, rigormortis,
postrigor, dan pembusukan.
Pengujian ini bertujuan menentukan tingkat kesegaran ikan secara organoleptic
dan melihat adanya perbedaan karakteristik pada kondisi ikan yang berbeda.
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Prosedur Kerja
Persiapan sampel
Ikan air tawar hidup diklasifikasi berdasarkan ukuran dan jenis kelamin. Beberapa
ikan segera dimatikan dan diukur morfometriknya. Ikan yang digunakan untuk
penilaian organoleptik diberikan perlakuan cara mati (mati segera, mati perlahan)
dan penyiangan (penyiangan, tanpa penyiangan). Setiap sampel ikan yang akan
diuji diberi kode untuk membedakan sampel ikan yang satu dengan yang lainnya
dan ikan disimpan di suhu ruang. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian organoleptik
dengan scoresheet untuk standar penilaian pada fase prerigor pengamatan
dilakukan setiap 1 jam, fase rigormortis setiap 4 jam hingga ikan postrigor awal.
Fase postrigor diamati setiap 1 jam sampai ikan busuk. Semua proses dilakukan
dengan menerapkan prinsip C3Q (clean, cool, careful, quick). Dalam pelaksanaan
praktikum mulai dari pengambilan ikan/tangkap/panen, pengangkutan,
penanganan/preparasi selalu dilakukan dalam keadaan suhu dingin (0–4 °C,
bersih baik wadah/alat yang digunakan maupun manusia yang terlibat (sanitasi
dan hygiene) yang terjamin. Semua peralatan yang digunakan sebelum, selama,
dan setelah proses harus dibersihkan. Proses harus dilakukakan segera (quick),
tidak bisa ditunda atas alasan apapun. Diagram alir prosedur kerja dapat dilihat
pada Gambar 1.
8
Penilaian Tingkat Kesegaran Ikan (Uji Organoleptik) dan Rendemen
Rendemen
Ikan ditimbang berat utuhnya terlebih dahulu sebelum dipreparasi. Ikan tersebut
diberi batas antara kepala dengan perut, dipotong sampai mencapai batas perut,
kemudian pisahkan antara kulit, daging, dan jeroannya. Berat masing-masing
bagian ditimbang. Kemudian hitung rendemen dengan rumus sebagai berikut:
bobot bagian (g)
Rendemen bagian (%) = x 100%
Bobot ikan utuh (g)
9
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
10
Penilaian Tingkat Kesegaran Ikan (Uji Organoleptik) dan Rendemen
Kode Contoh
Spesifikasi Nilai
1 2 3 4 5
• Warna merah coklat, lendir tebal. 3
• Warna merah coklat ada sedikit putih,
1
lendir tebal.
3 Lendir Permukaan Badan
• Lapisan lendir jernih, transparan,
9
mengkilat cerah.
• Lapisan lendir jernih, transparan, cerah,
8
belum ada perubahan warna.
• Lapisan lendir mulai agak keruh, warna
7
agak putih, kurang transparan.
• Lapisan lendir mulai keruh, warna putih
6
agak kusam, kurang transparan.
• Lendir tebal menggumpal, mulai berubah
5
warna putih, keruh.
• Lendir tebal menggumpal, berwarna putih
3
kuning.
• Lendir tebal menggumpal, warna kuning
1
kecoklatan.
Kode Contoh
Spesifikasi Nilai
1 2 3 4 5
2 Daging (warna dan kenampakan).
• Sayatan daging sangat cemerlang, spesifik
jenis, tidak ada pemerahan sepanjang tulang 9
belakang, dinding perut daging utuh.
• Sayatan daging cemerlang spesifik jenis,
tidak ada pemerahan sepanjang tulang 8
belakang, dinding perut utuh.
• Sayatan daging sedikit kurang cemerlang,
spesifik jenis, tidak ada pemerahan
7
sepanjang tulang belakang, dinding perut
daging utuh.
• Sayatan daging mulai pudar, banyak
pemerahan sepanjang tulang belakang, 5
dinding perut agak lunak.
11
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Kode Contoh
Spesifikasi Nilai
1 2 3 4 5
• Sayatan daging kusam, warna merah jelas
sekali sepanjang tulang belakang, dinding 3
perut lunak.
• Sayatan daging kusam sekali, warna merah
jelas sekali sepanjang tulang belakang, 1
dinding perut sangat lunak.
3 Bau
• Bau sangat segar, spesifik jenis. 9
• Segar, spesifik jenis. 8
• Netral. 7
• Bau amoniak mulai tercium, sedikit bau
5
asam.
• Bau amoniak kuat, ada bau H2S, bau asam
3
jelas dan busuk.
• Bau busuk jelas. 1
4 Tekstur
• Padat, elastis bila ditekan dengan jari, sulit
9
menyobek daging dari tulang belakang.
• Agak padat, elastis bila ditekan dengan
jari, sulit menyobek daging dari tulang 8
belakang.
