Pengembangan berbagai produk agroindustri yang bernilai tambah

tinggi dan prospektif berbasis sumber minyak lemak nabati dan

hewani di Indonesia

Oleh:
Prof. Dr. Erliza Hambali

Depatemen Teknik Industri Pertanian

LATAR BELAKANG

• Terdiri dari 17.000 lebih pulau dengan 6.000 lebih pulau berpenghuni
• Terdiri dari 34 Provinsi
• Memiliki sumber minyak nabati dan hewani yang beragam
• Sumber minyak nabati dan hewani berbeda antara 1 propinsi dengan propinsi lainnya
• Pengolahannya menjadi produk yang bernilai tambah tinggi masih terbatas
• Perlu ide-ide inovatif dan kreatif untuk mengembangkan beragam produk berbasis
minyak lemak nabati dan hewani tersebut menjadi produk bernilai tambah tinggi
• Sumber Minyak Nabati
(Sawit, Kelapa, Coklat, Jarak Pagar, Jarak
Kepyar, Kemiri Sunan, Nyamplung,
Kesambi, Pongamia, Karet (biji),
Mikroalgae dan lainnya)
• Sumber Minyak Hewani
(Ikan, Mamalia)

3
 Sources of Oil and Fat in Indonesia

Oil Palm Jatropha curcas Cacao Coconut

Castor Philippine tung Poon Kesambi tree

 Sources of Oil and Fat in Indonesia

Rubber seed
Fish Egg

Dairy Cows
Sources of Oil and Fat in Indonesia

Microalgae Yeast

Pseudomonas sp. Bacillus sp.

 KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis gueneensis)

 Merupakan prioritas utama

sebagai tanaman penghasil
minyak di Indonesia
 Buah sawit bisa dipanen
selama 25 th
 Peremajaan setelah ~25 th.
 Produksi ~24 Ton
TBS/th/pohon
 Rendemen minyak yang
dihasilkan 5950 liter/ha
National Area Coverage of Oil Palm Plantations and the
Production of Palm Oil (1980 – 2017)
40002500 14,000,000

Area (Ha)
35002500 12,000,000
Palm Oil Production (Ton)

30002500
10,000,000
25002500
8,000,000
20002500
6,000,000
15002500
4,000,000
10002500

5002500 2,000,000

2500 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017

Year CPO Production

PKO Production
Area

During the period from 1980 to 2017,

• The area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia grew by, on average, 14.11%
per year from 294,560 to 12,307,577 hectares.
• The national palm oil production increased by, on average, 17.33% per year
from 849,121 (721,172 tons of CPO and 127,949 tons of PKO) to
42,431,261 tons (35,359,384 tons of CPO and 7,071,877 tons of PKO).
 Area (Ha)
12,000,000

10,000,000

8,000,000

6,000,000

4,000,000
Old/Damage Plant
2,000,000 Unproductive Plant
Productive Plant
-
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Year
Productivity of Palm oil (Kg/Ha)

3,900
3,700
3,500
3,300
3,100
2,900
2,700
2,500
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Year

Graphic of Area Coverage, and Productivity of Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia in 2002-
2015 to the area coverage, it was known that in general there was
By comparing national palm oil production (CPO)
an increased national oil palm productivity from 2,909 kg/ha in 2002 to 3,679 kg/ha in 2015
Peta Sebaran Luas Areal dan Produksi CPO
Di Indonesia Tahun 2018
NERACA MASSA BUAH KELAPA SAWIT
PROSES PENGOLAHAN PADA INDUSTRI REFINERY
 Palm Mid Fraction

Gambar. Proses fraksinasi kering multitahap minyak sawit (Illingworth 2002)

 Physico Chemical Properties of CPO
Physico Chemical Properties Value
Triglyceride 95 %
Free fatty acid (FFA) 2–5%
Color (5 ¼ ” Lovibond Cell) Red orange
Humidity & Impurities 0.15 – 3.0 %
Peroxide Number 1 -5.0 (meq/kg)
Anisidin Number 2 – 6 (meq/kg)
β-carotene Level 500-700 ppm
Phosphor Level 10-20 ppm
Iron (Fe) Level 4-10 ppm
Tocopherols Level 600-1000 ppm
Diglyceride 2-6 %
Acid Number 6,9 mg KOH/g oil
Saponification 224-249 mg KOH/g oil
Iodine Number (wijs) 44-54
Melting Point 21-24ºC
Refractive Index (40ºC) 36,0-37,5

Physico Chemical Properties of PKO

Physico Chemical Properties Value
Free fatty acid (FFA) 25 % (m/m)
Acid Number
225 mg KOH/g oil
Saponification
256 mg KOH/g oil
Iodine Number (wijs)
14 - 23 15
Melting Point
48ºC
Fatty Acid Composition of Several Palm Oil Products

Products
Fatty Acid
CPO a)
PKO b)
Olein c) Stearin c) PFAD d)
Lauric < 1,2 40 – 52 0,1 – 0,5 0,1 – 0,6 0,1 - 0,3
(C12:0)
Miristic 0,5 – 5,9 14 – 18 0,9 – 1,4 1,1 – 1,9 0,9 - 1,5
(C14:0)
Palmitic (C16:0) 32 – 59 7–9 37,9 – 41,7 47,2 – 73,8 42,9 - 51,0
Palmitoleic < 0,6 0,1 – 1 0,1 – 0,4 0,05 – 0,2 -
(C16:1)
Stearic 1,5 – 8 1–3 4,0 – 4,8 4,4 – 5,6 4,1 - 4,9
(18:0)
Oleic 27 – 52 11 – 19 40,7 – 43,9 15,6 – 37,0 32,8-39,8
(18:1)
Linoleic 5,0 – 14 0,5 – 2 10,4 – 13,4 3,2 – 9,8 8,6-11,3
(C18:2)
Linolenic (C18:3) < 1,5 0,1 – 0,6 0,1 – 0,6
Arachidic (C20:0) 0,2 – 0,5 0,1 – 0,6

16
17
 Industrial Tree of Palm Oil for Food Products

Esterifikasi/ Distilasi
Transesterifikasi Vit. E dan Vit A
Molekuler
Frying/Cooking Oil

Interesterifikasi/ Vegetable
Blending
Hidrogenasi Ghee/Vanaspati

Frying Fat

Margarine
Hidrogenasi
Shortening
Palm Coating Fat
Refining - Fraksinasi
Oil
Confectioneries Fat

Coffee Whitener

Biscuit Creamer

Filled Milk

Hidrogenasi/Asidolisis/Interesterifikasi/Blending CBE/CBS/CBX

Source : Hui, 1996 Interesterifikasi/Estrifikasi/Gliserolisis Food Emulsifier

PRODUK TURUNAN SAWIT
UNTUK PANGAN

Cooking oil/fats

Fats for bakery products

Margarine & Shortening

Specialty fats
 Industrial Tree of Palm Oil for Oleochemical

Sumber : Hui, 1996; Suryani et al., 2008

FATTY ACID

Fatty acid diperoleh melalui Food and

proses yang dinamakan Feed; 2%
Candles; 2%
Various; 5%
Splitting atau Hydrolysis. Dalam Personal
Care; 5%
proses hidrolisis, trigliserida Soap dan
Detergent; 30%
dari minyak/lemak dipecah Rubber; 6%

menjadi fatty acid dan gliserol

Paper; 6%

Fatty acid digunakan sebagai Coating &

Resins; 6%
bahan baku sabun dan
detergen, intermediate, plastik, Lubricant &
Grease; 6% Interm ediates;
karet, kertas, lubricant, coating, 18%
Plastics; 14%
personal care, makanan dan
pakan, lilin dan lain-lain.
FATTY ALCOHOL

