Benang sutera
F
++
++++
F
Gambar 1.1 Dua batang gelas yang sama-sama bermuatan positif, saling tolak menolak.
Hal ini dapat dijelaskan, bahwa antara muatan gelas yang digosok dengan sutera
berbeda dengan muatan yang ada jika plastik digosok dengan bulu.
Muatan listrik yang sejenis jika saling didekatkan maka akan tolak menolak satu
sama lainnya. Sedang muatan yang berbeda akan tarik menarik.
Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736 – 1806) mengukur tarikan dan tolakan
secara kuantitatif dan menyimpulkan hukum yang mengatur tarikan dan tolakan
tersebut. Gaya tolak menolak maupun gaya tarik menarik tersebut, berbanding
langsung dengan besarnya muatan-muatan tersebut, dan berbanding terbalik dengan
kuadrat jaraknya.
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹∝… … … … … … … (1.1)
𝑟2
Persamaan 1.1 diatas dapat dituliskan sebagai sebuah persamaan dengan
1
menyisipkan sebuah konstanta kesebandingan (k), dimana 𝑘 = 4𝜋𝜀𝑜
Sehingga,
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹= … … … … . (1.2)
4𝜋𝜀𝑂 𝑟 2
Perhatikan gambar 1.2 dibawah, yang menggambarkan dua muatan titik yang saling
disekatkan, maka pada muatan 1 akan bekerja gaya akibat muatan 2 (F12), dan pada
muatan 2 akan bekerja gaya yang diakibatkan muatan 1 (F21).
F12 F21
Positif Negatif
F12 F21
Positif Positif
Gambar 1.2 Dua muatan titik yang saling didekatkan, maka akan ada gaya tarik menarik dan
tolak menolak.
Gaya adalah besaran vektor, yaitu besaran yang mempunyai besar dan arah. Maka
persamaan 1.3 jika dibawa kedalam bentuk vektor adalah sebagai berikut:
y r12 +q F21
q+ r21=r2-r1
F12
r1 r2
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 𝑟̂12 ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 𝑟̂
21 … … … … . (1.4)
0 𝑟12 0 𝑟21
Dimana 𝑟̂
12 dan 𝑟̂
21 = adalah vector satuan, yaitu vector yang besarnya 1, dan
Contoh Soal
1.1 Berapakah gaya tolak menolak yang ada di antara dua proton di dalam sebuah
inti besi? Anggaplah jarak kedua proton tersebut 4,0 x 10-15 m.
Penyelesaian:
Dari hukum Coulomb
q1q2
F12 = F21 = k.
r2
= 9 x 109 (1,6 x 10-19)2 / (4,0 x 10-15)2 = 14 N
1.2 Muatan q1 = 10-4 C, pada posisi (1,2,1), muatan q2 = 10-5 C, pada posisi (1,1,1),
tentukanlah gaya pada muatan 1 yang diakibatkan muatan 2 (F12) dan gaya pada
muatan 2, yang diakibatkan muatan 1 (F21).
Penyelesaian:
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 10−4 10−5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 = 𝑟̂
12 = 9𝑥109
3 (1𝑗) = 9𝑗
2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12 (1)2
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 10−4 10−5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21 = 𝑟
̂21 = 9𝑥109
3 (−1𝑗) = −9𝑗
2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟21 (1) 2
Jika muatannya ada beberapa, tidak hanya dua muatan titik, maka gaya yang terjadi
pada salah satu muatan merupakan penjumlahan (sigma) dari gaya yang diakibatkan
beberapa muatan yang ada di sekitar muatan titik tersebut.