• Agak padat, agak elastis bila ditekan
dengan jari, sulit menyobek daging dari 7
tulang belakang.
• Agak lunak, kurang elastis bila ditekan
dengan jari, agak mudah menyobek daging 5
dari tulang belakang.
• Lunak, bekas jari terlihat bila ditekan,
mudah menyobek daging dari tulang 3
belakang.
• Sangat lunak, bekas jari tidak hilang bila
ditekan, mudah sekali menyobek daging 1
dari tulang belakang.
12
Penilaian Tingkat Kesegaran Ikan (Uji Organoleptik) dan Rendemen
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13
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Rendemen
Tabel 2 Rendemen ikan …….……… (…………. ………)
Paramater/Berat Berat (g) Rendemen (%)
Ikan utuh …………. ………….
Daging …………. ………….
Kepala, tulang, sirip …………. ………….
Jeroan …………. ………….
Kulit
…………. ………….
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Penilaian Tingkat Kesegaran Ikan (Uji Organoleptik) dan Rendemen
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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16
Penentuan Komposisi Kimia
(Analisis Proksimat)
Pendahuluan
Analisis proksimat merupakan suatu analisis yang dilakukan untuk memprediksi
komposisi kimia atau kandungan gizi suatu bahan. Kandungan gizi antara bahan
baku berbeda-beda tergantung dari jenis bahan baku, habitat dan fase serta umur
bahan baku tersebut. Zat gizi merupakan senyawa kimia yang sangat dibutuhkan
dalam tubuh. Zat gizi berperan dalam penyediaan energi, proses pertumbuhan,
perbaikan jaringan, pengaturan serta pemeliharaan proses fisiologis dan
biokimiawi di dalam tubuh. Zat gizi diklasifikasikan dalam 6 kelompok besar,
yaitu karbohidrat, protein, lemak, vitamin, mineral, dan air (Winarno 2008).
Komponen non gizi merupakan komponen selain gizi. Berbeda dengan komponen
gizi, jika kekurangan komponen non gizi tidak menyebabkan kekurangan gizi.
Kekurangan komponen non gizi dapat mengganggu kelancaran proses fisiologis
dalam tubuh, yaitu proses pencernaan (Gunawan 2002). Kelancaran proses
pencernaan merupakan hal yang diinginkan. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan
komponen non gizi dalam tubuh juga diperlukan.
Praktikum ini dilakukan untuk menentukan komposisi kimia beberapa biota hasil
perairan, baik fauna maupun flora, misalnya ikan, krustase, moluska, mamalia
air, dan tanaman air.
tabung Soxhlet, penangas air, labu Kjeldahl, alat destilasi, labu erlenmeyer, buret,
pipet volumetrik, dan gelas ukur.
Prosedur Kerja
Analisis proksimat yang dilakukan meliputi uji kadar air, protein, lemak dan abu.
Kadar karbohidrat ditentukan secara by difference. Penentuan komposisi kimia
tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan AOAC (2005).
Kadar air
Air merupakan komponen dasar dari bahan makanan terutama hasil perikanan.
Kandungan air pada tumbuhan dapat mencapai 85%–98%. Kandungan air dalam
bahan makanan ikut menentukan daya terima, kesegaran, dan daya simpan bahan
tersebut. Buah dan sayuran merupakan bahan pangan yang kandungan airnya
cukup tinggi. Hal ini membuat buah dan sayuran memberikan efek rasa segar
ketika dikonsumsi. Air dalam tubuh berfungsi sebagai pelarut dan alat angkut
zat-zat gizi, terutama vitamin larut air dan mineral.
Tahap pertama yang dilakukan untuk menganalisis kadar air adalah mengeringkan
cawan porselen dalam oven pada suhu 105oC selama 1 jam. Cawan tersebut
diletakkan ke dalam desikator (kurang lebih 15 menit) kemudian ditimbang.
Sampel sebanyak 5 gram dimasukkan ke dalam cawan tersebut, kemudian
dikeringkan dengan oven pada suhu 105oC selama 5 jam atau hingga beratnya
konstan. Cawan tersebut kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam desikator dan
selanjutnya ditimbang sampai diperoleh berat konstan.
Perhitungan kadar air :
Kehilangan berat (g) = berat sampel awal (g) - berat setelah dikeringkan (g)
Kehilangan berat (g)
Kadar air (berat basah) = x 100%
Berat sampel awal (g)
Kadar lemak
Lemak merupakan zat yang penting dan merupakan sumber energi yang lebih
efektif bagi tubuh dibandingkan karbohidrat dan protein. Lemak memberi cita
rasa dan memperbaiki tekstur pada makanan juga sebagai sumber pelarut bagi
vitamin A, D, E, dan K.