Fatty alcohol diperoleh dengan

hidrogenasi fatty acid (fatty acid
rute) dan atau melalui proses
Others; 15%
methyl ester (methyl ester rute).
Amines; 4%
Fatty Alcohol lebih banyak diolah
dari PKO dan CNO yang kaya Lubricant; 6%

dengan C12 dan C14 Soap dan

Detergent; 55%

Fatty alcohol merupakan bahan Personal Care;

baku untuk sabun dan detergen, 20%

personal care, lubricant, amines

dan lain-lain.
Tabel. Kapasitas terpasang industri fatty acid di Indonesia tahun 2019
Tabel. Kapasitas terpasang industri fatty acid di Indonesia tahun 2019 (Lanjutan…)
Tabel. Kapasitas terpasang industri fatty acid di Indonesia tahun 2019 (Lanjutan…)
Tabel. Kapasitas terpasang industri fatty acid di Indonesia tahun 2019 (Lanjutan…)
Kapasitas terpasang industri fatty acid di Indonesia tahun 2019 (lanjutan…)
 Fatty Alcohol

Tabel. Kapasitas terpasang industri fatty alcohol di Indonesia tahun 2019

Kapasitas Terpasang
No Nama Perusahaan Lokasi
(Ton/Tahun)
1 Domba Mas, Medan Kuala Tanjung, Sumut 80.000

2 Cisadane Raya Chemicals Tangerang, Banten 114.000

3 Musim Mas Medan, Sumut 240.000

4 Sumi Asih Oleochemical Industry Bekasi, Jawa Barat 30.000

5 Ecogreen Oleochemicals Medan dan Batam 62.000

6 Wilmar Nabati Indonesia Gresik  

  Total   526.000
Sumber : Bizteka-CCI (2019)
 Metil Ester
Tabel. Kapasitas terpasang industri metil ester Indonesia tahun 2019
Kapasitas Terpasang
No Nama Perusahaan Lokasi
(KL/Tahun)
1 PT Sintong Abadi Sumut 35.000
2 PT Musi Mas (Medan) Sumut 459.770
3 PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo Sumut 417.241
4 PT Dabi Biofuels Riau 413.793
5 PT Inti Benua Perkasatama Riau 442.529
6 PT Ciliandra Perkasa Riau 417.241
7 PT Pelita Agung Agrindustri Riau 229.885
8 PT Cemerlang Energi Perkasa Riau 689.655
9 PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia Riau 1.603.446
10 PT Musim Mas (Batam) Kepulauan Riau 896.522
11 PT Bayas Biofuels Jambi 862.069
12 PT LDC Indonesia Lampung 482.759
13 PT Tunas Baru Lampung Lampung 402.299
14 PT Alpha Global Cynergy Banten 862.069
15 PT Sinar Mas Bio Energy Jakarta 455.400
16 PT Darmex Biofuel Jawa Barat 287.356
17 PT Sumiasih Jawa Barat 114.943
18 PT Anugerah Inti Gemanusa Jawa Timur 160.920
19 PT Energi Baharu Lestari Jawa Timur 114.943
20 PT Batara Elok Semesta Terpadu Jawa Timur 287.356
21 PT Wilmar Nabati Indonesia Jawa Timur 1.665.517
22 PT Bali Hijau Biodiesel Bali 360
23 PT Sukajadi Sawit Mekar Kalimantan Tengah 402.299
24 PT SMART Tbk Kalimantan Selatan 440.520
25 PT Kutai Refinery Nusantara Kalimantan Timur 419.540 Sumber : APROBI (Oct 2019)
26 PT Multi Nabati Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 475.862
  Total   12.059.729
 Gliserol
Tabel. Produsen gliserol di Indonesia tahun 2019
Kapasitas Terpasang
No Nama Perusahaan Lokasi
(Ton/Tahun)
1. Flora Sawita Chemindo Tanjung Morawa, Sumut 52.000
2. Domba Mas, Medan Kuala Tanjung, Sumut 9.000
3. Cisadane Raya Chemicals Tangerang, Banten 25.500
4. Musim Mas, PT Medan, Sumut 30.000
5. Wilmar Nabati Indonesia, PT Gresik 36.000
6. Kualamas Sawit Abadi Labuhan, Sumut 2.000
7. Mekar Bumi Andalas Balikpapan, Kal‐Tim 57.143
8. Multi Nabati Sulawesi Sulawesi 57.143
9. Murini Samsam Pekanbaru, Riau 152.940
10 Sumi Asih Oleochemical Industry Bekasi, Jawa Barat 55.000
11 Ecogreen Oleochemicals Medan dan Batam 27.000
12 Sinar Oleochemical International Medan , Sumut 15.000
13 Nubika Jaya Rantau Prapat, Sumut 13.200
14 Bio Energi Nusantara, Serang, Banten 15.000
15 Inti Hijau Kahuripan Kalimantan Timur 20.000
16 Unilever Indonesia Surabaya, Jawa Timur 8.950
17 Oleochem & Soap Industri Medan 3.600
18 Darmex Oils, Bekasi, Jawa Barat 14.500
19 Sayap Mas Utama DKI Jakarta 3.000
20 Wings Surya Pasuruan, Jawa Timur 4.000
21 Bukit Perak Bekasi, Jawa Barat 9.000
22 Bukit Perak Semarang 9.000
23 PZ Cussons Indonesia Tangerang – Banten 1.850
24 Eterindo Nusa Graha Gresik, Jawa Timur 13.000
  Total   633.826
Sumber : Bizteka-CCI (2019)
 Palm Oil

Prepurification

Deacidification
Splitting
Methanol
Glycerine Water Crude Fatty Acid
Tranesterification
Purification Distillation
Distillation
Evaporation Fractionation

Hydrogenation Hydrogenation
Distillation
Fractionation
Bleaching Distilation
Spray Cooling

Carbonyl
Conversion
Distilled
Methyl Pure Fractioned Fatty Distilled Stearin
Ester Glycerine Fatty Acids Alcohols Fatty Hidrogenation
Acids Fatty Acid
 Spesifikasi Distilled Fatty Acid
Distilled Coconut Fatty Hardened Distilled Coconut Distilled Topped Coconut Fatty Hardened Distilled Topped Distilled Palm Kernel Hardened Distilled Palm
Specification Acid Fatty Acid Acid Coconut Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Kernel Fatty Acid

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 265-275 265 - 275 250 - 260 251 - 260 248-263 248 - 263

Saponivication Value
(mg KOH/g) 266-275 266 - 275 251 - 261 252 - 261 249-264 249 - 264

Iodine Value (g I2/100g) 7-11 0.5 Max 15 Max 0.5 Max 20 Max 1 Max

Titre oC 22-26 24 - 30 23 - 30 29 - 32 20-28 28 - 34

Color Lovibond R/Y 1/10 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 1 / 10 Max 1 / 10 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 0.5 / 5 Max

Moisture % 0.1 Max 0.2 Max 0.2 Max 0.2 Max - -

Unsaponifiable Matter % - 0.5 Max - 0.5 Max - -

Product Form Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Fatty Acid Composition %

