PROTEIN

D I N I YA H K H O L I DA H
N U T R I T I O N D E PA RT M E N T
H E A LT H O F P O LY T E C H N I C M A L A N G
 Istilah Protein berasal dari Bhs. Yunani “Proteous”
artinya ‘to come first’
(yang utama/ yang didahulukan)

 merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa unsur kimia yang

disebut dengan asam amino.
 Komponen utama dalam jaringan tubuh yang sangat penting
dan berhubungan dengan organ dan semua proses dalam
tubuh organisme.
 What is Protein?

Take away the water and about 75 percent of

body weight is protein
Muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every
other body part or tissue. (25% of muscle)
Enzymes that power many chemical reactions
and the hemoglobin that carries oxygen
At least 10,000 different proteins make the
body what it is.
 What is Protein?

Because the body doesn't store amino acids, as

it does fats or carbohydrates, it needs a daily
supply of amino acids to make new protein.
It does not need a supply of dietary amino
acids to make ALL the protein the body
synthesizes in a day
Protein the body no longer requires is broken
down to its component amino acids and they
may be used to synthesis another body protein
Protein Structure

senyawa organik yang tersusun

atas atom C,H,O,N dan
beberapa mengandung S dan P.
 asam amino (atom N),
rangkaian rantai peptida
protein
 poly peptide chains
 AA dalam ikatan peptida
disebut juga dengan Residu
determines the type name of
AA
 Protein Structure
 Protein dapat dipadukan dengan molekul lain melalui
reaksi kimiawi.
 struktur protein menentukan fungsi protein.
 Struktur protein sangat kompleks
 AA yg berbeda gulungan dan lipatan berbeda
 4 Level Struktur Protein :
 Struktur primer

 Struktur sekunder ALA

GLY
 Struktur tertier SER
VAL
 Struktur kuartier LEU
LYS
GLY
VAL
 Amino Acids

Fungsi Asam Amino :

 menyediakan kebutuhan protein tubuh
sesuai fungsinya.
 membentuk senyawa lain.
tyr  NE dan E (neurotransmitter)
 sebagai sumber energi
 akibat defisit cadangan glukosa dan
TG, melalui metabolisme jalur konversi
bersama dan metabolisme urea.
 Amino Acids

 Protein terdiri dari asam amino dalam ikatan peptida.

 22 jenis asam amino (amino acids) yg dibutuhkan tubuh :
 essential amino acids
AA yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh dan tidak dibuat oleh
tubuh sehingga harus didapatkan dari makanan.
9 jenis EAA : Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine,
Lysine, Methionine, Phenilalanine, Threoline,
Tryptophan, Valine

BCAA : Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine

Histidine only considered essential for infants/children
 Amino Acids

 nonessential amino acids

AA yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh dan dibuat (disintesis)
oleh tubuh.
11 jenis non EAA : Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine,
Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid,
Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Hydroxyproline,
Serine, Tyrosine

Semi EAA :
Arginine, Cystine, Glycine, Serine, Tyrosine
 Amino Acid

based on the physicochemical properties of R groups

 Asam : asam aspartat, asam glutamat

 Basa : lisin, arginin, histidin
 Aromatik : tyrosin, triptofan, fenilalanin
 Sulfur : sistein, metionin
 Hidrofilik : serin, treonin, hidroprolin, glutamin
 Hidrofobik : glisin, alanin, valin, leusin, isoleusin
 Struktur khusus : prolin
 Protein Function
 sebagai zat / bahan pembangun
 membentuk sel dan jaringan yang baru
 memelihara pertumbuhan
 Memperbaiki/mengganti jaringan tubuh yang rusak
 sebagai enzim dalam berbagai proses kimia tubuh
 Proses pencernaan  fasilitas enzim (katalisator)
 Enzim  break down, build and transform substance
 sebagai hormon dalam berbagai proses kimia tubuh
 Hormon adalah protein yg merupakan body
messenger
 Darah membawa hormon menuju jaringan target
 mengatur keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit
 sebagai media yg membawa cairan antar
kompartemen (intravascular – intracellular –
intercellular )  shg jumlah dan komposisi cairan
tubuh tergantung pada protein.
 Protein Function
 mengatur keseimbangan asam basa

Protein bertindak sebagai buffer yg menerima

dan menyumbangkan ion hidrogen 
memelihara keseimbangan asam basa dalam
cairan tubuh
 sebagai alat transpor zat gizi dan molekul lain dalam tubuh

Transpor dalam cairan tubuh, membawa zat gizi

dan molekul lainnya : Hemoglobin, Lipoprotein,
Transferin, Ferritin, vit-min
 sebagai zat antibodi

melindungi sel/jaringan dari infeksi dan

penyakit
 sebagai bagian yang melengkapi struktur kulit, kuku, otot,
organ, tulang dan gigi.
 sebagai sumber energi
 Proteins in the Body

Protein has many important functions in

the body.
Protein can be used for energy if needed;
(gluconeogenesis) and its excesses are
stored as FAT.
 Proteins in the Body

 Roles of Proteins
 Building Materials for Growth and Maintenance =
LIFE
 A matrix of collagen is filled with minerals to
provide strength to bones and teeth.