18
Penentuan Komposisi Kimia (Uji Proksimat)
Contoh seberat 5 gram (W1) dimasukkan ke dalam kertas saring pada kedua
ujung bungkus ditutup dengan kapas bebas lemak dan selanjutnya dimasukkan
ke dalam selongsong lemak, kemudian sampel yang telah dibungkus dimasukkan
ke dalam labu lemak yang sudah ditimbang beratnya (W2) dan disambungkan
dengan tabung Soxhlet. Selongsong lemak dimasukkan ke dalam ruang ekstraktor
tabung Soxhlet dan disiram dengan pelarut lemak (n-heksana p.a.). Kemudian
dilakukan refluks selama 6 jam. Pelarut lemak yang ada dalam labu lemak
didestilasi hingga semua pelarut lemak menguap. Pada saat destilasi, pelarut akan
tertampung di ruang ekstraktor, pelarut dikeluarkan sehingga tidak kembali ke
dalam labu lemak, selanjutnya labu lemak dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu
105oC, setelah itu labu dimasukkan dalam desikator sampai beratnya konstan
(W3).
Perhitungan kadar lemak:
W3 - W2
% Kadar lemak = x 100%
W1
Keterangan:
W1 = Berat sampel (g)
W2 = Berat labu lemak kosong (g)
W3 = Berat labu lemak dengan lemak (g)
Kadar protein
Protein merupakan suatu zat makanan yang penting bagi tubuh karena berfungsi
sebagai zat pembangun dan pengatur serta sebagai bahan bakar dalam tubuh.
Protein adalah sumber asam-asam amino yang mengandung unsur C, H, O,
dan N yang tidak dimiliki oleh lemak dan karbohidrat. Tubuh membutuhkan
asam amino essensial yang tidak dapat diproduksi oleh tubuh dan hanya bisa
didapatkan melalui makanan yang dikonsumsi sehari-hari.
Tahap-tahap yang dilakukan dalam analisis protein terdiri dari tiga tahap, yaitu
destruksi, destilasi, dan titrasi. Pengukuran kadar protein dilakukan dengan
metode Kjeldahl. Sampel ditimbang sebanyak 2 gram, kemudian dimasukkan ke
dalam labu Kjeldahl 50 mL, lalu ditambahkan 7 g K2SO4, kjeltab 0,005 g jenis
HgO dan 15 mL H2SO4 pekat dan 10 mL H2O2 ditambahkan secara perlahan
ke dalam labu dan didiamkan 10 menit di ruang asam. Contoh didestruksi pada
suhu 410oC selama kurang lebih 2 jam atau sampai cairan berwarna hijau bening.
19
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Labu Kjeldahl dicuci dengan akuades 50 hingga 75 mL, kemudian air tersebut
dimasukkan ke dalam alat destilasi. Hasil destilasi ditampung dalam Erlenmeyer
125 mL yang berisi 25 mL asam borat (H3BO3) 4% yang mengandung indikator
bromcherosol green 0,10% dan methyl red 0,10% dengan perbandingan 2:1.
Destilasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan 50 mL larutan NaOH-Na2S2O3 ke
dalam alat destilasi hingga tertampung 100–150 mL destilat di dalam erlenmeyer
dengan hasil destilat berwarna hijau. Lalu destilat dititrasi dengan HCl 0,1 N
sampai terjadi perubahan warna merah muda yang pertama kalinya. Volume
titran dibaca dan dicatat. Larutan blanko dianalisis seperti contoh.
Kadar protein dihitung dengan rumus sebagai berikut:
(ml HCl-ml blanko)×N HCl×14,007
%N= x 100%
mg contoh
% Kadar Protein =% N× faktor konversi*
*) Faktor Konversi = 6,25
Nilai N yang terukur merupakan N total atau crude protein (protein kasar).
Kadar abu
Kadar abu dapat digunakan sebagai penunjuk keberadaan mineral suatu bahan.
Sebagian besar bahan makanan, sekitar 96% terdiri dari bahan organik dan air.
Sisanya terdiri dari unsur-unsur mineral yang juga dikenal sebagai zat anorganik
(kadar abu). Dalam proses pembakaran, bahan-bahan organik terbakar tetapi zat
anorganiknya tidak, karena itulah disebut abu.
Cawan pengabuan dikeringkan di dalam oven selama 1 jam pada suhu 105oC,
kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam desikator dan ditimbang hingga didapatkan
berat yang konstan. Sampel sebanyak 5 gram dimasukkan ke dalam cawan
pengabuan dan dipijarkan di atas nyala api hingga tidak berasap lagi. Kemudian
dimasukkan ke dalam tanur pengabuan dengan suhu 600oC sampai terbentuk
abu secara sempurna, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam desikator dan ditimbang
hingga didapatkan berat yang konstan.