C6 1 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max

0.3 Max
C8 5-8 5-8 2 Max 2-5 2-5

C10 5-8 5-8 0.5 Max 2-5 2-5

C12 47-53 47 - 53 48 - 58 50 - 58 46 - 54 46 - 54

C14 15-21 15 - 21 16 - 23 18-24 13 - 18 13 - 18

C16 8-12 8 - 12 7 - 15 9 - 14 6 - 12 6 - 12

C18 4 Max 6 - 13 2-6 7 - 15 1-4 14 - 24

C18:1 5-12 0.5 Max 5 - 12 12 - 18 1 Max

C18:2 2 Max - 4 Max 0.5 Max 4 Max -

Others 0.5 Max - - - -

 Spesifikasi Distilled Fatty Acid
Hardened Distilled Distilled Palm
Distilled Topped Palm Distilled Palm Oil Partially Distilled Palm Distilled Palmitic
Specification Kernel Fatty Acid
Topped Palm Kernel Distilled Palm Oil Acid
Harderned Stearine Fatty Acid
Stearine Fatty Acid
Acid
Fatty Acid Partially Harderned

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 246 - 255 246 - 258 203 - 210 204 - 211 206 - 214 205 - 210 210 - 225

Saponivication Value
(mg KOH/g) 247 - 256 247 - 259 204 - 211 205 - 212 207 - 215 206 - 211 211 - 226

Iodine Value (g I2/100g) 14 - 22 1 Max 45 - 56 30 Min 28 Min 30 - 42 5 - 10

Titre oC 25 - 28 33 - 38 45 - 48.5 42 - 50 47 - 54 42 - 52 58 - 63

Color Lovibond R/Y 0.5 / 5 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 2 / 20 Max 1 / 5 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 2 / 10 Max 3 / 30 Max

Moisture % 0.5 Max 0.2 Max 0.2 Max 0.2 Max - - -

Unsaponifiable Matter % 1 Max - 0.5 Max - - - -

Product Form Liquid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid

Fatty Acid Composition %

C6 - - - -
0.1 Max
C8 2 Max - - - -

C10 1.5 Max - - - - 3 Max

C12 48 - 58 48 - 58 1 Max 1 Max

3 Max 2 Max
C14 14 - 20 14 - 20 2 Max 2 Max

C16 7 - 12 7 - 12 43 - 48 40 - 50 55 - 65 40 - 48 83 Min

C18 1.5 - 4 14 - 24 3 - 10 11 - 21 4-8 12 - 22

C18:1 12 - 20 1 Max 37 - 40 28 - 36 20 - 35 28 - 38 17 Max

C18:2 1-4 0.5 Max 6 - 11 2-6 8.0 Max 8 Max

Others - - 1 Max 1 Max - - -

 Spesifikasi Fractionated Fatty Acid
Caprylic/ Caprylic/
Specification Caprylic Acid 99% Capric Acid 99% Lauric Acid 99% Lauric Acid 98% Lauric Acid 75%
Carpric Acid Carpric Acid

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 352 - 365 350 - 375 383 - 390 321 - 329 278 - 282 279 - 281 265 - 275

Saponivication Value
(mg KOH/g) 354 - 367 351- 376 384 - 391 322 - 330 279 - 283 279 - 282 266 - 276

Iodine Value (g I2/100g) 1.5 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 0.2 Max 0.2 Max 0.5 Max

Titre oC 7 Max 7 Max 15 - 18 30 - 32 42 - 45 42 - 45 32 - 38

Color Lovibond R/Y 3 / 25Y 0.5 / 5 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 0.2 / 2 Max 0.2 / 1 Max 0.3 / 3 Max

Moisture % - - - - - - -

Unsaponifiable Matter % - - - - - - -

Product Form
Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/
Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads

Fatty Acid Composition %

C6 4 Max 2 Max 1 Max 0.5 Max -

0.5 Max
C8 45 - 60 52 Min* 99 Min 1 Max - 1 Max

C10 35 - 50 42 - 48* 1 Max 99 Min 1 Max 2 Max

C12 2 Max 1.5 Max - 1 Max 99 Min 98 Min 72 - 78

C14 - - - - 1 Max 2 Max 22 - 28

C15 - - - - - - -

C16 - - - - - - 4 Max

C16:1 - - - -

C17 - - - - - - -

C18 - - - - - -

C18:1 - - - - - - 0.5 Max

C18:2 - - - - - -

C18:3 - - - - - - -

> C18 - - - - - - -

Others - - - - - - -
 Spesifikasi Fractionated Fatty Acid
Specification Myristic Acid 99% Myristic Acid 98% Palmitic Acid 98% Palmitic Acid 95% Oleic Acid Vegetable Oleic Acid Vegetable
Based C18:1 (75%) Based C18:1 (70%)

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 244 - 248 244 - 248 217 - 220 217 - 221 195 - 205 195 - 205
Saponivication Value
(mg KOH/g) 245 - 249 245 - 249 218 - 221 218 - 222 197 - 207 197 - 207

Iodine Value (g I2/100g) 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 2 Max 90 Min 88 - 96
Titre oC 53 - 55 53 - 55 61 - 63 60 - 63 9 Max 10 Max
Color Lovibond R/Y 0.2 / 2 Max 0.2 / 2 Max 0.3 / 2 Max 0.3 / 3 Max 1 / 10 Max 1.5 / 15 Max
Moisture % - - - - - 0.3 Max
Unsaponifiable Matter % - - - - - -
Product Form Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid
Liquid
Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads

Fatty Acid Composition %

C6 - -
C8 - -
0.2 Max
C10 - - 5 Max
C12 1 Max 1.5 Max
C14 99 Min 98 Min 2 Max
11 Max 15 Max
C15 - 0.5 Max 1 Max 1 Max
C16 1 Max 1 Max 98 Min 95 Min
C16:1 - - - -
C17 - - 1.5 Max -
C18 - -
C18:1 - - 5 Max 75 Min 70 Min
C18:2 - - 14 Max 13 Max
1 Max
C18:3 - - - - -
> C18 - - - - -
Others - - - - 1 Max
 Spesifikasi Stearic Acid
Stearic Acid Stearic Acid 50 % Stearic Acid 43 % Stearic Acid 38 % Triple Rubber Grade Rubber Grade
Specification Stearic Acid 92 %
65 % Triple Pressed Triple Pressed Pressed Stearic Acid Stearic Acid

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 195 - 199 202 - 209 206 - 209 205 - 211 206 - 213 195 Min 195 Min

Saponivication Value
(mg KOH/g) 196 - 200 203 - 210 207 - 210 206 - 211 207 - 214 196 Min 196 Min

Iodine Value (g I2/100g) 2 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 0.5 Max 1 Max 4 Max 10 Max

Titre oC 66 - 70 58 - 63 55 - 57 54 - 57 54 - 56 52 - 57 52 Min

Color Lovibond R/Y 0.5 / 2 Max 0.2 / 1.5 Max 0.3 / 1.3 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 0.5 / 1.3 Max 0.5 / 5 Max 5 / 50 Max

Moisture % 0.2 Max 0.1 Max 0.2 Max - - - -

Unsaponifiable Matter % 1 Max 0.5 Max - - 1 Max - -

Product Form
Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/ Flakes/Beads Liquid/Solid/ Flakes/Beads Liquid/Solid/ Flakes/Beads Liquid/Solid/ Liquid/Solid/
Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads Flakes/Beads