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹13
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹2 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹23
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹3 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹31 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹32
Contoh Soal:
1.3
Muatan q1 = 10-4 C, pada posisi (1,2,1), muatan q2 = 10-5 C, pada posisi (1,1,1),
muatan q3 = -10-5C, pada posisi (2,2,2). Tentukanlah gaya pada muatan 1 (F1),
gaya pada muatan 2 (F2). Dan gaya pada muatan 3 (F3)
Penyelesaian:
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 10−4 10−5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 = 9 (1𝑗) = 9𝑗
2 𝑟̂12 = 9𝑥10
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12 3
(1)2
1 𝑞1 𝑞3 10−4 (−10−5 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹13 = 9
3 (−1𝑖 − 1𝑘) = 3,18𝑖 + 3,18𝑘
2 𝑟̂13 = 9𝑥10
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟13 2 2
((−1) + (−1) )2
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 10−4 10−5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21 = 𝑟
̂21 = 9𝑥109
3 (−1𝑗) = −9𝑗
2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟21 (1)2
1 𝑞2 𝑞3 10−5 (−10−5 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹23 = 𝑟
̂23 = 9𝑥109
3 (−1𝑖 − 1𝑗 − 1𝑘)
2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟23 (3)2
= 0,173𝑖 + 0,173𝑗 + 0,173𝑘
1 𝑞1 𝑞3 10−4 (−10−5 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹31 = 9
3 (1𝑖 + 1𝑘) = −3,18𝑖 − 3,18𝑘
2 𝑟̂31 = 9𝑥10
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟31 ((1)2 + (1)2 )2
1 𝑞2 𝑞3 10−5 (−10−5 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹32 = 9 (1𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 1𝑘)
2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟32 32 = 9𝑥10 3
(3)2
= −0,173𝑖 − 0,173𝑗 − 0,173𝑘
Medan Listrik
Gambar 1.4 Muatan q1 membangun sebuah medan yang mengerahkan sebuah gaya F pada
muatan q2.
Kuat medan listrik pada suatu titik adalah gaya yang dialami oleh satu satuan muatan
titik bila diletakkan pada titik tersebut. Dalam bentuk matematika dituliskan:
𝐹
𝐸⃗ = 𝑞′ Satuannya N/C (1.6)
𝟏 𝒒𝒒′
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑 = 𝒓̂ /𝒒′
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟏
𝟏 𝒒
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑 = 𝒓̂ … … … … … . . (𝟏. 𝟕)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝒒𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑 = ∑ 𝟐 𝒓̂𝒑𝟏𝒊 … … … . . (𝟏. 𝟖)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝟏𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
Contoh Soal
1.4 Muatan titik q1 = 10-9 C, pada koordinat (1,1,1), berapakah kuat medan listrik
di titik p yang berada di pusat koordinat.
𝟏 𝒒 10−9 (−i − j − k)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑 = 𝒓̂ = 9x109
.
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟏 (3)3/2
= −1,732i − 1,732j − 1,732k
1.5 Muatan titik q1 = 10-9 C, pada koordinat (1,1,1), dan muatan q2 = -10-9 yang
berada pada posisi (1,0,1), berapakah kuat medan listrik di titik p tang berada
di pusat koordinat.
𝟏 𝒒 10−9 (−i − j − k)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑𝟏 = 𝒓̂ = 9x109
.
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟏 (3)3/2
= −1,732i − 1,732j − 1,732k
𝟏 𝒒 (−10−9 )(−i − k)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑𝟐 = 𝒓̂ = 9x109
. = 3,18i + 3,18k
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 (2)2
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑬𝒚
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑬
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑬𝒙 P θA
a B
A B
τdx = dq
x dx
Gambar 1.5 Perhitungan Kuat Medan Listrik oleh kawat lurus yang bermuatan
𝐵 𝐵
𝜏 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝜏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝐸⃗ = − ∫ 2
𝑖̂ + ∫ 𝑗̂
𝐴 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐴 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
Karena dalam satu persamaan, satu integral terdapat beberapa variable, maka harus
disederhanakan menjadi satu variable saja.