Kadar abu ditentukan dengan rumus:
Berat abu (g) = berat sampel dan cawan akhir (g) - berat cawan kosong (g)
Berat abu (g)
Kadar abu (berat basah) = x 100%
Berat sampel awal (g)
20
Penentuan Komposisi Kimia (Uji Proksimat)
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21
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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22
Penentuan Komposisi Kimia (Uji Proksimat)
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23
Abu tidak Larut Asam
Kadar abu tidak larut asam ditentukan berdasarkan SNI 01-3836-2000 (BSN
2000). Abu hasil penetapan kadar abu total dilarutkan dalam 25 mL HCl 10%
dan dididihkan selama 5 menit. Larutan tersebut kemudian disaring dengan
kertas saring bebas abu dan dicuci dengan air suling sampai bebas klorida. Kertas
saring Whatman 42 kemudian dikeringkan dalam oven. Abu yang telah kering
kemudian diabukan kembali dalam tanur dengan menggunakan wadah cawan
porselen. Cawan porselen tersebut kemudian didinginkan dalam desikator dan
ditimbang hingga beratnya tetap.
Kadar abu tidak larut asam ditentukan dengan rumus:
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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26
Uji Mineral
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28
Ekstraksi Senyawa Bioaktif
Pendahuluan
Ekstraksi merupakan suatu cara untuk memisahkan campuran beberapa zat
menjadi komponen-komponen yang terpisah. Ekstraksi juga dapat diartikan
sebagai proses penarikan komponen atau zat aktif menggunakan pelarut tertentu.
Proses ekstraksi bertujuan mendapatkan bagian-bagian tertentu dari bahan yang
mengandung komponen bioaktif (Harborne 1987).
Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan tergantung dari beberapa faktor, antara lain
tujuan ekstraksi, skala ekstraksi, sifat komponen-komponen yang akan diekstrak
dan sifat-sifat pelarut yang digunakan. Ekstraksi dapat dilakukan dengan
berbagai metode, misalnya ekstraksi dengan pelarut, destilasi, supercritical fluid
extraction (SFE), pengepresan, dan sublimasi. Metode yang banyak digunakan
adalah destilasi dan ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut (Houghton dan Raman
1998). Ekstraksi dapat dilakukan secara tunggal dan bertingkat. Ekstraksi
tunggal dilakukan dengan melarutkan masing-masing bahan menggunakan
pelarut dengan tingakt kepolaran yang berbeda, sedangkan ekstraksi bertingkat
dilakukan dengan melarutkan bahan secara bertahap menggunakan pelarut non
polar, semi polar, dan polar.
Suatu senyawa memiliki kelarutan yang berbeda-beda dalam pelarut yang
berbeda. Bahan dan senyawa kimia akan mudah larut pada pelarut yang relatif
sama kepolarannya. Pelarut yang bersifat polar mampu mengekstrak senyawa
alkaloid, fenolat dan flavonoid. Hasil ekstrak yang diperoleh akan tergantung
beberapa faktor, antara lain kondisi alamiah senyawa tersebut, metode ekstraksi
yang digunakan, ukuran partikel bahan ekstrak, kondisi dan waktu penyimpanan,
lama waktu ekstraksi dan perbandingan jumlah pelarut terhadap sampel
(Darusman et al. 1995). Jenis dan mutu pelarut yang digunakan menentukan
keberhasilan proses ekstraksi. Pelarut yang digunakan harus dapat melarutkan zat
yang diinginkan, mempunyai titik didih rendah, murah dan mudah didapat, dan
tidak toksik (Ketaren 2008).
Prakitkum ini dilakukan untuk menentukan rendemen ekstrak pada beberapa
biota hasil perairan berdasar ekstraksi tunggal dan bertingkat menggunakan
beberapa pelarut berdasarkan tingkat kepolarannya.
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Prosedur Kerja
Ekstraksi tunggal
Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah ekstraksi tunggal menggunakan pelarut
dengan metode maserasi. Pada metode ini digunakan tiga macam pelarut
berdasarkan tingkat kepolarannya, yaitu kloroform atau n-heksana, benzene,
dietileter (non polar), etil asetat (semi polar) dan metanol, etanol, air (polar).
Sampel yang digunakan dalam praktikum merupakan sampel yang telah kering
dan berbentuk serbuk halus. Sampel dikeringkan menggunakan sinar matahari
atau dengan oven pengering hingga kadar air <10%. Sampel yang telah kering
kemudian dihaluskan atau dikecilkan ukurannnya.
Sampel sebanyak 20 g yang telah dihaluskan, kemudian dimaserasi dengan
masing-masing pelarut sebanyak 100 ml (1:4 b/v) dengan periode 48 jam dan
diberi goncangan menggunakan orbital shaker dengan kecepatan 150 rpm.
Hal ini dilakukan hingga filtrate yang diperoleh tak berwarna (bening). Hasil
maserasi yang berupa larutan kemudian disaring dengan kertas saring Whatman
42 sehingga diperoleh filtrat dan residu. Filtrat yang diperoleh dievaporasi
menggunakan rotary vacuum evaporator pada suhu 40oC. Berdasarkan proses
ini, diperoleh ekstrak kasar pelarut non polar, ekstrak pelarut semi polar, dan
ekstrak pelarut polar. Diagram alir ektraksi tunggal dapat dilihat pada Gambar
2.
