BAKTERI

KINGDOM MONERIAN

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
and
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 Mengingat Kembali: STRUKTUR VIRUS
Tubuh virus berupa nukleokapid = nukleoprotein

Virus Phage
Virus Influenza A

Virus HIV
 MENGINGAT KEMBALI:
Beberapa Penyakit Karena Virus

MUMPS = GONDONG

HERPES

MEASLES = CAMPAK
Konjungtivitis/Beleken
VIRUS CACAR = SMALLPOX
 KOMPETENI DASAR
BAKTERI = MONERA = MONERIAN KINGDOM
ARCHAEBACTERIA KINGDOM AND EUBACTERIA KINGDOM

Kompetensi Dasar:
3.5. Mengidentifikasi struktur, cara hidup, reproduksi dan
peran bakteri dalam kehidupan.
4.5. Menyajikan data tentang ciri-ciri dan peran bakteri
dalam kehidupan
Beberapa Bahan Makanan Busuk
Busuk lunak karena (Xanthomonas campestris dan Erwinia sp)
Penyakit Busuk Hitam
 Tuberculosis ( TBC ) adalah penyakit infeksi yang di
sebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TBC TBC paling umum mempengaruhi paru-paru namun
juga dapat melibatkan hampir semua organ dari tubuh.

Gejala umu penyakit TBC

Demam yang di sertai dengan
keringat dan biasanya terjadi
pada malam hari
Keinginan makan dan berat
bdan turun
Batuk-batuk ( terkadang di
sertai darah ) yang
berlangsung selama lebih dari
3 minggu.
Kondisi fisik semakin lemah di
sertai perasaan yang tidak
enak.
Peneumonia
Pneumonia adalah radang pada gelembung paru-paru
yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Diplococcus pneumonia.
 DIFTERI
Difteri adalah penyakit batuk yang
dikenal dengan batuk rejan yang
disebabkan Corynebacterium diptheriae.
 Gonore = Gonorrhoe =Kencing Nanah
Penyakit gonore adalah penyakit menular seksual (PMS) yang disebabkan oleh infeksi
bakteri Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Bakteri Neisseria gonorrhoeae dapat menginfeksi
selaput lendir mulut, tenggorokan, mata, uretra, anus, selaput lendir saluran
reproduksi seperti serviks, rahim, saluran tuba falopi, vagina pada wanita, serta
saluran kelamin laki-laki. Gonore adalah penyakit menular yang sangat umum. Orang
yang memiliki resiko tertinggi terkena infeksi yaitu remaja dan orang dewasa yang
aktif secara seksual secara bebas.
SIPILIS = Raja Singa
Sipilis adalah penyakit infeksi kelamin
yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Treponema
palidum.
 LEPRA = KUSTA
Lepra atau kusta adalah infeksi penyakit kulit yang dapat merusak
jaringan dibawahnya dan disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium leprae.
Frambosia/Patek
Frambosia adalah penyakit infeksi yang
disebabkan oleh bakteri Treponema pertenue.
 PES = SAMPAR
Pes atau sampar adalah penyakit menular pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh
enterobakteria Yersinia pestis (dinamai dari bakteriolog Perancis A.J.E.
Yersin). Penyakit pes disebarkan oleh hewan pengerat (terutama tikus).
Wabah penyakit ini banyak terjadi dalam sejarah, dan telah menimbulkan
korban jiwa yang besar. Kasus yang paling dramatis adalah Kematian
Hitam (Black Death) yang terjadi di Eropa pada Abad Pertengahan.
ANTHRAX
 TETANUS
Tetanus adalah penyakit kejang otot
yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri
Clostridium tetani
 MENINGITIS
Radang selaput otak karena infeksi kuman
Neissheria meningitis.
ORGANISM 5 KINGDOM
 MONERIAN KINGDOM
ARCHAEBACTERIA KINGDOM AND EUBACTERIA KINGDOM
EXAMPLES OF BACTERIA
 Introduction.
• This kingdom used to be a part of a bigger kingdom –
Moneran. Now scientists feel this kingdom, which is the
oldest of the kingdoms, should really be divided into two
kingdoms – the Archaebacteria Kingdom and the
Eubacteria Kingdom.

