Pustaka
STRUKTUR ANORGANIK Huheey, J.E., Keiter, E.A., and Keiter, R.L., 1993, Inorganic Chemistry,
Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th ed., Harper Collins College
Publisher, New York
Miessler, D. L. and Tarr, D. A., 2004, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed.,
Materi :
Prentice Hall International, USA
1. Simetri dan Point Group (6 sks)
Atkins, P., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Shriver, D. F., Weller, M., and
2. Ikatan dan Senyawa Ionik (15 sks) Amstrong, F., 2009, Shriver and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed.,
Oxford University Press, UK
Effendy, 2008, Ikatan Ionik dan Cacat Cacat pada Kristal Ionik, edisi
ke-2, Bayumedia Publishing, Malang
Ismunandar, 2006, Padatan Oksida Logam; Struktur, Sintesis dan
Sifatnya, Penerbit ITB, Bandung
Sugiyarto, K. H., 2012, Dasar Dasar Kimia Anorganik Transisi, Graha
Ilmu, Yogyakarta
Yuniar Ponco Prananto
SIMETRI
Operasi simetri adalah suatu operasi thd suatu obyek
Why do chemists care about symmetry and point groups? yang menghasilkan bentuk yang ekivalen atau identik
Symmetry helps us understand molecular structure, some dgn orientasi semula.
chemical properties, and characteristics of physical
properties (spectroscopy).
Setelah dilakukan operasi simetri, bentuk yang
diperoleh tidak dapat dibedakan dari bentuk semula.
Unsur operasi simetri dapat berupa sumbu, titik,
maupun bidang datar.
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2. Mirror Plane
Sumbu rotasi Cn dgn harga n tertinggi, apabila Bidang cermin tsb meliputi :
jumlah sumbu rotasi hanya satu disebut dgn sumbu 1. bdg cermin vertikal (v)
utama (principal axis). 2. bdg cermin horisontal (h)
3. bdg cermin diagonal/dihedral (d)
H H
H H
H H
Bidang cermin vertikal (v) melalui sumbu utama, Bidang cermin horisontal (h) berada tegak lurus dgn
dimana harga n pada sumbu utama Cn menunjukkan sumbu utama, dimana jumlahnya dlm suatu obyek hny
jumlah bidang cermin vertikal dalam suatu obyek tsb. satu, serta refleksi sebagian obyek bag bawah identik
dgn obyek bag atas
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F F
S i
F F
F
Inversi (i) merupakan proyeksi suatu obyek melalui pusat
Bidang cermin diagonal / dihedral (d) melalui sumbu utama dan simetri, yg berupa satu titik, pada jarak yg sama dari pusat
membagi sudut yg terbentuk antara dua sumbu C2 menjadi dua simetri tetapi pada arah yg berlawanan.
bagian yg sama besar. Pusat simetri yang terdapat dalam suatu obyek jumlahnya
Jumlah d dalam suatu obyek = n pada sumbu utama Cn obyek tsb. hanya satu
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Polar molecules
Suatu molekul bersifat POLAR apabila: Tentukan jenis simetri yang terdapat pada
Hanya memiliki unsur identitas (E) beberapa molekul di bawah ini dan sifat
contoh: CBrIFH, BClFH, dll.. atau kepolaran molekulnya:
Hanya memiliki sumbu rotasi sejati (Cn) selain E 1. Oksigen, ozon
contoh: H2O2, dll.. atau 2. Ion karbonat, ion oksalat
3. Berilium iodida, kloroform
Hanya memiliki sumbu rotasi sejati (Cn) dan bidang
cermin vertikal (v) selain E (gunakan salah satu struktur yang paling stabil)
contoh: H2O, NH3, dll..
Point Group
4. Karbon disulfida, karbon tetrabromida The full set of point symmetry operations that a
5. Aseton, dietil eter particular molecule has is called a point group
(group of symmetry operations)
6. Piridin, pirazin, pirimidin There are symbols for each of the possible point
7. Metanol, formaldehida groups
8. Fenol, toluena, anilin These symbols are often used to describe the
symmetry of a molecule
Rather than saying water is bent, you can say that
water has C2v point symmetry
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Optical Activity
Which point groups have no mirror planes,
Optically active organic molecules (chiral molecules)
centers of inversion or other improper rotations?
contain at least one asymmetric carbon atom known as
a chiral center.
Many inorganic molecules have no chiral centers and C1, Cn, and Dn all fit this requirement.
yet are optically active. These molecules are called C1 is, of course, asymmetric.
dissymmetric, because they do have some symmetry. It has no symmetry and is the
familiar situation from organic
Which molecules are expected to be optically active? chemistry.
Molecules with no improper axis of rotation are
optically active. Note that S1 = and S2 = i. L-(+)-Lactic acid (C3H6O3) is a chiral
molecule. It is organic and small.
Dipole Moments
Octahedral metal ion complexes can
A molecule will have a dipole moment (that is, it will be polar) if
be optically active, particularly when the bond dipole moments do not cancel each other out. So a
they are chelated. linear molecule like CO2 has two polar bonds facing in opposite
For example, [Co(en)3]3- has two directions with the result that the molecule itself is not polar.
enantiomeric forms with D3 symmetry. In fact, any molecule with a center of inversion, i, cannot be
en = ethylendiamine polar because the bond dipole moments will cancel each other.
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