Ekstraksi Bertingkat
Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode Quinn (1988) dalam Darusman
et al. (1995) yang telah dimodifikasi oleh Khusniya (2004). Pada metode ini
digunakan tiga jenis pelarut berdasarkan tingkat kepolarannya, yaitu pelarut non
polar (kloroform, heksana, benzene, dietileter), semi polar (etil asetat), dan polar
(metanol, etanol, air).
30
Ekstraksi Senyawa Bioaktif
31
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Residu yang tersisa dibuang. Berdasarkan proses ini, diperoleh ekstrak pelarut
non polar (kloroform), ekstrak semi polar (etil asetat), dan ekstrak pelarut polar
(metanol). Diagram alir proses ekstrak bertingkat dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3.
32
Ekstraksi Senyawa Bioaktif
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33
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Ekstraksi Senyawa Bioaktif
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35
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Ekstraksi Senyawa Bioaktif
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37
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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38
Ekstraksi Senyawa Bioaktif
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39
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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40
Uji Fitokimia I
(Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif)
Pendahuluan
Senyawa fitokimia merupakan senyawa bioaktif alami yang terdapat pada tanaman
yang dapat berperan sebagai nutrisi dan serat alami yang dapat mencegah penyakit
(Harborne 1987). Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fitokimia terdapat
pada nutrisi yang terkandung dalam buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran dan kacang-
kacangan. Komponen bioaktif tersebut dapat menghambat proses penuaan dini
dan menurunkan resiko terhadap berbagai penyakit, misalnya kanker, penyakit
pada hati, stroke, tekanan darah tinggi, katarak, osteoporosis dan infeksi saluran
pencernaan (Hamburger dan Hastettmaun 1991). Senyawa-senyawa fitokimia
yang umum terdapat pada tanaman, yaitu golongan alkaloid, flavoniod, kuinon,
tanin dan polifenol, saponin, steroid dan triterpenoid (Harborne 1987).
Uji fitokimia secara kualitatif dilakukan untuk menentukan ada tidaknya
komponen-komponen bioaktif yang terdapat pada ekstrak kasar keong mas yang
memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Uji fitokimia tersebut meliputi uji alkaloid, uji
steroid/triterpenoid, flavonoid, saponin, fenol hidrokuinon, Molisch, Benedict,
Biuret, dan Ninhidrin. Metode uji ini berdasarkan Harborne (1987).
Prakitkum ini dilakukan untuk menentukan secara kualitatif senyawa bioaktif
yang terdapat pada ekstrak beberapa biota hasil perairan berdasar ekstraksi
tunggal dan bertingkat menggunakan beberapa pelarut berdasarkan tingkat
kepolarannya.
Biuret), dan larutan Ninhidrin 0,1% (uji Ninhidrin). Alat-alat yang digunakan,
yaitu gelas piala, sudip, kompor listrik, pipet tetes, dan pipet volumetric.
Prosedur Kerja
Uji fitokimia tersebut meliputi uji alkaloid, uji steroid/triterpenoid, flavonoid,
saponin, fenol hidrokuinon, Molisch, Benedict, Biuret, dan Ninhidrin.
Alkaloid
Alkaloid merupakan metabolit basa yang mengandung satu atau lebih atom
nitrogen, biasanya dalam gabungan sebagai bagian dari sistem siklik. Alkaloid
adalah senyawa kimia tanaman hasil metabolit sekunder yang terbentuk
berdasarkan prinsip pembentukan campuran. Alkaloid biasanya tanpa warna,
seringkali bersifat optis aktif, kebanyakan berbentuk kristal dan hanya sedikit
yang berbentuk cairan pada suhu kamar, contohnya pada nikotina. Senyawa-
senyawa golongan alkaloid misalnya caffeine, theobromine dan theophylline (Sirait
2007).
Sebanyak 0,5 gram dilarutkan dalam beberapa tetes asam sulfat 2 N kemudian
diuji dengan tiga pereaksi alkaloid yaitu, pereaksi Dragendorff, pereaksi Meyer,
dan pereaksi Wagner. Hasil uji dinyatakan positif bila dengan pereaksi Meyer
terbentuk endapan putih kekuningan, endapan coklat dengan pereaksi Wagner
dan endapan merah hingga jingga dengan pereaksi Dragendorff.
Steroid/triterpenoid
Triterpenoid adalah senyawa yang kerangka karbonnya berasal dari enam
satuan isoprene dan secara biosintesis diturunkan dari hidrokarbon C30 asiklik,
yaitu skualena. Senyawa ini berstruktur siklik yang rumit, kebanyakan berupa
alkohol, aldehid atau asam karboksilat. Sterol atau steroid adalah triterpenoid
yang kerangka dasarnya cincin siklopentana perhidrofenantren. Senyawa sterol
pada tumbuhan disebut dengan fitosterol, yang umum terdapat pada tumbuhan
tinggi adalah sitosterol, stigmasterol dan kampesterol. Senyawa ini dapat
diklasifikasikan menjadi steroid dengan atom karbon lebih dari 21, yaitu sterol,
sapogenin, glikosida jantung, dan vitamin D. Senyawa ini dapat digunakan dalam
pembuatan obat (Harborne 1987).
