KEWIRAUSAHAAN

dan Etika Bisnis

Juliming Kenedy, M.Kes

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Business

An organisation that provides goods or

services to earn profit

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Profits

The difference between a business’s

revenues and its expenses

In business profit could be divine into:

Tangible : Asset, Money, Factory, etc
Intangible : Trust, Image, Goodwill, etc

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Top 5 pengusaha Indonesia
1. Keluarga Gudang Garam
2. Keluarga Djarum
3. Keluarga Sampoerna
4. Keluarga Bakrie
5. Group Salim

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 USAHA KECIL

D ONE MAN ENTERPRISE

E
V
E FAMILY ENTERPRISE
L
O
P SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISE
M
E
N
T
MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE

BIG SCALE ENTERPRISE 5

AKTIVITAS USAHA KECIL
A. PRODUCT – PRODUCING FIRMS
- MANUFACTURING
- MINING
- FORESTRY
- FISHERY
- AGRICULTURE

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AKTIVITAS USAHA KECIL 2
B. PRODUCER OF PRODUCT AND SERVICE
COMBINATION
- WHOLESALE FIRMS

- RETAIL STORE

C. PROVIDER OF SERVICE
- SERVICE FIRMS

- FINANCE FIRMS

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 SESEORANG YANG MEMPUNYAI
KREATIVITAS SUATU BISNIS BARU
DALAM MENGHADAPI
RESIKO DAN KETIDAKPASTIAN
YANG BERTUJUAN UNTUK PENCAPAIAN
LABA DAN PERTUMBUHAN USAHA
BERDASARKAN
IDENTIFIKASI PELUANG
DAN MENDAYAGUNAKAN SUMBER-SUMBER
SERTA MEMODALI PELUANG TERSEBUT

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CIRI-CIRI ENTREPRENEUR
 MEMPUNYAI HASRAT UNTUK SELALU BERTANGGUNG
JAWAB BISNIS DAN SOSIAL
 KOMITMEN TERHADAP TUGAS
 MEMILIH RESIKO YANG MODERAT
 MERAHASIAKAN KEMAMPUAN UNTUK SUKSES
 CEPAT MELIHAT PELUANG

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CIRI-CIRI ENTREPRENEUR 2
 ORIENTASI KE MASA DEPAN
 SELALU MELIHAT KEMBALI PRESTASI
MASA LALU
 SIKAP HAUS TERHADAP “MONEY”
 SKILL DALAM ORGANISASI
 TOLERANSI TERHADAP AMBISI
 FLEKSIBILITAS TINGGI

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CIRI-CIRI PERUSAHAAN KECIL

 MANAJEMEN BERDIRI SENDIRI

 MODAL DISEDIAKAN OLEH SEORANG
PEMILIK ATAU SEKELOMPOK KECIL
 DAERAH OPERASINYA LOKAL
 UKURAN DALAM KESELURUHAN
RELATIF KECIL

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PERBEDAAN DENGAN PERUSAHAAN
BESAR
PERUSAHAAN KECIL PERUSAHAAN BESAR
- UMUMNYA DIKELOLA - DIKELOLA BUKAN OLEH
PEMILIK PEMILIK
- STRUKTUR ORGANISASI - STRUKTUR ORGANISASI
SEDERHANA KOMPLEKS
- PEMILIK MENGENAL - PEMILIK MENGENAL
KARYAWAN SEDIKIT KARYAWAN
- PROSENTASE KEGAGALAN - PROSENTASI
PERUSAHAAN TINGGI KEGAGALAN RENDAH
- KEKURANGAN MANAJER - BANYAK AHLI
yang AHLI MANAJEMEN
- Modal JANGKA PANJANG - MODAL JANGKA
SULIT DIPEROLEH PANJANG RELATIF
MUDAH DIPEROLEH
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KEKUATAN PERUSAHAAN KECIL
 KEBEBASAN UNTUK BERTINDAK
 MENYESUAIKAN KEPADA KEBUTUHAN
SETEMPAT
 PERAN SERTA DALAM MELAKUKAN
USAHA/TINDAKAN

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KEKURANGAN PERUSAHAAN
KECIL
 RELATIF LEMAH DALAM SPESIALISASI
 MODAL DALAM PENGEMBANGAN
TERBATAS
 KARYAWAN RELATIF SULIT UNTUK
MENDAPAT YANG CAKAP

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 FAKTOR-FAKTOR KEBERHASILAN
USAHA

 MENGEMBANGKAN RENCANA
PERUSAHAAN
 KEMAMPUAN MANAJEMEN
 MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN MODAL

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 UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA
USAHA

A. PROFIL PRIBADI
- KELAYAKAN KREDI, REFERENSI-
REFERENSI
- RESUME TENTANG PENGALAMAN
PERUSAHAAN
- REFERENSI-REFERENSI PRIBADI

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 UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA
USAHA 2

B. PROFIL PERUSAHAAN
- SEJARAH PERUSAHAAN

- ANALISIS PASAR DAN PESAING

- STRATEGI PERSAINGAN DAN RENCANA

OPERASI
- RENCANA ARUS KAS “CASH FLOW”

- ANALISA BREAK EVENT

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 UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA
USAHA 3