 Replaces tissues including the skin, hair, nails,

and GI tract lining
 Proteins in the Body

 Roles of Proteins

 Enzymes are proteins that facilitate anabolic

(building up) and catabolic (breaking down)
chemical reactions.
 Enzymes
 Enzim merupakan molekul protein yang berfungsi
sebagai katalisator dalam proses biokimiawi tubuh.
 memecah makanan menjadi bahan sederhana.
 Protein dipecah (hidrolisis) menjadi asam amino
melalui fasilitas enzim  enzim-enzim pencernaan.
 Klasifikasi enzim :
metabolic enzymes
food enzymes from raw food
digestive enzymes
 Enzymes

 AA dibawa oleh darah kedalam sel melalui proses

penyerapan dan transportasi dengan bantuan enzim.

enzim dalam darah disediakan, dicerna dan berfungsi
dalam membentuk otot, syaraf, sel darah dan kelenjar
 enzim-enzim metabolik

Penyimpanan glukosa (otot dan hati) dan pemecahan
lemak menjadi asam lemak membutuhkan bantuan
enzim
 Vitamins and Metabolism

 Enzymes: a protein that accelerates the rate of a

chemical reaction.
 Enzymes are required for all metabolic reactions

 Coenzymes: a molecule that combines with an enzyme

to activate it.
 Some metabolic reactions require coenzymes : reaksi
oksidoreduksi, pemindahan gugus, isomerilasi,
reaksi pembentukan ikatan kovalen.
Vitamins and Metabolism
 Proteins in the Body

 Roles of Proteins
 Hormones regulate body processes and some
hormones are proteins.
 An example is insulin.
 Proteins in the Body

Roles of Proteins
 Regulators of Fluid Balance
 Plasma proteins attract water
 Maintain the volume of body fluids to prevent edema
which is excessive fluid
 Maintain the composition of body fluids
 Proteins in the Body

Roles of Proteins
 Acid-Base Regulators
 Act as buffers by keeping solutions acidic or alkaline
 Acids are compounds that release hydrogen ions in a
solution.
 Bases are compounds that accept hydrogen ions in a
solution.
 Acidosis is high levels of acid in the blood and body fluids.
 Alkalosis is high levels of alkalinity in the blood and body
fluids.
 Proteins in the Body

Roles of Proteins
 Transporters
 Carry lipids, vitamins, minerals and oxygen in the
body
 Act as pumps in cell membranes, transferring
compounds from one side of the cell membrane to the
other
 Proteins in the Body

Roles of Proteins
 Antibodies
 are large proteins that are found in blood or other
bodily fluids
 Fight bacteria and viruses, also known as antigens,
that invade the body
 Provide immunity to fight an antigen more quickly
the second time exposure occurs
 Proteins in the Body

Roles of Proteins
 Source of energy and glucose
if needed
 Other Roles
 Blood clotting by producing
fibrin which forms a solid
clot
 Vision by creating light-
sensitive pigments in the
retina
 Amino Acid Pool

Cellular
Proteins
Dietary
Proteins

Amino Acid Cellular

Amino Acids Pool Proteins

ENERGY NH3
 Protein Classification

Berdasarkan Jumlah & Jenis Asam Amino

Protein Sempurna
AA yg berperan dlm pertumbuhan & pemeliharaan jaringan
eg: albumin, kasein
Protein Setengah Sempurna
mengandung AA yg hanya berperan untuk pemeliharaan
jaringan
eg: legumin, gliadin
Protein Tidak Sempurna
tidak menunjang pertumbuhan & pemeliharaan jaringan
eg: zein, gelatin
 Protein Balance
Positive Protein Balance

Situations in which protein balance is positive :

 Growth
 Pregnancy
 Recovery stage after illness
 Athletic training
 Increased secretion of hormones
 insulin, growth hormone, testosteron
 Protein Balance
Protein Equilibrium

Protein excretion Protein intake

Protein excretion based on losses of urea and N urine, form hair, nails, skin.
 Protein Balance
Negative Protein Balance

Situations in which protein balance is negative :

 Inadequate intake protein (fasting GI track
diseases)
 Inadequate energy intake
 Fevers, burns, infections
 Bed rest (for several days)
 Deficiency of EAA, increased protein loss
 as in some form of kidney disease
 Increased secretion of hormones
 thyroid, cortisol
 Nitrogen Balance