• The characteristics of Monerian Kingdom:

- Uniceluler
- No nucleic membrane in Nucleus (carioteca/
karioteka), so called procariotic cell.
Characteristics Archaebacteria Kingdon and
Eubacteria Kingdom
No Characteristics Archaebacteria Eubacteria
1. Find in harsh environments V
(undersea, volcanic vents,
acidic, hot springs, salty
water).
2. Cell walls without V
peptidoglican
3. Cell walls with peptidoglican V
4. Plasma membrane contain lipid V
with eter bound
5. Ribosome contain some RNA V
Polymerase
6. Ribosom contain one kind of V
RNA polymerase
7. Plasma membrane contain lipid V
with ester bound
8. Find in air, water and soil V
 Kingdom Archaebacteria and
Classification Of Kingdom Archaebacteria
Characteristic of Kingdom Archaebacteria:
• Different lipids in cell wall, no peptidoglycan & have introns, common
ancestor with eukaryotes.

Classification of Kingdom Archaebacteria:

Archaebacteria can be divided into three Groups, based on the Environment
in which they live:
1. Methagens – hygrogen & carbon dioxide into methane gas; swamp,
sewage, intestines; anaerobic.
2. Halophiles – use salt to make ATP; Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea.
3. Thermoacidophiles – high acid and temp; hot springs, volcanic Vents.
Characteristics & Examples Groups of Archaebacteria
Groups of Characteristic of Examples
Archaebacteria Habitat
Archaebacteria Live in Extremely SALTY Holobacterium
Conditions.
Holophiles

Archaebacteria Can live in Water that is Sulfolobus

Extremely HOT (230 degrees
Thermoacidophiles/ F.) and ACIDIC (pH less than Themoplasma
Thermophiles 2), two conditions that would
kill other organisms. 

Archaebacteria Live in oxygen-free Methanobacterium

environments (anaerobic
Methanogens conditions) and produce
Methane Gas. 
 Senyawa Eter
• Eter adalah suatu senyawa organik yang mengandung gugus R—O—R',
dengan R dapat berupa alkil maupun aril.[1] Contoh senyawa eter yang
paling umum adalah pelarut dan anestetik dietil eter (etoksietana, CH3-CH2-
O-CH2-CH3). Eter sangat umum ditemukan dalam kimia organik dan
biokimia, karena gugus ini merupakan gugus penghubung pada senyawa 
Dimetil eter
karbohidrat dan lignin. CH3-O-CH3
Dietil eter CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
Tetrahidrofuran O(CH2)4
Dioksana O(C2H4)2O
 Senyawa Ester
Ester adalah suatu senyawa organik yang terbentuk melalui
penggantian satu (atau lebih) atom hidrogen pada gugus karboksil 
dengan suatu gugus organik (biasa dilambangkan dengan R'). Asam
oksigen adalah suatu asam yang molekulnya memiliki gugus -OH yang
hidrogennya (H) dapat menjadi ion H+.
 KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
1. Eubacteria account for most bacteria; they occur in many shapes
and sizes and have distinct Biochemical and Genetic
Characteristics.

2. The PREFIX "EU" means TRUE.  The so-called true bacteria are all
the organisms traditionally known as BACTERIA OR AS MOM
WOULD SAY "GERMS".