𝑎
= cos 𝜃
𝑟
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
=
𝑟2 𝑎2
𝑥 = a tan 𝜃
𝑎
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐵
𝜏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑎 𝜏 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐸 = ∫ ( 2 ) ( 2 𝑑𝜃) (− sin 𝜃)𝑖̂ + ∫ ( 2 ) ( 2 𝑑𝜃) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑗̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝐴 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 4𝜋𝜀0 𝐴 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜏 𝜏
𝐸⃗ = (cos 𝜃𝐵 − cos 𝜃𝐴)𝑖̂ + (sin 𝜃𝐵 − sin 𝜃𝐴)𝑗̂ … . (1.10)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎
Jika kawat sangat panjang, jika dibanding dengan jarak-jarak yang ditinjau, dengan
kata lain kawat dapat dianggap tak berhingga panjang, atau θA=270o dan θB = 90o,
maka:
2𝜏
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎
𝜏
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ … … . . (1.11)
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎
Contoh Soal
1.5 Kawat panjang bermuatan, dengan besar muatan 10-5 C, seperti pada gambar
dibawah ini. Tentukanlah kuat medan listrik di titik p
6 cm 8 cm
a
α β
A B
10 cm
Penyelesaian:
τ=
β=
α=
a=
Ep =
Kuat Medan Listrik di pusat cicin oleh bagian cicin yang bermuatan
r dq=r dθ τ
θ dθ
dEx
dE dEy
Gambar 1.6 Perhitungan Kuat Medan Listrik oleh bagian cincin yang bermuatan
1 𝑑𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝐸 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑟̂ = − sin 𝜃 𝑖̂ − cos 𝜃 𝑗̂
Sehingga,
𝐵
1 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝜏
𝐸⃗ = ∫ (− sin 𝜃𝑖̂ − cos 𝜃𝑗̂)
𝐴 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝜏 𝜏
𝐸⃗ = (cos 𝜃𝐵 − cos 𝜃𝐴)𝑖̂ + (− sin 𝜃𝐵 + sin 𝜃𝐴)𝑗̂ (1.12)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
dq
a r
a 0 b β
X Y
dE
Gambar 1.7 Perhitungan Kuat Medan Listrik di sumbu cincin oleh cincin yang bermuatan
1 𝑑𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝐸 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
Maka:
1 1 1
𝐸⃗ = 𝑖̂ 2
∫ cos 𝛼 𝑑𝑞 + 𝑗̂ 2
∫ cos 𝛽 𝑑𝑞 + 𝑘̂ ∫ cos 𝛾 𝑑𝑞
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
Karena simetrisnya cicin terhadap sumbu x dan z, maka komponen total kesumbu x
dan z saling menghilangkan, sehingga kuat medan listrik total hanya ke arah sumbu y
1
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ ∫ cos 𝛽 𝑑𝑞
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑞 cos 𝛽
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ ( ) … … . . (1.13)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑞𝑏
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ … … . (1.14)
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3/2
r s
β2
r b β
X β1
dE
dr
2πr
Gambar 1.6 Perhitungan Kuat Medan Listrik oleh bidang lingkaran yang bermuatan
Dalam pengintegralan ini ada 3 variabel yang satu bergantung kepada yang
lainnya.Maka harus dinyatakan dalam 1 variabel.
𝑏 𝑏 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽
r = b tg β ; 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 ; = cos 𝛽 ;𝑠 2 =
𝑠 𝑏2
𝜎 sin 𝛽 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ ∫ (𝑏 )( 𝑑𝛽)( 2 ) cos 𝛽
2𝜀0 cos 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 𝑏
𝜎
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ (− cos 𝛽2 + cos 𝛽1) … … … . . (1.15)
2𝜀0
Jika bidang lingkaran tersebut adalah lingkaran penuh radius R, maka persamaan
diatas menjadi:
𝜎 𝑏
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗̂ (− + 1) … … … … … (1.16)
2𝜀0 √𝑏 2 + 𝑅 2
Jika bidang lingakaran adalah bidang tak berhingga luas maka persamaan diatas
menjadi:
𝜎
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗 … . (1.17)
2𝜀0
Hukum Gauss
Garis – Garis Gaya Listrik
-----
++
Gambar 1.9 garis-garis gaya untuk dua muatan positif yang sama
Gambar 1.10 garis-garis gaya untuk dua mutan yang besarnya sama tetapi tandanya berlawanan
Hubungan antara garis-garis gaya (imajiner) dan vektor kuat medan listrik adalah:
1. Garis singgung dari sebuah garis gaya pada setiap titik memberikan arah E
pada titik tersebut.
2. Garis-garis gaya digambarkan sehingga banyaknya garis persatuan luas
bidang (yang tegak lurus pada garis tersebut) adalah sebanding dengan
besarnya kuat medan listrik.
Secara matematis dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut:
𝑑𝑁
𝐸= … … (1.18)
𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃
Atau 𝑑𝑁 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑁 = 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝐴
𝑁 = ∬ 𝐸⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴 … … . . (1.19)
Z r sin θ dφ
A B
C D
dθ
Q Y
d
Gambar 1.11 Gambar muatan didalam bidang yang gauss berupa bola.