C. PAKET PINJAMAN
- JUMLAH YANG DIMINTA

- JENIS PINJAMAN YANG DIMINTA

- ALASAN PEMBENARAN

- KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN DAN JADWAL

PEMBAYARAN KEMBALI

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KEMAMPUAN MANAJEMEN
 PERSONIL
 FASILITAS FISIK
 AKUNTANSI
 KEUANGAN
 PEMBELIAN
 PENGURUSAN BARANG DAGANGAN
 PENJUALAN
 ADVERTENSI
 RESIKO
 PENYELENGGARAAN SEHARI-HARI

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JENIS MODAL
 MODAL KERJA (WORKING CAPITAL)
 MODAL PEMILIK (EQUITY CAPITAL)
- MODAL SENDIRI
- MODAL VENTURA

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SEBAB-SEBAB KEGAGALAN
 STRUKTUR MODAL YANG TIDAK
MEMADAI
 PENGGUNAAN METODA DAN
PERALATAN YANG SUDAH USANG
 TIDAK ADANYA PERENCANAAN JANGKA
PANJANG
 KECAKAPAN PRIBADI

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TANDA-TANDA KEGAGALAN
PERUSAHAAN
 PENJUALAN MENURUN
 PERBANDINGAN UTANG SEMAKIN
TINGGI
 BIAYA OPERASI MENINGKAT
 PENGURANGAN DALAM MODAL KERJA
 KEUNTUNGAN MENURUN/ KERUGIAN
MENINGKAT

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 SOLUSI UNTUK MENGHINDARI
KEGAGALAN

 MENGURANGI BIAYA OPERASI

 MENINGKATKAN PENJUALAN
 MENINJAU KEMBALI KERUGIAN KREDIT
 MENGHINDARI RESIKO
 MEMERIKSA KEMBALI PERSEDIAAN

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THE MEANING OF ETHICS

 Ethics is a set of rules that define right

and wrong conduct

 Business ethics is the application of

general ethical rules to business behavior

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Why Is Business Ethics
Important?
 The general public expects business to
exhibit high levels of ethical performance
and social responsibility

 To prevent harm to society

 To protect business firms from abuse by

unethical employees or unethical
competitors
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Why Ethical Problems Occur in
Business?

 Personal gain
 Individual values in conflict with
organizational goals
 Managers’ values and attitudes
 Competitive Pressures
 Cross-cultural contradictions

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Three Methods of Ethical
Reasoning
METHOD CRITICAL AN ACTION IS LIMITATIONS
DETERMINING ETHICAL WHEN…
FACTOR
Utilitarian Comparing Net benefits Difficult to measure
benefits and profits exceed net costs some human and
social costs.
Majority may
disregard rights of
minority
Rights Respecting rights Basic human rights Difficult to balance
are respected conflicting rights

Justice Distributing fair Benefits and costs Difficult to measure

shares are fairly benefits and costs.
distributed Lack of agreement
on fair shares

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Social Responsibility...

 an organization’s obligation to maximize its

positive impact on stakeholders and to
minimize its negative impact
 includes legal, ethical, economic, and
philanthropic (discretionary) dimensions

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 Legal Dimension...
 refers to obeying governmental laws and
regulations
 civil law: rights & duties of individuals and
organizations
 criminal law: prohibits specific actions and
imposes fines and/or imprisonment as
punishment for breaking the law

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Ethical Dimension...
 behaviors and activities that are expected or
prohibited by organizational members, the
community, and society (not codified into law)
 standards, norms, or expectations that reflect
the concern of major stakeholders

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Economic Responsibilities...
 how resources for the production of goods
and services are distributed within the social
system
 Do you think consumers favor socially
responsible companies or are they most
enamored with companies that maximize
profits?

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 Foundation principles of
corporate social responsibility
Charity Principle Stewardship
Principle
Definition  Business should give  Business, acting as a public
voluntary aid to trustee, should consider the
society’s needy persons interests of all who are
and groups affected by business
decisions and policies
Type of  Corporate philanthropy  Acknowledging business
 Voluntary actions to and society interdependence
activity promote the social good  Balancing the interests and
needs of many diverse
groups in society
Examples  Corporate philanthropic  Enlightened self-interest
foundations  Meeting legal requirements
 Private initiatives to  Stakeholder approach to
solve social problems corporate strategic planning
 Social partnerships with
needy groups
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 The pros and cons of corporate
social responsibility
Arguments for corporate
social responsibility
Balances corporate power
with responsibility.
Discourages government
regulation.
Promotes long-term profits
for business.
Responds to changing
stakeholders’ demands.
Corrects social problems
caused by business.
Arguments against corporate
social responsibility
Lowers economic
efficiency and profit.
Imposes unequal costs
among competitors.
Imposes hidden costs passed on
to stakeholders.
Requires social skills business
may lack.
Places responsibility on business
rather than individuals.
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 Two views of corporate social
responsibility
The shareholder view
• The only social responsibility of business is to create shareholder
wealth.
• Corporate management cannot decide what is in the social interest.
• The costs of social responsibility which do not increase the value of
stock, will be passed on to consumers.

The multiple stakeholders view

• All customers and employees are treated with dignity.
• Relationships with suppliers must be based on mutual trust.
• Belief in fair economic competition.
• Business can contribute to social reform and honor human rights.
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