Nenny Prasetyaningrum,drg.,M.Ked
Ilmu Patologi
Patos sakit
Logos ilmu
Reaksi imunologis
instrinsik Kurang nutrisi
Perubahan metabolik
Agen mikrobiologi
ekstrinsik Trauma fisika
Bahan kimia
Patogenesis
The sequence of events in the
response of cells or tissues to the
etiologic agent, from the initial
stimulus to the ultimate expression of
the disease
HOMEOSTAS
IS kondisi dinamis dimana
sel dan lingkungannya mempertahankan
fungsi fisiologisnya.
Cell Response
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Adaptasi sel
perubahan reversibel pada sel yang
meliputi jumlah,ukuran fenotip,fungsi
,maupun aktifitas metabolik sebagai
bentuk penyesuaian terhdapa perubahan
lingkungan (stress)
hiperplasia
hipertrofi
Atrofi
Metaplasia
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Hyperplasia
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Contoh hiperplasia
Physiologic Pathologic
Cancerous proliferation
Hormonal Hormonal
pregnant uterus Endometrium
female breast at hyperplasia
puberty Benign prostatic
Compensatory hyperplasia
after damage Growth factors
partial resection wound healing
viral infections
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Hyperplasia
Physiologic
Hyperplasia
Pathologic
Hyperplasia
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HYPERTHROPY
Signal Transduction
Pathways
Induction of Genes
Stimulates sythesis of
proteins
Physiologic Pathologic
Gross Microscopy
Adaptations Hypertrophy
Normal
Pathologic Hypertrophy
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Atrophy
Merupakan adaptasi sel dengan
mengecilnya ukuran sel disertai dengan
penurunan organel intraseluler karena
adanya degradasi protein intraseluler
oleh enzim protease dan ubiquitin
sebagai upaya sel untuk mengurangi
energi yang diperlukan karena
berkurangnya asupan energi atau nutrisi
Atrofi dapat mengarah ke irreversibel dan
kematian sel melalui jalur apoptosis
Stimulus:
berkurangnya beban kerja normal
putusnya saraf tepi
berkurangnya aliran darah ke sel
Berkurangnya nutrisi ke sel
Kegagalan sistem hormon
Proses penuaan
tekanan
contoh atrophy
Berkurangnya ukuran timus
Kembalinya ukuran uterus pasca
melahirkan
Mengecilnya ukuran sel otak karena
penuaan
Adaptations Atrophy
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metaplasia
perubahan bentuk sel ke bentukan dewasa
lainnya yang lebih adaptif terhadap tekanan yang
dialami oleh sel
Barretts
Squamous metaplasia
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Cedera sel (cell injury)
Respon seluler sel dapat bersifat
reversibel maupun irreversibel terhadap
stimulus jejas (injury) tergantung dari
tipe jejas,durasi dan kualitas paparan
jejas
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Perubahan morfologi
Reversibel akut
cell swelling
vacuolar degeneration
Reversibel Kronis
fatty change/steatosis (akumulasi
trigliserida dalam sel
cedera ini mengarah pada kematian sel
(nekrosis dan apoptosis)
Reversible cell injury- Ultra structural (EM)
normal R. Injury
Cell swelling
Plasma membrane blebbing,
Microvilli blunting & distortion
Loosening intercellular attachments
Myelin figures
Fatty degeneration or change
begins with the development of minute, membrane-bound
inclusions (Liposomes) closely applied to the ER
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Cell Injury
Cell Injury
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Fatty change / Steatosis
Akumulasi trigliserida
Sel yang terlibat: hepatocyte, myocardial
cells.
Causes : toxins, protein malnutrition,
diabetes mellitus, obesity, anoxia, alcohol
abuse.
Microscopic : small or large vacuoles in the
cytoplasm.
To identify the fat : stained with Sudan
IV or Oil Red-O
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Cell death
Apoptosis
Necrosis
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Cell Injury and death
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NECROSIS
Definition:
spectrum of morphologic changes that
follow cell death in living tissue, largely
resulting from the progressive degradative
action of enzymes on the lethally injured cell
Morphology
LM (light Microscopy)
Increased eosinophilia
Myelin figures
Calcification of dead cells
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Cytoplasm
Membrane discontinuities
large amorphous mitochondria densities
Aggregates of fluffy material (denatured
protein)
Nucleus
Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage and increased
basophilia also seen in apoptotic cell death)
Karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
Karyolysis (breakdown of DNA by DNase
activity)
Necrosis
Types
1. Coagulative = preservation of
the basic outline of necrotic
cell
Mechanism protein
denaturation
characteristic of hypoxic cell
death in all tissues (except
Brain)
Best example MI
2. Liquefactive= Cell outlines are
obscured & Replaced by
yellow pus
Mechanism bacterial/fungal
enzymatic digestion &
inflammatory response
Whatever is the stimulus in
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brain it is always
Necrosis
Types
3. Caseous =
distinctive form of Coagulative
necrosis but tissue
architecture is completely
lost
MC in TB (also in fungal)
Meaning - cheesy white gross
appearance of necrosis
Microscopy - granulomatous
reaction
(what is granulomatous
reaction?)
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Apoptosis
Mekanisme sel untuk melakukan eliminasi
diri secara terstruktur saat sel
menganggap kerusakan internal yang
terjadi terlalu parah dan cenderung
potensial untuk menyebabkan gangguan
bagi sel sekitarnya
Dalam kondisi normal sel juga melakukan
apoptosis
Etiologi apoptosis
Fisiologis
mempertahankan homeostasis
contoh:
destruksi sel puripoten dan totipoten pada
perkembangan embriogenesis
kematian sel endometrium pada akhir menstruasi
regenerasi sel payudara setelah masa sapih
kematian sel netrofil pada akhir inflamasi akut
kematian sel limfosit pada akhir respon imun
Patologis
kerusakan DNA
akumulasi protein yang rusak
infeksi viral
atrofi
Difference Apoptosis & Necrosis
Descriptor Apoptosis Nekrosis
Ukuran sel Mengecil /shrinkage Membesar / swelling