3. Kingdom Eubacteria can be divided into as many as 12 different

PHYLA according to their Evolutionary Relataionships.  We are
going to look at Four Generally Recognized Phyla of Bacteria and
their properties: PROTEOBACTERIA, GRAM-POSITIVE,
SPIROCHETES, CYANOBACTERIA.
 KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
1. varied shapes – cocci, bacilli, spirilla (diplo, staphylo, strepto).
2. Gram- staining ( crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin):
        a).  gram + retain stain, purple; think peptidoglycan
b).  gram – pink stain, not purple
3. 4 of 12 Phyla:
a).  Cyanobacteria – (blue-green algae) photosynthetic; live in jelly
colonies; Heterocysts fix nitrogen; Eutrophication (pop explosion)
of these bacteria are then eaten by other bacteria causing death of
other animals (taking all oxygen in pond).
b). Spirochetes – gram negative, spiral, heterotrophic, aerobic or
anaerobic, many life styles; syphilis.
c). Gram + : not all gram + but share molecular structures; yogurt, plaque,
actinomyctes (antibiotics), intestines  and mouth.
d). Proteobacteria – largest, most diverse, 3 groups:
(1).  Enteric – gram -, hetero, aerobic or anaerobic, intestines; E. coli
(vit K and enzymes) and Salmonella
(2).  Chemoautotrophs – gram -, oxidize chemicals in minerals, iron.
(3).  Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – some gram -, free or symbiotic with
beans, peas, clover, etc., Rhizobium (alfalfa, etc.) converts
nitrogen gas in air
CHARACTERISTICS & CLASIFICATION OF THE
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA:
Characteristics of Kingdom Eubacteria:
1. Eubacteria account for most bacteria; they occur in many shapes
and sizes and have distinct Biochemical and Genetic
Characteristics.
2. The prefix "EU" means TRUE.  The so-called true bacteria are all the
organisms traditionally known as bacteria or as mom would say
"germs".
3.  Have bacteriochlorophyl (green) and bacteriopurpurin (purple),etc.
Classification of Kingdom Eubacteria:
• Kingdom Eubacteria can be divided into as many as 12 different
phyla according to their Evolutionary Relataionships. 
• We are going to look at Four Generally Recognized Phyla of
Bacteria and their properties, Proteobacteria, Gram-Positive,
Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria.
 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
1. GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan in their cell
walls, made of a protein-sugar complex that takes on the purple color during
gram staining. (Figure 24-4).
2. Gram-positive bacteria include organisms that produce benefical Substances
and organisms that cause important disease.
3. They are used to make yogurt, pickles and buttermilk.
4. Another group of Gram-positive bacteria, are used to make antibiotics, including
tetracycline and streptomycin.  these bacteria are called actinomycetes.
5. Antibiotics kill other Gram-positive bacteria by preventing them from making
proteins.  They affect only the GROWTH of bacteria without harming the body
cells of humans.
6. Gram-positive bacteria cause many human diseases, including scarlet fever,
toxic shock syndrome, and pneumonia.
7. Many of these bacteria produce TOXINS, which are poisons to our bodies.
8. Toxins can be deadly; a single gram of the toxin produced by Clostridium
botulinum  (Botulism) could kill more than one million people.
 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
1. GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA have an extra layer of lipid on the
outside of the cell wall and appear pink after gram staining. (Figure
24-4)
2. The extra lipid layer stops the PURPLE Stain from entering the CELL
WALL.  They do absorb the PINK Stain, so they are easily
distinguished with a microscope.
3. The extra lipid layer also stops many ANTIBIOTICS from entering
the bacteria.  Treatment for these requires a different ANTIBIOTIC
than those used for infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.
4. These bacteria may have evolved from a PHOTOSYNTHETIC
ancestor.  Some of these bacteria are still photosynthetic, but most
are not.
5. These bacteria photosynthesis differ from plants, they do not release
oxygen as a by-product, but produce SULFUR as a by-product.
6. Bacteria that produce sulfur are also called sulfur producing bacteria.
 GRAM STAINING
1.  Most species of Eubacteria can be grouped into TWO Categories based on
their response to a laboratory technique called GRAM STAINING. (Figure
24-3)
2. TAXONOMISTS divide Eubacteria into various subgroups including GRAM-
POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.
3.  THESE ARE TERMS FOR THE WAY BACTERIA RESPOND TO A
PROCEDURE CALLED GRAM STAINING.
4. Hans Christian Gram, a Danish Microbiologist, developed the Gram-stain
technique in 1884.
5. The technique involves STAINING Bacteria with a PURPLE DYE (Crystal
Violet), AND IODINE,   AND RINSED WITH ALCOHOL.  Then Restained
with A PINK DYE (Safarinin). (Figure 24-3).
6. Depending on Structure of their CELL WALLS, THE BACTERIA ABSORB
EITHER THE PURPLE DYE OR THE PINK DYE.
7. Gram-Positive Bacteria will retain the PURPLE DYE and appear Purple.
 8.  Gram-Negative Bacteria will appear PINK from the PINK DYE.
GRAM STAINING
CELL WALL STRUCTURE IN GARAM-NEGATIVE
& GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
Lapisan Dinding Sel Bakteri
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
CELL BACTERIA
STRUCTURE