Fatty Acid Composition %

C10 - - - - - -

C12 - - - 1 Max 1 Max -

C14 - 2 Max 2 Max 2 Max 2 Max -

C15 - - 0.5 Max - - -

C16 8 Max 30 - 33 45 - 49 49 - 58 57 - 65 75 Max

C17 - - 0.5 Max - - -

VARIABLE
C18 92 Min 65 - 69 50 - 54 42 - 48 35 - 40 25 Min

C18:1 2 Max 1 Max 0.5 Max 1 Max -

C18:2 1 Max 0.5 Max - - -

C18:3 2 Max
- - - - -

C20 3 Max 1 Max 1 Max - -

Others - - - - -
Spesifikasi Split Fatty Acids & Hidrogenated Products
Split Undistilled Split Undistilled Palm Split Undistilled Coconut Hydrogenated Refined Hydrogenated Hydrogenated Refined
Specification Palm Kernel Fatty Stearine Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Palm Stearine Refined Palm Oil Stearine Fatty Acid
Acid

Degree of Split 98 Min 98 Min 98 Min - - 98 Min

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 254 - 260 204 - 214 262 - 272 - - 204 - 214

Saponivication Value
(mg KOH/g) - - - 195 - 205 - 205 - 215

Iodine Value (g I2/100g) 22 Max 48 Max 11 Max 0.5 Max 1 Max 2 Max

Moisture, Impurities, Unsap %

2 Max 2 Max 2 Max 0.5 Max 0.2 Max -

Melting Point oC - - - 58 - 61 56 Min -

Color Lovibond R/Y - - - 2.5R Max 3R / 30Y Max 10R / 50Y Max

Product Form Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid/Solid Liquid/Solid Liquid/Solid

Fatty Acid Composition %

C6 0.5 Max - 0.8 Max - - -

C8 2–5 - 9 Max - - -

C10 2–5 - 5-9 - - -

C12 44 - 52 1 Max 43 - 52 - - -

C14 13 - 18 2 Max 15 - 20 - - -

C16 7 - 11 55 - 65 6 - 11 - - -

C18 1-3 4-8 6 Max - -

C18:1 13 - 18 20 - 30 5 Min 36 Min - -

C18:2 3 Max 8 Max 3 Max - -

Others - - - - - -
Pengolahan Minyak Sawit menjadi Biofuel
 APPLICATION

Coconut
CPO

Jatropha
RISEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMEN
T OF
GLYCEROL
BASE
PRODUCTS
 Kelapa (Cocos nucifera)

 Tanaman kelapa dipanen setelah

umur 6-8 tahun hingga selama
lebih dari 50 tahun.

 Rata-rata produksi buah kelapa

mencapai 1.200 – 7.500 kg/ha.

 Setiap hektar kelapa dapat

dihasilkan 2.869 liter minyak.
Whole fruit : 59% seed, 41% mesocarp
Whole seed : 51% water, 39% oil, 6% protein, 3% ash
Flesh/Meat : 46% water, 54% copra
Copra : 67% oil, 17% N-free extract, 5% protein, 2% ash, 4% fiber

exocarp

Fiber (mesocarp)

Shell (endocarp)

Flesh/meat

Water

44
Peta Sebaran Luas Area dan Produksi Kelapa di Indonesia Tahun 2018
 NERACA MASSA PENGOLAHAN KELAPA

Kelapa

Air Daging Tempurung Sabut

23% 30% 12%
35%

Kopra Vapor Coco Peat Coco Fiber

16% 16%
26.25% 8.75%

MInyak Ampas
9.5% 6.5%
Physico Chemical Properties of Coconut
Oil
Properties Crude Cochin RBD
Water content and 1 0,1 0,03
impurities
Free fatty acid level 3 0,07 0,04
Color (lovibond) R/Y max. 12/75 1/10 1/10
Saponification 250 - 264 250 – 264
Iodine number 7 – 12 7 – 12
Peroxide number 2,0 0,5 0,5
Melting point (oC) 24 – 26 24 – 26
Refractive Index (40oC) 1,448 – 1,448 – 1,450
1,450

47
Fatty Acid Composition of Coconut Oil

48
Skema Pengembangan Produk Minyak Kelapa
Virgin Coconut Oil

Desicated Coconut Milk

Daging Kelapa
Coconut

Coconut Cream Milk

Kopra
Coconut Cream
Powder

Metil Ester Oleokimia

Minyak Kelapa
(Biodisel)

Minyak Goreng
Development of Coconut Product
 Nata de coco

Industrial Tree of Fresh Coconut Desert

Asam Cuka

Coconut Air Kelapa

Coconut Water
Coconut Vinegar

Kecap Kelapa
Virgin Oil
Coconut Souce
Low Fat Desicated Concentred
Coconut Coconut Shake Milk
Minuman Air Kelapa
Coconut Soft Drink
Desicated Coconut Santan Pasteurisasi
Pasteurization Coconut Milk
BUAH KELAPA
Coconut Daging Kelapa Parut Santan Kelapa
Meal Broken Coconut Coconut Milk Santan Pasta
Coco Milk Cream

Kulit Ari Daging Kelapa Shake Virgin Oil

Daging Kelapa
Skin Meal Coconut Tepung Santan
Coconut Meal Coco Cake Coco Milk Powder

Minyak Kelapa
Kopra Minyak Kelapa
Coconut Oil
Copra Coconut Oil

Bungkil Kopra
Tepung Tempurung Copra Cake Sirop Kelapa
Shell Coconut Powder Coconut Ciroop
KELAPA Tempurung
Coconut Coconut Shell Tepung Arang
Arang Shell Charcoal Powder
Shell Charcoal Madu Kelapa
Coconut Honey
Karbon Aktif
Actived Carbon

Sabut Gabus Sabut Kelapa Media Tumbuh

Coco Fiber Coco Peat Growth Media

Furniture
Serat Sabut Kelapa Corflex
BATANG KELAPA Coco Furniture
Coco Fiber
Coconut
Bahan Bangunan Sabut Berkaret
Material Building Rubbered Coco Fiber

Kerajinan Matras
LIDI KELAPA
Handicrafts Matras
Coconut Stick

BUNGA KELAPA Gula Kelapa Gula Semut

Coconut Flowers Coconut Sugar Coconut Palm Sugar

51
Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma)

 Philippine tung is a native plant of the Philippines but has widespread in

West Java with an optimal temperature of 18-26 degrees Celsius
 Philippine tung can live in low to medium-altitude region, it can be found
on more than 1,000 meters above sea level 52
 Kemiri Sunan

 Kemiri sunan dapat dipanen

setelah berumur 3 tahun.
 Produktivitas tanaman ini
mencapai 15 ton/ha/tahun.
 Setiap hektar biji kemiri sunan
yang dihasilkan mampu
menghasilkan 6.000 liter
minyak
Fatty Acid Composition of Philippine Tung

54
Komposisi Asam Lemak Kemiri Sunan
Jenis Asam Lemak Komposisi (%)
Asam Palmitat 10
Asam Stearat 9
Asam Oleat 12
Asam Linoleat 19
Asam Alpha-eleostearat 50

Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Kemiri Sunan

No Sifat fisika-kimia Nilai
1 Massa jenis pada 40oC (kg/m3) 887=0887 g/ml
2 Viskositas kinematik pada 40oC (mm2/s) 7,7
3 Angka asam (mg KOH/gr) 0,3
4 Gliserol bebas (% massa) 0,01
5 Gliserol total (% massa) 0,4
6 Kadar ester alkyl (% massa) 96,2
7 Angka Iodium (% massa) 109,5
8 Angka Penyabunan (mg KOH/gr) 198,277
Fatty Acid Composition of Philippine Tung

56
 NERACA MASSA KEMIRI SUNAN

Kulit Metil Ester

62-68%
(Biodisel)

Buah Kemiri
Sunan Tempurung
11-16% Minyak
100%
45-50%

Kernel
16-27%

Ampas
50-55%
 Poon (Calophyllum inophyllum)

Poon is a plant that originated from East Africa and the Indian Coast but
widely grown in the tropics, especially in archipelagic countries around the
Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
58
NYAMPLUNG (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)

• Tanaman tumbuh di daerah pantai ataupun

hutan dataran rendah
• Produktivitas nyamplung dapat mencapai
20 ton/ha/tahun
• potensi rendemen minyak nyamplung bisa
mencapai lebih dari 60%
• Rendemen minyak nyamplung 37-58 % dan
lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanaman hutan
lainnya
• Minyak nyamplung merupakan minyak
kental, berwarna coklat kehijauan,
beraroma menyengat seperti karamel dan
beracun.
• Poon trees bear fruit at the age of 3 years, one stalk
can produce 1 kg of fruit, assuming an average of
100 stems on the tree, it will produce 100 kg of fruit
or 100 tons of fruit on an area of one hectare with a
spacing of 3 m x 3 m
• Poon seeds have oil content of 71.4% to 75%.
According to Heyne (1987), the seeds kernel contain
3.3% water and 71.4% oil. Fresh seeds contain 55%
oil while the completely dry seeds contain 70.5% oil.

60
 Characteristic of Poon Tree

• Poon tree is a medium-sized plant with height

that can reach 8-20 meters some even reaching
30-35 meters.
• Branch-free trunk reaches 21 meters with
diameter reaching 0.8 meters.
• Poon fruit shaped like a bullet with a taper tip
with a length of 25-50 mm. The outer skin of
the fruit is green while still on the trees and
turned into yellowish or brownish when ripe. 61
Map of Poon Distribution in
Indonesia

62
Skema Pemanfaatan Nyamplung
 Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Nyamplung

Sebelumdeguming Sesudah deguming

Karakteristik
(Crude oil) (Refined oil)
Kadar air 0,25 % 0,41%
Densitas pada suhu 20oC 0,944 g/ml 0,940 g/ml
Viskositas suhu 40oC 56,70 cP 53,4 cP
Bilangan asam 59,94 mg KOH/g 54,18 mg KOH/g
Kadar asam lemak bebas 29,53 % 27,21%
Bilangan penyabunan 198,1 mg KOH/g 194,7 mg KOH/g
Bilangan iod 86,42 mg/g 85,04 mg/g
Indeks refraksi 1,477 1,478
Penampakan Hijau gelap dan kentaldengan bau Kuning kemerahan dan kental
menyengat

Sumber : Balitbang Kehutanan (2008)

 Characteristic of Poon Oil
Parameters Unit Value
1. Water % 0,25
2. Density G/ml 0,944
3. Viscosity Cp 21,97
4. Acid number mg KOH/g 59,94
5. Free fatty acid % 29,53
6. Saponification mg KOH/g 198,1
7. Iodine number Mg/g 86,42

65
 Komposisi Asam Lemak Minyak Nyamplung

Jenis Asam Lemak Komposisi (%)

Asam Miristat 0,09
Asam Palmitat 14,6
Asam Stearat 19,96
Asam Oleat 37,57
Asam Linoleat 26,33
Asam Linolenat 0,27
Asam Arachidat 0,94
Asam Erukat 0,72

Sumber :Bustomi et. al., 2009

 Industrial Tree of Poon
Building material, mast, crates,
Trunk power/electricity pole, cart
wheel, canoe, barrel, golf stick,
handycrafts

ornamental plants, rheumatism

Leaves medicine, burn treatment,
cosmetic

Fruits Natural dyes, Insect repellent,

Medicine
Poon Tree -

Seeds Lighting equipment, Biodiesel,

HIV Medication, Massage Oil,
Soap, reduce hair loss,
Cosmetics, burns treatments,
lacquer, etc.

Flower Air/hair freshener

67
Rodents repellent, fish poison
Gum/resin
PONGAMIA (Pongamia pinnata (L.))

• Bijinya mengandung minyak pongam, pahit, coklat

merah, tebal, non-pengeringan, minyak non edible, 27-
36% berat
• digunakan untuk bahan bakar juga digunakan sebagai
pelumas

Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Pongamia

No Sifat fisika-kimia Nilai

1 Nilai Densitas pada 15 oC 925
(kg/cm3)

2 Viskositas pada 30 oC (mm2/s) 2-6

3 Nilai Kalori (kJ/kg) 37.000
4 Bilangan asam (mg KOH/g) 2
5 Bilangan iod (g Iod/100 g) 105
6 Moisture & volatile matter 0,1%
 Komposisi Asam Lemak Minyak Pongamia

Jenis Asam Lemak Komposisi (%)

Asam Palmitat 3,7 - 7,9
Asam Stearat 2,4 - 8,9
Asam Oleat 44,5 - 71,3
Asam Linoleat 10,8 - 18,3
Asam Arachidat 2,2 - 4,7
Asam Eicosenoic 9,5 - 12,4
Asam Lignoceric 1,1 – 3,5
Rubber Seed
Rubber seed consists of 45-50
percent hard shell with brown
color and 50-55 percent of
white meat. Fresh rubber seeds
consist of 34.1% skin, 41.2%
kernel and 24.4% water.

Oil content in rubber seed is

approximately 45-50 percent

70
Map of Rubber Distribution in
Indonesia

71
 Fatty Acids Composition of Rubber Seed Oil

Fatty Acid Percentage

Palmitic acid 10,2
Stearic acid 8,7
Oleic acid 24,6
Linoleic acid 39,6
Linolenic acid 16,3

72
Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Biji Karet
No Sifat fisika-kimia Nilai
1 Nilai Densitas pada 15 oC (g/cm3) 0,918
2 Viskositas pada 30 oC (mm2/s) 37,85
3 Kadar abu sulfat [%( mm/mm )] 0,02
4 Bilangan asam (mg KOH/g) 1
5 Bilangan iod (g Iod/100 g) 142,6
6 Flash point (oC) 290
7 Cloud point (oC) -1,0

Sumber : Ikwuagwu et al. 2000

Komposisi Asam Lemak Minyak Biji Karet

Jenis Asam Lemak Komposisi (%)
Asam Palmitat 10,2
Asam Stearat 8,7
Asam Oleat 24,6
Asam Linoleat 39,6
Asam Linolenat 16,3
Sumber : Aigbodion, A. I dan Pillai,C. K.S., 2000
 NERACA MASSA BIJI KARET

Metil Ester
Kulit
(Biodisel)
41,6 %

Biji Karet
100% Minyak
21.2%

Kernel
58,4%

Ampas
37,2%
 Jatropha curcas

Jatropha actually have been planted in Indonesia starting from the

Japanese colonial period. During this period, Japan utilizing the jatropha
oil as fuel for Japanese fighter planes, so the people were ordered by
the Japanese government to plant jatropha. Therefore, Jatropha spread
fast in some areas, especially in Central and East Java. 76
JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L)