N Balance dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan intake-absorbsi

dan metabolisme-ekskresi.
Nitrogen Balance (g/day) = N input – N output

Kondisi yg memerlukan pemantauan keseimbangan N :

 Individu dlm masa pertumbuhan
 Hamil dan laktasi
 Penderita penyakit kritis (burn, sepsis, post op.
malnutrisi, dll.)
 Multiple trauma (tindakan yg mengakibatkan terjadinya
kelainan berbagai organ tubuh)
Nitrogen Balance and Imbalance
 Kebutuhan Protein

 Dianjurkan:
 10% - 35% dari total energi
 minimum 0,35 – 0,525 gr/kgBBI/hari

 AKP (Angka Kecukupan protein) / RDA protein

dewasa 0,8 – 1,0 gr/kgBBI/hari

 BBI digunakan sbg data dasar karena

kelebihan lemak tubuh tidak berkontribusi
dengan penambahan kebutuhan protein.
Kecukupan Protein (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985)
Kecukupan Protein (WPG, 1998)
RDA of AAs
 Dietary Proteins

Fungsi Protein dalam makanan :

 memberikan rasa, aroma dan warna selama proses
pengolahan dan penyimpanan pada makanan.
 mempengaruhi stabilisasi gel, foam, emulsi dan struktur
serabut bahan makanan.

Sumber protein dalam bahan makanan :

 ASI
 Protein hewani
 Protein nabati
 Dietary Protein
 Complete protein contains all the essential
amino acids needed to build new proteins.

 Animal sources of protein tend to be

complete

 Incomplete proteins sources lack one or more

essential amino acids that the body can't make
from scratch or create by modifying another
amino acid

 These usually come from fruits, vegetables,

grains, and nuts.

Eating foods of high-quality protein is the best assurance to get all the essential amino acids
 Animal Protein Sources

 Protein hewani mengandung komposisi EAA cukup

lengkap.
 high quality protein ( complete proteins)
 Contoh bahan makanan :
telur, susu, keju, daging merah, ikan, unggas.
 Hati-hati konsumsi protein hewani yang mengandung
lemak dan kolesterol.
 pembatasan dan pemilihan sumber protein hewani
yang rendah lemak/kolesterol.

susu skim, putih telur, daging tanpa lemak, ikan.
 Protein Sources

 Protein nabati mengandung komposisi EAA

dalam jumlah tidak lengkap (kurang)
 lower quality protein (incomplete proteins)
 Contoh bahan makanan :
padi2an, biji2an, kacang2an dan hasil olahannya.
bahan makanan tersebut kaya protein tetapi jumlah
EAA tidak lengkap, sedangkan sayuran dan buah2an
merupakan bahan makanan yang rendah kandungan
protein (AA).

Protein nabati lebih aman dikonsumsi,
Agar AA-nya layak disebut sebagai protein lengkap,
protein nabati dapat dikonsumsi dengan sesamanya.
Protein Sources
gastrin

cholecystokinin
ENZIM-ENZIM YG BERKAITAN
DGN PENCERNAAN PROTEIN
 AA absorption

Asam amino langsung diabsorbsi 15 menit setelah makan,

pada saat sampai di ujung usus halus
Absorbsi aktif
Setelah diabsorbsi masuk ke vena porta dibawa ke hati,
sebagian digunakan o/ hati, sebagian dibawa ke sel-sel
jaringan
1% protein dalam makanan ditemukan dlm feses
Protein yang tidak diabsorbsi (krn struktur fisika &
kimianya tidak dpt dicerna) masuk ke usus besar dan
disekresi lewat feses
Protein Metabolism
Metabolic Fate of Amino Acids
 Proteins in the Body

A Preview of Protein Metabolism

 Using Amino Acids for Energy and Glucose
 There is no readily available storage form of
protein.
 Breaks down tissue protein for
energy if needed glucose

Dietary Body
Protein Amino Acids Protein
Protein Metabolism
 Protein Deficiency

 PEM (protein energy

malnutrition)
kwashiorkor (weight loss
masked by edema).
 Decrease in subcutaneous fat
 Decrease antibody for infection
 Weakness
 Hypotension
 Muscle wasting
 Anemic (normocytic macrocytic)
 poor healing of wound
 Cirrhosis of the liver
 Excess Protein

 Kelebihan asupan protein tidak disimpan

untuk digunakan seperti karbohidrat dan
lemak, tidak juga diekskresikan, tetapi diubah
menjadi LEMAK.
 NH3 digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dlm
metabolisme urea (‘as N waste’).
 Efek kelebihan ;
gangguan metabolisme di hati
gangguan ekskresi di ginjal
PROTEIN