Gram Positive Gram Negative

 STRUCTURE - FUNCTION
• Cell Wall protects the cell and gives shape
• Outer Membrane protects the cell against some antibiotics
(only present in Gram-negative cells)
• Cell Membrane regulates movement of materials into and out of the
cell;  contains enzymes important to cellular respiration
• Cytoplasm contains DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds
required to carry out life processes
• Chromosome carries genetic information inherited from past generations

• Plasmid contains some genes obtain through genetic recombination

• Capsule, and slime layer protects the cell and assist in attaching the cell to other
surfaces
• Endospore protects the cell against harsh environmental conditions,
such as heat or drought
• Pilus (Pili) assist the cell in attaching to other surfaces, which is
important for genetic recombination
• Flagellum moves the cell
• Ribosome For used translation of mRNA to protein (for used protein
syntesis)
Groups Bacteria based on the shapes
Basic shape Various shape Explanation
1. Coccus Monococcus Bulat, satu-satu
(Bulat) Diplococcos Bulat, dua-dua
Tetracoccus Bulat, empat-empat
Streptococcus Bulat-bulat, spt rantai
Staphylococcus Bulat-bulat, spt untaian buah
anggur
Sarcina Bulat-bulat, bergerombol
mebentuk bangun kubus
2. Bacillus Bacillus Batang, satu-satu
(Batang) Diplobacil Batang, dua-dua
Streptobacil Batang, spt rantai
3. Curve Comma Bengkok < ½ lingkaran
(Bengkok) Spirillum Bengkok > ½ lingkaran, kaku
Spirochaeta Bengkok > ½ lingkaran, lentur
Groups Bacteria based on the location
of flagel (trikha)
Various the location of flagel Explanation

Atrik

Monotrik

Lofotrik

Amfitrik

Peritrik
Groups Bacteria based on the Oxygen demand and on
the food (carbon and sunlight demand)
Basic the Oxygen Various the Oxygen Explanation
demand demand
1. Aerob Aerob (Obligate Aerob) Several bacteria
Microaerofilik Butuh O2 sangat sedikit Lactobacillus sp
2. Anaerob Obligate Anaerob Clostridium tetani
Facultative Anaerob Escherichia coli