• Umur tanaman dapat mencapai 25

– 30 tahun
• Produktivitas tanaman jarak
berkisar antara 3,0 – 4,0 kg
biji/pohon/tahun.
• Jika rendemen minyak sebesar
20% maka setiap ha lahan dapat
diperoleh 1 – 2 ton
minyak/ha/tahun
Potency of Jatropha in Year 2010

Jatropha production: 4,729 ton

Cake production : 1,112 ton
Skin production : 681 ton
NERACA MASSA PENGOLAHAN JARAK

Minyak Metil Ester

21% (Biodisel)
Biji
70%
Ampas
49%
Buah
Jarak

Kulit Buah
30%
 Composition of Jatropha Seed
Component Seed Skin Meat
Dry weight (%) 94,2 – 96,9 89,9 – 90,4 100
Crude protein (%) 22,2 – 27,2 4,3 – 4,5 56,4 – 63,8
Oil (%) 56,8 – 58,4 0,5 – 1,4 1 – 1,5
Ash (%) 3,6 – 4,3 2,8 – 6,1 9,6 – 10,4
Neutral detergent fiber (%) 3,5 – 3,8 83,9 – 89,4 8,1 – 9,1
Acid detergent fiber (%) 2,4 – 3,0 74,6 – 78,3 5,7 – 7,0
Acid detergent lignin (%) 0,0 – 0,2 45,1 – 47,5 0,1 – 0,4
Gross energy (MJ/kg) 30,5 – 31,1 19,3 – 19,5 18 – 18,3

Productivity of jatropha is ranging from 3,0 – 4,0 kg seed/tree/year

80
 Fatty Acid Composition of Jatropha Oil

Fatty Acid Composition (% weight)

Miristic acid (14:0) 0 – 0,1
Palmitic acid (16:0) 14,1 – 15,3
Palmitoleic acid (16:1) 0 – 1,3
Stearic acid (18:0) 3,7 – 9,8
Oleic acid (18:1) 34,3 – 45,8
Linoleic acid (18:2) 29,0 – 44,2
Linolenic acid (18:3) 0 – 0,3
Arachidic acid (20:0) 0 – 0,3
Behenic acid (22:0) 0 – 0,2

81
 Physico Chemical Properties of Jatropha Oil

Properties Unit Value

Flash point o
C 236
Density at 15 oC g/cm3 0,9177
Viscosity at 30oC mm2/s 49,15
Carbon residue % (m/m) 0,34
Sulfuric ash content % (m/m) 0,007
Pour point o
C -2,5
Water content Ppm 935
Sulfur content Ppm <1
Acid number mg KOH/g 4,75
Iodine number g iod/100 g oil 96,5

82
Development of Jatropha curcas
Products
 Industrial Tree of Jatropha curcas
Crude Jatropha oil Energy (E1) Direct burning

Jatropha oil Energy (E2) Farming machinery

Seed/ oil
Biodiesel Energy (E3) Car

Oleo chemical Epoxy, polyol,

Chemical
material polyurethane

Glycerin Cosmetic soap

Fodder (60% crude

protein)
(Jatropha curcas L.) By Product Cake
process Bio pesticide

Phyto pharmacy

Shell Activated carbon

Firewood, charcoal,
Solid Energy (E3) briquette, activated
Wood carbon

Paper Pulp, fiber board,

Fiber
partikel board

Root Soil/water conservation

84
CO2 CO2,10 ton/ha/year
 Castor (Ricinus communis)

This plant was first cultivated by the Portuguese

and Spanish. They call it Agno Casto, whereas the
English call it Castor

Castor plant is an annual tree that lives in the tropics and subtropics,
and can grow in a height of 0-800 meters above sea level. 85
 Castor
Castor is categorized as shrubs or herb, with plant height of 1-3 m. These
plants bear fruit once to several times in its life cycle, depending on the
varieties

Castor seed contains

- 17% protein
- 17% fiber
- 48% lipid
- 3% ash
- 9% N-free extract
- 6% water

Main component:
Ricinolic acid (>80%)
Ricinoleic acid is a fatty acid that is composed of 18 carbon atoms with one
double bond (unsaturated), and having hydroxyl functional groups on the atom 86
C-12. This functional group caused the polar nature of Castor Oil. 
 Physical Properties of Castor Oil
• Castor Oil does not drip, does not leave combustion residue and
does not dissolve in gasoline. 
• If Castor Oil hydrogenated as a whole, the hydrogenated
products has a high melting point (86-88) oC.
• Castor Oil titer value is lower than the other well known oils.
• Castor Oil is different from other triglyceride compounds
because it has a high specific gravity values, as well as viscosity
and acidity value.
• Castor Oil is soluble in ethyl alcohol with concentration of 95% at
a temperature of 25oC. One volume of castor oil dissolved in two
volumes of this alcohol solution. This oil is also soluble in polar
organic solvents and less soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and
other non-polar organic solvents. 87
POTENTIAL USE OF CASTOR OIL

88
 Industrial Tree of Castor Oil
Paint industry, lacquer, etc.
Pharmacy industry,
Plastic and Cosmetic Textile industry

Drying Oil
Fat and Wax Sulfonasi Red Turkey Oil

Perfect Dehydration
Hydrogenation Sebasic Acid Plastic Industry

Plastic Industry
(Artificial Blow Oil Castor Oil Alcohol
Leather
Chemical
Lacquer)
industry
Saponification Partial
Dehydration Acid

Sabun
Non Drying Oil Esterification Non Drying
Plasticizer

Lubricant industry Plastic Industry

(Nitro Cellulose,
Lacquer)
89
 Kesambi Tree (Schleichera oleosa)

Kesambi tree grow in the lowlands, dry climate, up to a height of 600 m

above sea level, usually planted in coastal areas up to an altitude of 250
m above sea level. Kesambi tree require annual rainfall of 750-2,500 mm.
Kesambi tree able to live at a maximum temperature of 35-47.5oC and
90
minimum temperature of -2.5oC.
Map of Kesambi Tree Distribution in
Indonesia

91
• Kesambi seeds have oil content varying from
59-72%. Kusum oil color is yellowish brown,
semi-solid and contains oleic acid (52%),
arachidic acid (20%), stearic acid (10%), and
gadoleic acid (9%).
• Based on research conducted by Perhutani,
kusum oil yield can reach up to 2.5 times more
than Jatropha.
92
 Industrial Tree of Ceylon Oak
Kusum Tree Lac Bug
· Shellac

TRUNK SKIN LEAVES FRUITS

· Boat anchor · Tanner · Vegetable
· Pestle material
· Charcoal · Scabies and
other skin
diseases
medicine.