𝑞
𝑁 = ∬ 𝐸 cos 𝜃𝑑𝐴 = ∬ cos 0 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑞 𝑞
𝑁= ∫ ∫ sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑 = ∫ ( − cos 𝜋 + cos 0) 𝑑𝜑
4𝜋𝜀0 4𝜋𝜀0
0 0 0
𝑞 4𝜋 𝑞
𝑁= = … … … … … … (1.20)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝜀0
Kesimpulannya
𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑁 = ∬ 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝐴 … … . (1.21)
𝜀0
Jika dalam permukaan tertutup tersebut ada beberapa muatan titik, maka juml;ah
garis gaya listriknya menjadi:
𝑛
1
𝑁 = ∬ 𝐸⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴 = ∑ 𝑞𝑖 … … . . (1.22)
𝜀0
𝑖=1
Jikamuatannyaterdistribusikontinyu, maka
1
𝑁 = ∬ 𝐸⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴 = ∭ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 … … (1.23)
𝜀0
1.3. Rangkuman
Rumus Gaya Coulomb dalam bentuk besaran skalar:
q1q2
F12 = F21 = k.
r2
Rumus Gaya Coulomb dalam bentuk besaran vektor
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 𝑟̂12
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12
; 𝐹21 = 2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟21 21
𝟏 𝒒
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑 = 𝒓̂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟏
Rumus kuat medan listrik oleh beberapa muatan titik
𝒏
𝟏 𝒒𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝒑 = ∑ 𝟐 𝒓̂𝒑𝟏𝒊 … … … … … … … … … . . 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝟏𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
Rumus Kuat Medan Listrik di pusat cicin oleh bagian cicin yang bermuatan
𝜏 𝜏
𝐸⃗ = (cos 𝜃𝐵 − cos 𝜃𝐴)𝑖̂ + (− sin 𝜃𝐵 + sin 𝜃𝐴)𝑗̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Jika bidang lingakaran adalah bidang tak berhingga luas maka persamaan diatas
menjadi:
𝜎
𝐸⃗ = 𝑗
2𝜀0
Hukum Gauss
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁 = ∬ 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝐴
1.4. Referensi
a) Halliday & Resnick (1984). FISIKA 3th ed. : Jakarta , ERLANGGA
b) Sears. Zemansky (1985). FISIKA Cetakan ke enam ; Jakarta, BINACIPTA
c) Diktat FISIKA II; FMIPA – ITS
1. Tentukanlah gaya tarik menarik antara dua muatan positif yang masing-
masing besarnya 10-19 C, dengan jarak antara keduanya adalah 5x10-15 m.
2. Dua buah muatan, masing-masing q1 = 2x10-5 C, pada posisi (1,2,3)m; dan q2
= -2x10-4 C pada posisi (2,1,1m). Tentukanlah gaya yang dialami oleh
masing-masing muatan tersebut (F12 dan F21).
3.
y
(-3,4)
q3
q1 q2
(0,0) (5,0) x
Tentukanlah besar dan arah gaya yang dialami oleh muatan yang berada di
pusat koordinat, jika masing-masing besar muatannya adalah 10-4 C
4. Tiga buah muatan titik masing-masing, q1 = 2x10-4 C, pada posisi (1,1,1)m,
q2 = -2x10-5 C pada posisi (2,2,2)m, dan q3 = 10-5 C pada posisi (3,2,1)m.
Tentukanlah gaya yang dialami oleh masing-masing muatan, akibat dua
muatan lainnya.
5. Muatan q1 = 10-5 C, posisi (1,1,1) dan muatan q2 = 10-5 C pada posisi (2,3,2).
Tentukanlah F12 dan F21. (Dalam notasi vector)
6. Muatan q1 = 10-4C pada posisi (0,0,0), muatan q2 = -10-5 C pada posisi (
1,2,3), muatan q3 = 10-5 C pada posisi (2,2,2). Tentukanlah:
7.
Z
q5 q8
q6 q7
a
q1 q4 Y
a
X q2 a q3
Z
8. q8 q7
q5 q6
a
q4 q3
a Y
q1 a q2
X
Tentukan F1.