42
Uji Fitokimia I (Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif )
Flavonoid
Flavonoid merupakan kelompok besar fitokimia yang bersifat melindungi
dan banyak terdapat pada buah dan sayuran. Flavonoid sering dikenal sebagai
bioflavonoid yang berperan sebagai antioksidan. Antioksidan dapat menetralkan
radikal bebas yang dapat menyerang sel tubuh. Flavonoid terdapat beberapa
jenis dan masing-masing berperan dalam menjaga kesehatan. Senyawa-senyawa
flavonoid termasuk di dalamnya adalah resveratrol, anthocyanin, quercetin,
hesperidin, tangeritin, kaemferol, myricetin dan apigenin. Flavonoid telah ditemukan
pada jeruk, kiwi, apel, anggur merah, brokoli dan teh hijau. Flavonoid adalah
bagian dari senyawa fenolik yang terdapat pada pigmen tumbuh-tumbuhan.
Kesehatan manusia sangat tergantung pada flavonoid sebagai antioksidan untuk
mencegah kanker. Manfaat utama flavonoid adalah untuk melindungi struktur
sel, membantu memaksimalkan manfaat vitamin C, mencegah keropos tulang,
sebagai antibiotik dan anti-inflamasi (Winarsi 2007).
Sebanyak 0,05 gram ditambahkan serbuk magnesium 0,10 mg dan 0,40 ml amil
alkohol (campuran asam klorida 37% dan etanol 95% dengan volume yang sama)
dan 4 ml alkohol kemudian campuran dikocok. Warna merah, kuning atau jingga
yang terbentuk pada lapisan amil alkohol menunjukkan adanya flavonoid.
43
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
Uji Molisch
Karbohidrat merupakan sumber energi utama bagi manusia dan hewan yang
berasal tumbuh-tumbuhan. Melalui proses fotosintesis, klorofil tanaman dengan
sinar matahari mampu membentuk karbohidrat dari karbondioksida (CO2) yang
berasal dari udara dan air dari tanah. Proses fotosintesis menghasilkan karbohidrat
sederhana glukosa dan oksigen yang dilepaskan ke udara (Winarno 2008).
Sebanyak 1 mL larutan sampel diberi 2 tetes pereaksi Molish dan 1 mL asam sulfat
pekat melalui dinding tabung. Uji positif yang menunjukkan adanya karbohidrat
ditandai terbentuknya kompleks berwarna ungu diantara 2 lapisan cairan.
Uji Benedict
Sifat pereduksi dari suatu molekul ditentukan oleh ada atau tidaknya gugus
hidroksil (OH) bebas yang reaktif. Gugus hidroksil yang reaktif pada glukosa
(aldosa) biasanya terletak pada karbon nomor satu (anomerik), sedangkan pada
fruktosa (ketosa) terletak pada karbon nomor dua. Sukrosa tidak mempunyai
gugus OH bebas yang reaktif karena keduanya saling terikat, sedangkan laktosa
mempunyai OH bebas pada atom C nomor satu pada gugus glukosanya (Winarno
2008).
Larutan sampel sebanyak 8 tetes dimasukkan ke dalam 5 mL pereaksi Benedict.
Campuran dikocok dan dididihkan selama 5 menit. Warna hijau, kuning, atau
endapan merah bata yang terbentuk menunjukkan adanya gula pereduksi.
44
Uji Fitokimia I (Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif )
Uji Biuret
Peptida merupakan ikatan kovalen antara dua atau lebih molekul asam amino
melalui ikatan amida substitusi. Ikatan ini dibentuk dengan menarik senyawa
H2O dari gugus karboksil suatu asam amino dan gugus α-amino dari molekul
lain dengan reaksi kondensasi yang kuat. Dua molekul asam amino yang
diikat oleh sebuah ikatan peptida disebut dipetida, tiga molekul asam amino
yang diikat oleh dua ikatan peptida disebut tripeptida dan seterusnya. Istilah
oligopetida digunakan untuk kelompok yang memiliki ≤ 10 residu asam amino.
Jika terdapat banyak asam amino yang bergabung dengan cara demikian, maka
akan menghasilkan struktur yang disebut polipeptida (Lehninger 1988).
Sebanyak 1 mL larutan sampel ditambahkan 4 mL pereaksi Biuret. Campuran
dikocok dengan seksama. Larutan berwarna ungu yang terbentuk menunjukkan
hasil uji positif adanya peptida.
Uji Ninhidrin
Asam amino merupakan unit struktural dasar protein dengan ikatan peptida
sebagai penghubung antara masing-masing asam amino. Struktur asam amino
secara umum adalah satu atom kabon (C) yang mengikat empat gugus, yaitu
gugus amina (NH2), gugus karboksil (COOH), atom hidrogen (H) dan satu
gugus sisa (R dari residu) (Winarno 2008).