Meat/Flesh Seeds
· Pickle · Oil
· Biodiesel
 Microalgae

• Microalgae or phytoplankton is a
microscopic plant organism and live in
waters. Its a primary producers that
are able to photosynthesize like a
higher level plants.
• Microalgae contain protein, fat,
unsaturated fatty acid, pigment, and
vitamin.
• Lipid and fatty acids content in the
microalgae are a source of energy.
These contents are produced from the
process of photosynthesis which is a
hydrocarbon.
 Microalgae Excellence
1. Microalgae diversity is extremely high in a tropical areas,
including Indonesia
2. The system used to process microalgae into oilgae is able
to reduce CO2 emissions
3. Microalgae are able to reproduce within 24 hours so that it
can be harvested every week
4. Oil content is up to 50% of dry weight
5. Aquatic environment which is the habitat of microalgae is a
contributing factor to the needs of water, CO2 and
nutrients to perform the process of photosynthesis
 Examples of Oil Producing Microalgae Species

Dunaliella salina

Chlorella sp

Isochrysis galbana

Phaeodactilum tricornutum

Nannochlopsis oculata

Scenedesmus dimorphous
 Kandungan Minyak Nabati Mikroalga
No Mikroalga Kandungan Minyak (%)
1 Botrycoccus Braunii 25-75
2 Chlorella sp. 28-32
3 Crypthecodinium cohnii 20
4 Cylindrotheca sp. 16-37
5 Dunaliella primalecta 23
6 Isochrysis sp. 25-33
7 Monallanthus salina >20
8 Nannochloris sp. 20-35
9 Nannochloropis sp. 31-68
10 Neochloris oleoabundans 35-54
11 Nitzschia sp. 45-47
12 Phaeodactylum tricornutum 20-30
13 Schizochytrium sp. 50-77
14 Tetraselmis sueica 15-23
Type of Potential Microalgae

• Botryococcus braunii
– Has 61% of oil from
biomass
– Oil content is reduced to
31% in a stress state
– Optimum growth is at
temperature of 22-25oC

www.kluyvercentre.nl/content/ documents/Verslag2biodieselBaarnschLyceum.pdf -
GROWING MEDIA
Open Ponds
Photo bioreactor
Development of Mikroalgae Product
Development of Mikroalgae Product
Cacao (Theobroma cacao)

Cocoa crop was introduced by

the Spanish in 1560 in
Minahasa, North Sulawesi

In Java, cocoa planting was

done around 1880, due to the
Arabica coffee plant was
damaged by leaf rust disease
(Hemileia vastatrix)

103
Cacao (Theobroma cacao)
Composition of cacao fruit
-50% pod
-50% seed

Cacao seed :
- 58% oil - 10% fiber
-13% protein - 5% water
- 3% ash - 10% N-free extract

- Cacao Pod  rich in pectin

- Pulp & seed  fermented and roasted  industrial raw materials
- Cocoa butter  byproduct of cocoa powder industry
- Pod  fodder

104
PETA PRODUKSI KAKAO

Year 2017
Area of Indonesia : 1,7 mil Ha
Production : 688 Thousand Ton

105
 The Distribution of Cocoa Industry in Indonesia

Source : Pusdatin Kemenperin, 2010

106
Physico Chemical Properties and Chemical
Composition of Cocoa Butter
Properties Value
1. Iodine number 33-42
2. Saponification 188-198
3. Melting point 32-35oC
4. Fatty acid composition
Myristic acid(14:10) 0.1
Palmitic acid (16:0) 25.4
Palmitoleic acid (16:1) 0.2
Stearic acid (18:0) 33.2
Oleic acid (18:1) 32.6
Linoleic acid (18:2) 2.8
Linolenic acid (18:3) 0.1

107
 Chemical Composition of
Cacao Pulp

Component Value (%)

Water 80 - 90
Albuminoid 0,5 – 0,7
Glucose 8 – 13
Sucrose 0,4 – 1,0
Starch Trace
Non-evaporated acid 0,2 – 0,4
Iron oxide 0,03
Salts 0,4 – 0,45

108
 Glossary
Cacao – defined by FDA to explain cocoa beans as a source/ingredients
for chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder.
Chocolate liquor – produced by grinding cacao beans into paste, in
America chocolate liquor sometimes also called chocolate, dark
chocolate, cooking chocolate, or bitter chocolate. Meanwhile in
Canada and Europe it is called cocoa liquor.

Cocoa butter – is a natural fat in cacao beans. Cocoa butter usually

ranging from 50 to 60% from beans, the rest is cake with no or little fat.

Cocoa or cocoa powder – is a product from cacao cake, grinded

into flour/powder.

109
 Chemical Composition of
Cacao Pulp

Component Value (%)

Water 80 - 90
Albuminoid 0,5 – 0,7
Glucose 8 – 13
Sucrose 0,4 – 1,0
Starch Trace
Non-evaporated acid 0,2 – 0,4
Iron oxide 0,03
Salts 0,4 – 0,45

110
 Glossary
Cacao – defined by FDA to explain cocoa beans as a source/ingredients
for chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder.
Chocolate liquor – produced by grinding cacao beans into paste, in
America chocolate liquor sometimes also called chocolate, dark
chocolate, cooking chocolate, or bitter chocolate. Meanwhile in
Canada and Europe it is called cocoa liquor.

Cocoa butter – is a natural fat in cacao beans. Cocoa butter usually

ranging from 50 to 60% from beans, the rest is cake with no or little fat.

Cocoa or cocoa powder – is a product from cacao cake, grinded

into flour/powder.

111
Development of Cacao Products
Development of Cacao Products
Industrial Tree of Cacao

114
 Fish Oil
• Fish oil derived from the tissues of
certain oily fish species.
• Contains 25% saturated fatty acids
and 75% unsaturated fatty acids.
• Have more complex fatty acids
consist of saturated fatty acids C-14
to C-22 and unsaturated fatty acids
from one to six double bonds.
• Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty
acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids),
namely eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA).
115
Map of Potential Fish in Indonesian Waters
Oil Contents of Several Fish Species

117
Sifat fisiko-kimia Fish Oil dari Kepala Ikan Kurisi dan Tuna Mata
Besar
Development of Fish Product
Greenfield Dairy Farm in Indonesia

Butter Production
Process
Jenis Surfaktan

Sabun

Surfaktan Anionik

Surfaktan Kationik

Surfaktan Nonionik
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF SURFACTANTS
Anti-dusting agetns for
coals
Chemical for palm
Water treatment
oil fractionation
chemicals
Scale inhibitors
Deinking agents
Palm Oils
Defoaming agents Others Energy
Dispersants for CaCO3 Environment
Food
Plastics Water
Scouring and bleaching agents Treatment
Dyeing auxiliaries
Softening agents Pulp &
Antistatic agents
Paper
Surfactant :
Shade improvers

Metal
Textile Anionic Surfactant
Concrete additives
Gypsum board additives Cationic Surfaktant
Asphalt emulsifiers.
Amphoteric Surfactant Oilfield
Construction
Nonionik Surfactant

Firefighting
Agro Foam
chemicals Emulsion
Polymerization
Adjuvants
Additives for agrochemicals
Detergent Explosive
Anti-caking agents
Wood preservativesv Toiletries Material
Fermentation
Laundry
Cosmetics
Fermentation
detergent Additives for
additives
chemical Foaming agents polymerization
s for toothpastes
Cosmetics
chemicals
Source : Modification of KAO Indonesia Chemicals Information
 Methyl Esther Sulfonate (MES) Surfactant
Reactant NH2SO3H

ClSO3H
Methyl
SO3-H2SO4
+ Methyl Ester
H2SO4 Ester Sulfonate
(MES)
SO3 + Dry air

NaHSO3

O O

SO3 + …. CH2 C OCH3 …. CH C OCH3

Sulfur SO3H MES
Methyl ester
trioxide
(McArthur et al., 1998)

