KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Oportunistik
•
• MUKORMIKOSIS
Lainnya • PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Penyebab: Cryptococcus sp
Habitat Cryptococcus : tanah, tanaman, tinja burung
Masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui inhalasi sel ragi/ basidiosporanya
Genus Cryptococcus terdiri sekitar 37 spesies, yang patogen
terbanyak: C. neoformans
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Mitchell, 2010
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Faktor virulensi
Kapsul
Polisakarida kapsular
88% glucuroxylomannan mencegah dehidrasi
Melanin
Menlindungi dari UV dan radikal bebas toksik yg diproduksi host
Dikode Lac1 dan Lac2
kemampuannya tumbuh pada temperatur tubuh manusia
Idnurm. 2005. Deciphering The Model Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Nature Reviews | Microbiology Volume 3 | October 2005
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Idnurm. 2005. Deciphering The Model Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Nature Reviews | Microbiology Volume 3 | October 2005
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Patogenesis
•Dari alam
Inhalasi •Kering
sel ragi* •Terenkapsulasi minimal
•Mudah menjadi aerosol
Menimbulkan
infeksi pada
paru
IMUNITAS
• Ssp
Menyebar • Kulit
Sembuh ke bagian • Adrenal Tidak ditularkan orang ke orang
• Tulang
tubuh lain
• Mata
Mitchell, 2010
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Gambaran Klinis
Mitchell, 2010
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Kultur
Koloni terbentuk dalam beberapa
(Saboroude hari pada suhu 370C
Dextrose
Agar)
Koloni yang memproduksi kapsul pada
kultur sering terlihat dari penampilan
basah atau mukoidnya yang berkilau
sedangkan koloni yang gagal
menghasilkan kapsul atau memiliki
kemampuan untuk membentuk kapsul
biasanya menghasilkan koloni kusam,
creamy
Mitchell, 2010
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Mitchell, 2010
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Terapi
Amfoterisin B
Fungisid spektrum luas
Mekanisme kerja: mengikat ergosterol di membrane sel jamur kerusakan &
kebocoran membrane
Pengemasan dalam emulsi lipoidal
Rute: IV
Terdistribusi luas di jaringan namun kurang mampu menembus cairan
serebrospinal dikombinasi dgn flukonazol
Kriptokokus sistemik dan berat
Meningitis Kriptokokus: amfoterisin B, flusitosin
Toksisitas: nefrotoksisitas, demam, anemia, gangguan elektrolit
KRIPTOKOKOSIS
Terapi
Flusitosin
Mekanisme kerja: oleh enzim sitosin deaminase pd jamur diubah
menjadi 5-fluorourasil yg mengganggu sintesis DNA
Rute: PO
Mampu menembus cairan serebrospinal dgn baik
Toksisitas: nefrotoksisitas, demam, anemia, gangguan elektrolit
Resistensi umum terjadi jika digunakan sbg monoterapi
2. MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Petrikkos, et al. 2012. Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Mucormycosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54(S1):S23–34. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir866
MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Inhalasi spora dari lingkungan Terpapar pada kulit yang tdk intak
Infeksi pulmoner/sinus Infeksi Kutaneus
Dapat menyebar ke SSP Luka termasukLuka bakar, trauma
kulit, luka operasi
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. 2015. Mucormycosis: The Basics. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/pdf/mucormycosis-basics.pdf
MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Patogenesis
Patogenesis
Innate
immunity
Ghuman et al. 2017. Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Mucorales. J. Fungi 2017, 3, 48; doi:10.3390/jof3030048
MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Patogenesis
Adaptive
immunity
Ghuman et al. 2017. Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Mucorales. J. Fungi 2017, 3, 48; doi:10.3390/jof3030048
MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Manifestasi Klinis
necrotic skin lesions in the left elbow and right leg of a 76-year-
old man with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Gomes et al. 2011)
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. 2011. Mucormycosis: The Basics. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/pdf/mucormycosis-basics.pdf
MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Mucormycetes.
(a2, b2, c2, d2, and e to g) Lactophenol cotton
blue mount preparations.
• (a2) C. bertholletiae sporangiophores in terminal
swellings called vesicles, with sporangioles (short
arrow).
• (b2) R. pusillus sporangiophores with globose
sporangia.
• (c2) S. vasiformis sporangiophore arising from a
“foot cell”-like hyphal element (long arrow),
flask-shaped sporangium, and liberated
sporangiospores (short arrow)
• (d2) Actinomucor elegans branched
sporangiophores, sporangium (long arrow),
columella (block arrow), and various
sporangiospores (short arrow)
• (e) Unbranched Apophysomyces elegans
sporangiophore (long arrow) with a pyriform
sporangium (short arrow)
• (f) S. racemosum sporangiophores with
merosporangia (short arrow). (g) C. recurvatus
sporangiolating vesicle (short arrow) and
zygospores (long arrow). Bars, 20 μm.
Gomes et al. 2011. Mucormycosis Caused by Unusual Mucormycetes, Non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia Species. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. April 2011 vol. 24 no. 2 411-445 1 April 2011. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00056-10
Kultur Rhizopus species produce
rapid growth of white,
PDA medium plate cottony colonies and
development of dark
sporangiophores (Patel,
2015)
Patel et al. 2015. Explosive Cutaneous Mucormycosis Requiring Limb Amputation: Case Report and Literature Review . Patel et al. J Dermatol Res Ther 2015, 1:1 ISSN: 2469-5750 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5750/1510005
Gomes et al. 2011. Mucormycosis Caused by Unusual Mucormycetes, Non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia Species. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. April 2011 vol. 24 no. 2 411-445 1 April 2011. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00056-10
MUKORMIKOSIS (ZIGOMIKOSIS)
Terapi
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. 2015. Mucormycosis. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/pdf/mucormycosis-basics.pdf
3. PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Morfologi
Bentuk Kista
Bentuk Tropozoit
Mitchell. 2010. Mikologi Medis. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. McGraw-Hill Company
George et al. Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii. Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents
PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Siklus Hidup Pneumocystis jirovecii
Dr. John J. Ruffolo, South Dakota State University, USA published in Cushion M. Pneumocystis carinii. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections: Volume 4 Medical Mycology, 9th
ed. New York: Arnold Publishing; 1998. p. 674.
PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Patomekanisme
Bennett. 2017. Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) Overview of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia. https://emedicine.medscape.com
PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Manifestasi Klinis
Bennett. 2017. Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) Overview of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia. https://emedicine.medscape.com
PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Uji Diagnostik
Direct immunofluorescence
antibody stain using monoclonal
antibodies that target
Pneumocystis jirovecii. This image is
from BAL specimen from a patient
with a malignancy. (Brigham &
Women's Hospital, Boston, MA)
PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCYSTIS
Terapi
Terapi
Trimetoprim-Sulfometoksazol atau pentamidin isethionate
Kesimpulan