4-D MICRO-GRAVITY

(time-lapse microgravity/Gayaberat-mikro antar waktu)

for Monitoring HC Exploitation
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
3D DAN 4D- GRAVITY
3D - Gravity Method :
- g(x,y,z)
- Anomaly relative to gn reference (theoretical)
- Value in mGal (Elevation Error)
- Bouguer Anomaly (used for exploration data)

4D - Microgravity :
- Time is as fourth Dimension (time lapse) g(x,y,z,t)
- Anomaly is relative to previous measurement
- Value in Gal ( teliti ) (on the same Elevation)
- 4D Microgravity anomaly (used for monitoring/)
 Keunggulan :
1. Sistem Bacaan digital Penuh
2. Dapat melakukan Levelling Sendiri
3. Akurasi Tinggi 0.5Gal
4. Automatic Lock Spring system
5. Repeatibility yang tinggi
6. Sebelum Level Alat tidak dapat Membaca

Graviton

Keunggulan :
1. Sistem Bacaan digital
2. Akurasi Tinggi 1 – 5 Gal
Gravimeter Lacoste&Romberg 3. Repeatibility yang tinggi
Tipe G dilengkapi Alliod Sistem
 Keunggulan :
1. Sistem Bacaan digital Penuh
2. Dapat melakukan Levelling Sendiri
3. Akurasi Tinggi 1Gal
4. Automatic Lock Spring system
5. Sebelum Level Alat tidak dapat Membaca

Scintrex AutoGrav CG-5

Gravimeter Lacoste&Romberg Tipe G dilengkapi Sistem Feedback

faktor dan Interface Komputer untuk mengamati perubahan Tide
 What is gravity anomaly
g
(+)

X(m or km)

g

(+)

g=V2(2-0)/r22 =V2 /r22

=2-0
Gravity anomaly is direct proportional with
density contrast and Green’s function
 What is gravity anomaly
g
(-)

X(m or km)

g

(-)

g=V2(2-0)/r22 =V2 /r22

=2-0
Gravity anomaly is direct proportional with
density contrast and Green’s function
 SW T-125 T-42 T-88 T-37 T-76 T-61 NE
Anomali Bouguer (mGal) 8

T-129 T-6
6

2
Jarak (m)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

9767000

9766000

mGal
9765000

8
9764000
7

6
9763000
5

4
9762000
3

2
9761000
1

9760000 -1

-2

9759000 -3
321000 322000 323000 324000 325000 326000 327000 328000
 Microgravity Monitoring (4D)
• Perubahan gayaberat dipermukaan merefleksikan
perubahan rapat massa bawah permukaan akibat proses
produksi HC dan injeksi fluida (no subsidence)

• Pengukuran menggunakan gravimeter digital yang teliti

karena anomali 4D Microgravity kecil (< 100 Gal)

• Prosedure pengukuran gayaberat yang khusus :

- Urutan pengambilan data tetap
- Peralatan dan operator yang tetap

• Analisa dan Interpretasi data yang khusus

- Data struktur, seismik, log
- Data produksi dan injeksi
 Source of 4D Microgravity Anomaly
1. Perbedaan musim (musim hujan dan kemarau)
2. Land Subsidence
3. Pressure increase and decrease in Subsurface
4. Mass Decrease in Subsurface (Oil and Gas
Production in Reservoir)
5. Mass Increase in Subsurface (Water and Steam
Injection in Reservoir)
6. Groundwater level change
 FROM THE 4D MICROGRAVITY
STUDY HC MONITORING :

• To understand heterogeneity of reservoir : struktur

or facies heterogeneity
• To understand trace line (pola lintasan) between
Injector – Monitor/Producer wells
• To know lateral distribution of injection water
• To estimate impact of injection process (positive or
negative) on production increase.
• Reposition of injector to improve efficiency of
‘penyapuan’
 g

Sumur Produksi Sumur Injeksi Sumur Produksi

minyak air
g

Injection well
Production well Production well

Water

Oil

=?
Before Injection After Injection

water

Schematic Map and Profile

( Time-Lapse microgravity anomaly)
Before production After production

Source of Anomaly :