Basic on the Various on the food Explanation

food (Energy & CO2 resources)
1. Autotrof Fotoautotrof Energy: Solar energy
Ex: Bakteri hijau & Ungu Corbon: CO2
Khemoautotrof Energy: Chemistry energy
Ex: Pseudomonas palustris Corbon: CO2
2. Heterotrof Fotoheterotrof Energy: Solar energy
Ex: Bak. Nitrit & nitrat Corbon: Organic compound
Khemoheterotrof Energy: Chemistry energy
Ex: E. coli Corbon: Organic compound
 Life cycle of bacteria ( Bacterial Reproduction
and Genetic Recombination)
1. Asexual reproductive method.
Most bacteria reproduced asexually by: Binary Fission.
2. Sexual reproductive method.
In bacteria, exchange of genes (genetic material ) also happens between a cell and
its pairs. This reproduction is called parasuxual reproduction. There are three
methods of parasuxual reproduction :
a. CONJUGATION - the process of exchanging genetic material through cell-to-cell contact
(Conjugation bridge). During conjugation, DNA Moves from one bacteria cell to another, this
allows the DNA to change and provide VARIATIONS and DIVERSITY of the generations of
bacteria to follow.  It Increases the chances that some bacteria will survive the environment
changes. The bacteria attached together using special hairlike structures called PILI, a
bridge of cytoplasm (CONJUGATION BRIDGE) forms between two bacteria cells, and the
DNA passes from one cell to another.
b. TRANSFORMATION - the process by which bacteria cells pick up and incorporate DNA from dead
bacteria cells.  they take up DNA from dead cells of the same or a closely related species.
c. TRANSDUCTION - using a virus to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another.  viruses called
bacteriaphages are used to carry DNA between cells.  this is one way to get bacteria to make
large amounts of proteins for research and medicine.  this is used to produce human insulin
need by diabetics.
 BACTERIA GROWTH and
DEVELOPMENT GRAPHYC
The growth of bacteria is influenced
by several factors, namely:
1). Temperature.
a). What is optimum temperature?
b). What is mesophyl bacteria? Live in warm environment
c). What is Psychrophyl bacteria? Live in cool environment
d). What is Thermophyl bacteria? Live in hot environment
2). pH (Acidity degree).
a). What is optimum pH?
b). What is Acidohyl bacteria? Live in acid environment
c). What is Neutrophyl/Mesophyl bacteria? Live in neutral
environment
d). What is Alcaliphyl bacteria? Live in alcaly environment
3). Air (Oksigen Demand).
4). Humidity (Kelembaban).
5). Light /Sunlight.
The roles of (peranan) bacteria in human life:
a. Human diseases cause by bacteria:
Name of diseases
No Name of Bacteria
Diphteri
1 Corynebacterium diptheriae
Tetanus
2 Clostridium tetani
Pneumonia
3 Diplococcus pneumonia
Meningitis
4 Neissheria meningitis
Kencing Nanah/Gonore
5 Neissheria gonorhoe
Sifilis/ Raja singa
6 Treponema pallidum
Tifus
7 Salmonella typhosa
Disentri
8 Shegella disenteriae
Lepra / Kusta
9 Mycobacterium leprae
TBC
10 Mycobacterium tuberculose
Kolera
11 Vibrio collerae
Pes/Sampar
12 Pateurella pestis
Frambosia/ Patek
13 Treponema pertenue
The roles of (peranan) bacteria in human life:
b. Mention parasitical bacteria in animals!
1). Brucella abortus cause : abortus.
2). Bacillus anthracis. cause : antraks
 
c. Mention parasitical bacteria in plants!
1). Xanthomonas citri cause : parasit in citrus (jeruk)
2). .................................................. cause : .....................................
 
d. Mention bacteria producing toxic!
1). Clostridium botulinum cause : botulisme
2). Pseudomonas cocovenenans cause : bongkrek toxic
The advantages (menguntungkan) of bacteria
in human life :
1). Decaying in the colon
example: Escherichia coli.
2). Producing biogas/metana/CH4
example: Methanobacterium
3). Fermentation
example: - Lactobacillus casei , used for : Yakhult
- Acetobacter xylinum, used for : Nata de coco
- Lactobacillus bulgaricus and
Streptococcus thermophilus, used for : Yoghurt
- Streptococcus latis, used for : Chees/keju
The advantages (menguntungkan)
of bacteria in human life :
4). Producing acid
example: - Acetobacter aceti, produce : acetic acid (as cuka)
- Propioni bacterium, produce : propionat acid
(as propionat)
5). Producing antibiotic
example:
- Streptomisin, produced by: Streptomyces gryceus
- Aureomisin, produced by: Streptomyces aureofaciens