Sebanyak 2 ml larutan sampel ditambah beberapa tetes larutan Ninhidrin 0,10%.
Campuran dipanaskan dalam penangas air selama 10 menit. Larutan berwarna
biru yang terbentuk menunjukkan reaksi positif terhadap adanya asam amino.
45
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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46
Uji Fitokimia I (Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif )
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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48
Uji Fitokimia I (Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif )
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49
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
a. Dragendorff … … … Endapan
… … … putih
b.Meyer kekuningan
… … …
c. Wagner Endapan
coklat
Perubahan
dari merah
Steroid/triterpenoid … … …
menjadi biru/
hijau
Lapisan
amil alkohol
Flavonoid … … … berwarna
merah/
kuning/hijau
Terbentuk
Saponin … … …
busa
Warna hijau
Fenol Hidrokuinon … … …
atau hijau biru
Warna ungu
Molisch … … … antara 2
lapisan
Warna hijau/
kuning/
Benedict … … …
endapan
merah bata
Biuret … … … Warna ungu
Ninhidrin … … … Warna biru
Keterangan: +++ : sangat kuat, ++ : kuat, +: kurang kuat, - : tidak terdeteksi
50
Uji Fitokimia I (Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif )
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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52
Uji Fitokimia I (Uji Fitokimia secara Kualitatif )
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53
Uji Fitokimia II
(Uji Fitokimia secara Kuantitatif)
Pendahuluan
Senyawa fitokimia yang terdapat pada suatu bahan atau produk, selain dapat
diuji secara kualitatif juga dapat diuji uji fitokimia secara kuatitatif. Senyawa
fitokimia yang terdeteksi secara kualitatif, diuji lebih lanjut (secara kuantitatif)
untuk menentukan jumlah komponen (senyawa) fitokimia tersebut.
Praktikum ini dilakukan untuk menentukan kadar senyawa bioaktif yang terdapat
pada ekstrak kasar biota hasil perairan.
Prosedur Kerja
Uji fitokimia secara kuantitatif berdasarkan metode standar yang dilakukan oleh
Harborne (1993), Obadoni dan Ochuko (2001), Bohan dan Kocipai (1994),
Ebrahimzaded et al. (2008), dan Nabavi et al. (2008) yang dipublikasikan dalam
sebuah jurnal oleh Erukainure et al. (2011).
seperempat dari volume awal. Ekstrak yang telah diuapkan secara sempurna,
dilarutkan dalam ammonium hidroksi dan disaring. Endapan yang terbentuk
ditimbang untuk menentukan berat alkaloid kasar.
56
Uji Fitokimia II (Uji Fitokimia secara Kuantitatif )
57
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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58
Uji Fitokimia II (Uji Fitokimia secara Kuantitatif )
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59
Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Uji Fitokimia II (Uji Fitokimia secara Kuantitatif )
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Uji Fitokimia II (Uji Fitokimia secara Kuantitatif )
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63
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan
(Metode DPPH)
Pendahuluan
Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar buah lindur ditentukan berdasarkan metode
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) berdasarkan Hanani et al. (2005). Metode
uji DPPH merupakan salah satu metode yang paling banyak digunakan untuk
memperkirakan efisiensi kinerja dari substansi yang berperan sebagai antioksidan
(Molyneux 2004). Metode uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan menggunakan radikal
bebas DPPH dipilih karena metode ini sederhana, mudah, cepat, peka dan hanya
memerlukan sedikit sampel, tetapi jumlah pelarut pengencer yang diperlukan
cukup banyak.
Metode pengujian DPPH berdasarkan pada kemampuan substansi antioksidan
tersebut dalam menetralisir radikal bebas. Radikal bebas yang digunakan adalah
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Vattem dan Shetty 2006). Radikal bebas
DPPH merupakan radikal sintetik yang stabil pada suhu kamar dan larut dalam
pelarut polar, misalnya metanol dan etanol (Molyneux 2004).
Prakitkum ini dilakukan untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar
beberapa biota hasil perairan.
Prosedur Kerja
Tahap awal pengujian aktivitas antioksidan adalah mempersiapkanlarutan uji.
Ekstrak kasar dilarutkan dalam metanol dengan kosentrasi 50, 100, 150, dan
200 ppm. Vitamin C (asam askorbat) digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan
pembanding dengan masing-masing kosentrasi 2, 4, 6, dan 8 ppm.