-Decrease of Mass
-Secondary Gas Cap
-Pressure decrease

Schematic Map and Profile

 Anomali gayaberat-mikro antar waktu akibat perubahan densitas
g x, y, z, t  = g x, y, z, t2   g x, y, z, t1 

g ( x, y, z ) = g obs  g    FAC  BC  TC  Anomali

g ( x, y, z) = g obs  g    (0,308765  0.04193 )h  C3 h Bouguer Lengkap

g x, y, z, t  = g obs( 2)  g obs(1)   (0,308765  0.04193 )( h2  h1 )

    ,  ,  , t z    
gobs(2)  gobs(1)  =  G    d d d   (0,308765  0.04193 )( h2  h1 )

 0  ( x   )  ( y   )  ( z   )
2 2 2

3/ 2 


Anomali gayaberat-mikro antar Anomali gayaberat mikro

Anomali gayaberat
mikro antar waktu waktu akibat perubahan densitas antar waktu akibat
bawah permukaan amblesan
Perubahan Nilai Gayaberat di Permukaan Bumi
1. Perubahan Ketinggian
Perubahan respon gayaberat akibat perubahan ketinggian :

g
h
=
2 g
1  f  m  2 f sin  
2 g
= 3,08765 Gal/cm
a h

2. Koreksi Bouguer akibat perubahan ketinggian titik amat :

g KB = 2G h

Nilai koreksi Bouguer : 0,79 Gal/cm, untuk  =1,9 gr/cm3

3. Perubahan kedalaman muka air tanah (perubahan kandungan air tanah) :

g w = 2G wh
g w = 41,93 wh

Respon gayaberat-mikro antar waktu akibat perubahan kedalaman MAT

:12,579 Gal/m untuk porositas 30%

4. Pasang surut gayaberat

 Respon anomali gayaberat mikro antar waktu dan volume
pengambilan fluida pada reservoir dengan kedalaman 500 meter.
120

100

80
Anomali (gal)

60

40

20

Volume Produksi (Barell)

0
0 2,500,000 5,000,000 7,500,000 10,000,000
 Anomali gayaberat mikro antar waktu
dan hubungannya dengan perubahan kedalaman
50

40
Anomali (Gal)

30 V = 63.000 Barel
V = 125.000 Barel
V = 190.000 Barel
V = 250.000 barel
V = 500.000 barel
20
V = 1.000.000 barel
V = 5.000.000 barel

10

0 Kedalaman (meter)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Gas storage reservoir

Injection period Production period

Respon anomali gayaberat mikro antar waktu akibat
proses EOR dan perubahan di permukaan.

No Jenis Respon Respon

1 Perubahan densitas pada reservoir < 50 Gal
2 Pasang surut gayaberat ± 200 Gal
3 Perubahan ketinggian 3,086 Gal/cm
4 Perubahan Koreksi Bouguer 0,79 Gal/cm
5 Perubahan muka airtanah 0,12 Gal/cm
ACQUISITION DATA
 GRAVITY SURVEY

• SMALL TEAM
• HANDY EQUIPMENT (MOVEABLE)
• EASY IN STATION TO STATION MOVEMENT
• NO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
• MINIMAL ‘ELECTRICITY SUPORT’
• NEARLY NO SOCIAL
CONFLICT
Gravity Measurement

No environment damage
* Stasion titik ukur di lapangan  Repeatable
* Survey tertutup  Koreksi drift

- Pengukuran pertama dan terakhir di base station

S1 S2 S3 Si

BS = base station
i = jumlah stasion
BS Arah perpindahan
grav.
 Urutan Pengambilan Data

Urutan pengambilan data tiap periode pengukuran tetap

Pengukuran
Periode 1

Pengukuran
Periode 2
Data Distribution
Plan for “X” Field

1800 stations
100 m space in target area
200 m in outer area
1300 m reservoir depth
Station distribution of “Y” field

900 stations
100 m and
200 m spaces
600 m depth of
reservoir
- 3 blok (1.5 x 1.5
km2/blok)

- 12 sumur produksi

- 11 sumur injeksi

Distribusi Stasion Microgravity Lapangan “ X “

 PROCESSING
•KONTURING

•DEKONVOLUTION ( g  )

• INVERSION (  Apparent Saturation )

• FORWARD MODELING Subsurface Model