(1) Carboxyl group

(2) α-atomic carbon
(3) Unsaturated bond

The possibility of reaction location

Development of Transesterification Reactor
Capacity of 150 L/batch (2006) Capacity of 1 Ton/day (2012)

Year 2017 - 2018

Capacity of 2 Ton/day
 History of Palm Oil Based Surfactant Research for IOR/EOR Applications

Lab Scale: Continuous Sulfonation Lab Scale: Continuous Sulfonation Reactor Continuous Sulfonation Reactor
Reactor (2007) system Absorber (2008) Capacity of 100 kg/day (2009)

Continuous Sulfonation Reactor Capacity

of 1 ton/day (2018-2019)

Continuous Sulfonation Reactor Continuous Sulfonation

Capacity of 1 ton/day (2011) Reactor Capacity of 300
kg/day (2010)
 Synthetic Process of MES Surfactant for EOR
Sulphur Melting Burning SO2
T = 700 oC
T = 420-450 oC,
catalyst V2O5

T = 136 oC

Methyl Ester Sulfonation Process SO3 Oxidation

Alkali
(NaOH/Na2CO3 )
Aging
Co-surfactant
additive

MESA Formulation

Neutralization MES for IOR/EOR

K/S-MES
 Characteristics of MES
 Ultra-low IFT
 Resistant to high temperature
 Wetting ability
 Ease of emulsion breaking
 Biodegradable and Low toxicity
 Stand in high salt concentration
environment
 Sustainable (green surfactant)
 Rationale

IFT reduction
by 10-2 to 10-3 dyne/cm &
Normal Waterflood increase μ by 2 to 3X w/ Polymer

Capillary Number versus Oil Recovery

(Chatzis and Morrow, 1994)
 Palm Oil Base Surfactant for IOR/EOR
Item Palm Oil Base Surfactant Remarks
Raw Material Palm Oil
easy to get in the market

Characteristics pH 7-8, viscosity 84 – 175 cP,

density 0.9269 g/cm3
Function IOR/EOR
Current reactor capacity 5 TPD ready for up SKK Migas chemical
Procurement requirements for EOR :
scaling 20 TPD
Concentration 0,3%
• IFT ≤ 10-03 dyne/cm
• Adsorption < 400 µg/g
Compatibility Compatible core
Adsorption < 400 µg/g core • Thermal stability : stabil
in the reservoir temp. for
Thermal Stability 10-03 dyne/cm 3 months
Phase behavior Phase II(-) • Phase behavior : Phase III
/ II(-)
Filtration Ratio <1.2  • Filtration Ratio ≤ 1.2
RF Coreflooding. % Soi 12.0 – 18.6
Ca+2.Mg+2 resistant
Salinity resistant
No need to soften the produced water
Palm MES Miniplant Surfactant in PT. Petrokimia Gresik
 Surfactant for Stimulation
No Parameters Unit Result
1 Compatibility Test Compatible with
formation and injection
water
2 IFT dyne/cm 2.75x10-3 – 4.54x10-3
3 Phase behavior Under phase
4 Thermal stability dyne/cm 3.03x10-3 – 4.20x10-3
5 Adsorpsi µg active 240,12 – 359,11
surfactant
material/g core
6 Filtration Ratio (FR) 1.03 – 1.20

Stimulation
Methode
 Surfactant for Stimulation

Example of performance of SBRCTM product for a wide range of field condition

Formation of microemulsion phase at reservoir temperature 60 oC

 Field Trial Surfactant for
Stimulation at Meruap Field
Field Trial Surfactant for
Stimulation at Meruap
Field
 Surfactant for Asphaltene Deposit Removal
100 95.56

80 70.96
Daya dispersion (%)

60
40
20
0
Toluena Asphaltene
dissolver

asphaltene
Solubility degree
of asphaltene on
asphaltene Solubility degree
dissolver of 99,4% of asphaltene on
Asphaltene
Toluene toluene of 26,6%
dissolver

Wettability Test
 Surfactant for Well Cleaning

Result of Thermal Stability Test

Surfactant Performance for Well Cleaning Result of Phase Behavior Test

 Surfactant for Well Complexion
Sample of Surfactant – Solar Solution : Phase Behavior Test
 Surfactant for Wax Dissolver
12” PIPELINE 12” PIPELINE

Viscosity (cP)
Temperature (
No ͦC ) Before Addition After Addition the
Wax Dissolver Wax Dissolver
1 35 Not Measured Not Measured
Solvent Wax Dissolver
2 40 149.05 14.96
(xylene+Solar)
Surfactant untuk Sludge Breaker

Blanko Blanko vs SB4’

Comparison Xylene solvent : Toluene

Sludge Breaker Formulation : SB1, SB2, SB4, SB4’, SB5

 Surfaktan untuk Demulsifier

Hasil pengamatan penambahan demulsifier setelah 5 menit (kiri) dan 1,5 jam (kanan) pengamatan
 Surfaktan untuk Emulsion Breaker

Gambar. Pengaruh waktu tinggal terhadap persentase emulsi

Gambar. Hasil uji Imbibisi Gambar. Hasil uji coreflood

 Surfaktan untuk Antifoaming Agent

Anti Foaming Seri Egea Anti Foaming Seri Ekyla Anti Foaming Silikon Oil

Penurunan busa pada berbagai konsentrasi anti foaming

% Penurunan Busa
Jenis Defoamer
0,25 0,5 0,75 1
Anti Foaming SBRC IPB Seri Egea 23,24 35,67 50,27 60,54

Anti Foaming SBRC IPB Seri Ekyla 8,11 15,68 24,32 34,05

Anti Foaming Silikon Oil 20,54 27,03 35,14 40,54

 Surfaktan untuk Oil Spill Dispersant
CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration)

OSD Formulation
Surfaktan (Nonionik + Anionik)
(1:3)
25.59 mN/m

Surfaktan Anionik (%)

5
10
15

Surfaktan Nonionik (%)

Osd COD BOD pH Viscosity TPH Solubility (%)

(ml) (mg/L) (mg/L) (cP) (mg/L)
1 439 195 6.44 1.075 2230.9 78.29
2 569 239 6.87 1.015 2435.2 85.75
4 608 280 7.16 1.025 2457.1 86.55
6 656 311 6.63 1.04 2488.3 87.69
8 691 345 7.72 1.08 2496.2 87.98
10 727 395 7.53 1.035 2527.3 89.11
 Surfaktan untuk Enhance Bioremediation
Degradation of Total Petroleum Hidrocarbon (TPH)
6
5
4
TPH (%)

3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 Oil Spill

Weeks
Dispersant (OSD)
+ Bacteria

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

P1 : Control
P2 : OSD 2:1
P3 : OSD 1:1
P4 : Bacteria
P5 : Bacteria + OSD 2:1
P6 : Bacteria + OSD 1:1
Development of Oil and Fat for Food Products
Development of Oil and Fat for Personal Care
and Cosmetic Products
Development of Oil and Fat for Agricultural
Products
Development of Crop Oil for Chemical Industry
 Development of Crop Oil for Oil and Gas Industry

· Enhanced Oil Recovery  Well Cleaning

· Stimulation Agent  Well Complexion
· Asphaltene Deposit Removal  Oil Spill Dispersant
· Wax Dissolver  Enhanced Bioremediation
· Sludge Breaker  Demulsifier
· Foam Booster  Emulsion Breaker
· Drilling Fluid  Defoaming