Larutan DPPH dibuat dengan melarutkan DPPH dalam metanol dengan
konsentrasi 1 mM yang dibuat segar dan dijaga pada suhu rendah serta
terlindung dari cahaya. Sebanyak 4,5 mL larutan uji atau larutan pembanding
dimasukkan dalam tabung reaksi kemudian direaksikan dengan 0,5 mL larutan
DPPH. Tabung reaksi tersebut ditutup dengan alumunium foil dan diinkubasi
pada suhu 37 oC selama 30 menit kemudian diukur absorbansinya menggunakan
spektofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 517 nm. Absorbansi dari
larutan blanko juga diukur untuk melakukan perhitungan persen inhibisi. Suatu
senyawa dapat dikatakan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan apabila senyawa tersebut
mampu mendonorkan atom hidrogennya yang ditandai oleh perubahan warna
ungu menjadi kuning (Molyneux 2004). Aktivitas antioksidan masing-masing
sampel dinyatakan dengan presentase penghambatan radikal bebas yang dihitung
dengan rumus:
Nilai konsentrasi dan hambatan ekstrak diplot masing-masing pada sumbu x dan y.
Persamaan garis yang diperoleh dalam bentuk y = b(x)+a digunakan untuk mencari
nilai IC (inhibitory concentration) dengan menyatakan nilai y sebesar 50 dan nilai
x sebagai IC50. Nilai IC50 menyatakan konsentrasi larutan sampel yang dibutuhkan
untuk mereduksi DPPH sebesar 50%. Pengujian ini dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali
ulangan.
Semakin kecil nilai IC50 berarti aktivitas antioksidannya semakin tinggi. Suatu
senyawa dikatakan sebagai antioksidan sangat kuat apabila nilai IC50 kurang dari
50 ppm, kuat apabila nilai IC50 antara 50–100 ppm, sedang apabila nilai IC50
berkisar 100–150 ppm, dan lemah apabila nilai IC50 berkisar antara 150–200
ppm.
66
Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan (Metode DPPH)
Hasil Praktikum
Tabel 9 Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar ………………. (……………..
…………….…..) dengan metode ekstraksi tunggal
Nilai IC50 Kategori
Bahan uji Persamaan garis linear
(ppm) antioksidan
Ekstrak
………………. ………………………. …………. ……………….
………………. ……………………… …………. ……………….
………………. ……………………… …………. ……………….
Vitamin C ……………………… …………. ……………….
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan (Metode DPPH)
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan (Metode DPPH)
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Pengetahuan Bahan Baku Hasil Perairan
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Daftar Pustaka
74
Daftar Pustaka
Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SF, Hamidinia A, Bekhradnia AR. 2008.
Determination of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoids content of
Parrotia persica Mey. Pharmacology Online 2: 560–567.
Obadoni BO, Ochuko P O. 2001. Phytochemical studies and comparative
efficacy of the crude extracts of some homeostatic plants in Edo and Delta
State of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science 8: 203–208.
Sirait M. 2007. Penuntun Fitokimia dalam Farmasi. Bandung: Institut Teknologi
Bandung.
Vattem DA, Shetty K. 2006. Biochemical Markers for Antioksidan Functionality.
Di dalam: Shetty K, Paliyath G, Pometto AL, Levin RE, editor. Functional
Foods and Biotechnology. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Winarno FG. 2008. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. Bogor: M-Brio Press.
Winarsi H. 2007. Antioksidan Alami dan Radikal Bebas. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Yunizal. 1999. Teknologi Ekstraksi Alginat dari Rumput Laut Coklat (Phaeophyceae).
Jakarta: Instalasi Penelitian Perikanan Laut Slipi, Balai Penelitian Perikanan
Laut, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan.
75
Riwayat Penulis
Prof Dr Ir Nurjanah, MS
Penulis dilahirkan di Lintau tanggal 13 Oktober 1959.
Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan sarjana (S-1) di
Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan
dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB)
tahun1983. Gelar Magister Sains (MS) diselesaikan di
Ilmu Pangan, Sekolah Pascasarjana, IPB tahun 1993
dan gelar Doktor (Dr) selesai pada tahun 2010 di Ilmu
Kelautan, Sekolah Pascasarjana, IPB. Penulis adalah staf
pengajar dan peneliti aktif di Departemen Teknologi Hasil Perairan, Fakultas
Perikanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Penulis juga aktif di beberapa organisasi ataupun himpunan profesi, yaitu
Pengurus Masyarakat Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia (MPHPI), ketua
dewan redaksi sekaligus salah satu reviewer Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan
Indonesia (JPHPI), Anggota Masyarakat Standardisasi Nasional (MASTAN),
Tenaga ahli Standardisasi produk perikanan di Badan Standardisasi Nasional
(BSN), Anggota panitia Teknis (PT) Perumusan Standar Nasional Indonesia
(SNI) untuk produk perikanan.serta tenaga ahli di Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen
Indonesia. Karir penulis diawali sebagai staf peneliti dan survey di Yayasan
Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia (YLKI).
Penulis telah banyak melakukan penelitian terkait karakterisasi bahan baku hasil
perairan dan penelitian-penelitian lain yang terkait dengan hasil perairan. Penulis
juga telah banyak menjadi narasumber di beberapa media, baik cetak maupun
elektronik.
Riwayat Penulis
78
Riwayat Penulis
79
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