- Kloromisin, produced by: Streptomyces venezuelae

- Tirotrisin, produced by: Bacillus brevis
- Basitrasin, produced by: Bacillus subtilis
The advantages (menguntungkan) of bacteria
in human life :
6). In a farming field:
a). As a Nitrogen Fixation in the air and living dependently (bebas):
example: 1). Azotobacter
2). Rhodospirillum rubrum
3). Clostridium pasteurianum
  b). As a Nitrogen Fixation in the air and living in symbioses
(bersimbiose):
example: Rhizobium leguminosorum
  7). Nitrification bacteria (change amoniac into nitrate)
a). Nitric bacteria:
example: 1). Nitrosococcus
2). Nitrosomonas
  b). Nitrate bacteria:
example : 1). Nitrobacter
Nitrification Reaction

Bakteri Nitrit:
Nitrosococcus
Notrosomonas Bakteri Nitrat:
Nitrobacter
 PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA
1. THE CYANOBACTERIA ARE GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA THAT PERFORM
PLANT-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OXYGEN AS A BY-PRODUCT
(Waste Product).
2. They are much LARGER than many other prokaryotes, and because they produce
oxygen and provide food for other organisms they play an important role in many
Ecosystems.
3. They were once classified as blue-green Algae, because they grow in long filaments
resembling algae, but are now considered eubacteria because they lack a
membrane-bound Nucleus and Chloroplasts.
4. They are YELLOW, RED, BROWN, GREEN, AND EVEN BLACK, AS WELL AS BLUE-
GREEN.
5. Unlike other Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria are encased in a jelly-like substance and
often cling together to form Colonies.
6. Certain Cyanobacteria grow in chains.  Some of these cells form specialized cells
called HETEROCYSTS.
7. Heterocysts contain Enzymes for Fixing Atmospheric Nitrogen.  Cyanobacteria that
form Heterocysts make Nitrogen Available to plants in a form that plants can use.
8. Certain Cyanobacteria (Anabaena) thrive on Phosphates and Nitrates that accumulate
in a body of Water.  The Sudden Increase in the number of Cyanobacteria due to
High availability of nutrients is called EUTROPHICATION, OR POPULATION
BLOOM.
9. Following Eutrophication, many of the Cyanobacteria DIE and are Decomposed by
Heterotrophic Bacteria.  The increasing population of Heterotrophic Bacteria consume
available Oxygen in the water, causing other organisms in the water, such as fish, to
DIE from Lack of Oxygen.
 PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA
(BLUE-GREEN ALGAE)
1. What are the characteristics of Cyanobacteria!
- Unicellular (if multicellular is colony)
- They lack (tanpa) a membrane-bound Nucleus (prokayotes)
and Chloroplasts.
- They have chlorophyle (green pigment) and phycocyanin/
FIKOSIANIN (blue pigment).
- etc
2. The types of Cyanobacteria reproduction:
- Binary fission
- Separated of colony
- Hormogonium
- Akinet
Heterocyst (Heterokista) tempat fiksasi Nitrogen
 Member of (Anggota) Phylum Cyanobacteria
Basic shape Member of Cyanobacteria Explanation
1. Single cell shape (Berbentuk Spirulina For use SCP/PST
sel tunggal) Chroococcus
Gloeocapsa Encased in a jelly-
like substance
2. Coloni shape Polycytis
(Berbentuk koloni)
3. Filamen shape, free life Oscillatoria
(Berbentuk benang, hidup Rivularia
bebas)
Nostoc commune Fixing Atmospheric
Nitrogen

4. Filamen shape, symbiosis Anabaena cycadae Fixing Atmospheric

(Berbentuk benang, hidup Nitrogen
bersimbiosis) Anabaena azollae Fixing Atmospheric
Nitrogen
The roles of (peranan) Cyanobacteria for
human life:
• Bahan protein sel tunggal. Ex: Spirulina.

• Menyuburkan tanah dan perairan karena

dapat menambat N2 bebas dari udara.
Ex: Anabaena cycadae, Anabaena
azollae, Nostoc comune.
• Sebagai vegetasi perintis (Pioneer).
EXAMPLES PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA
(BLUE-GREEN ALGAE)
Azolla pinnata (Paku air)