9. q1 = -10-8 C pada posisi (2,2,2); q2 = 10-9C pada posisi (1,2,3); q3 = -10-9C pada posisi
(3,2,1). Tentukanlah Kuat medan listrik yang disebabkan oleh ketiga muatan titik
tersebut, pada titik p yang berada di pusat koordinat.
10. Tentukanlah kuat medan listrik di pusat koordinat akibat adanya muatan titik
sebesar 4x10-9 C yang berada pada posisi (2,2,2)m.
11. Dua buah muatan, masing-masing q1 = 2x10-5 C, pada posisi (1,2,3)m; dan q2
= -2x10-4 C pada posisi (2,1,1m). Tentukanlah kuat medan listrik di pusat
koordinat.
12. Kulit bola bermuatan, dengan jari-jari R dan bermuatan q. Tentukan:
a. Kuat medan listrik dalam kulit bola.
b. Kuat medan listrik pada suatu titik diluar kulit bola.
13. Suatu bola bermuatan (pejal) dengan jari-jari R, dengan rapat muatan ρ.
Hitung kuat medan listrik di titik a dan b yang terdapat didalam boladan
diluar bola.
14. Sebuah bola bermuatan dengan rapat muatan sebesar 10-4 C/m3, dengan jari-
jari 10 cm. Tentukanlah kuat medan listrik dititik yang berjarak 5 cm dari
pusat bola, dan kuat medan listrik di titik yang berjarak 20 cm dari pusat bola.
15. Kulit bola yang bermuatan dengan rapat muatan 10-4C/m2, dengan jari-jari 10
cm. Tentukan kuat medan listrik di dalam kulit bola yang berjarak 5 cm dari
pusat bola, dan kuat medan listrik di titik yang berjarak 20 cm dari pusat bola.
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b
ds
a r r+dr
+ Q
𝑏 𝑄 1 1
𝑊𝐸 = ∫𝑎 𝑞 ′ 𝐸 cos 𝜃𝑑𝑠 = 𝑞 ′ 4𝜋𝜀 (𝑟 − 𝑟 )= - (Ub-Ua) 2.1
0 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
Maka Ub-Ua = − ∫𝑎 𝑞 ′ 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝑠 (Energi Potensial listrik)
𝒃
Sehingga, 𝑽𝒃 − 𝑽𝒂 = − ∫𝒂 𝑬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒅𝒔 2.3
Untuk menyatakan beda potensial antara titik a dan titik b dengan singkat, perlu
diperjanjikan notasi sebagai berikut:
Va-Vb = Vab Vba = Vb-Va
Untuk memperoleh potensial listrik pada suatu titik, maka Va harus dibuat nol.
Sehingga,
𝑏
𝑉𝑏 = − ∫ 𝐸 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑠 2.4
∞
Potensial listrik adalah besran scalar yang dapat dihitung dari besaran vector kuat
medan listrik dengan operator pengintegralan, sebaliknya besaran vector kuat medan
listrik dapat dihitung dari besaran scalar potensial listrik dengan operator kebalikan
operatorpengintegralan yaitu operator pendefferensialan. Kuat medan listrik
merupakan veltor, sehingga operator pendifferensialan nya juga operator
pendifferensialan vector.
𝐸⃗ = −𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑V = −∇
⃗ V 2.5
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
⃗∇𝑉 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐸⃗ = 𝑖̂𝐸𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐸𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝐸𝑧 = −∇
⃗ 𝑉 = −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
𝐸⃗ = −𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑉 = −𝑟̂ − 𝜃̂
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
𝐸⃗ = 𝑟̂ 𝐸𝑟 + 𝜃̂𝐸𝜃 = −𝑟̂ − 𝜃̂
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
𝐸𝑟 = − 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝐸𝜃 = −
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
Perhitungan Potensial Listrik
rb
𝑞
r 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 2
0𝑟
+q
𝑏
𝑞 𝑞
𝑉𝑏 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑟 = 2.6
∞ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑏2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑏
Contoh Soal
2.1Berapakah besarnya potensial listrik pada permukaan sebuah inti emas? Jika
diketahui jari-jari emas adalah 6,6 x 10-15 dan nomor atomnya 79.
Penyelesaian:
𝑏
𝑞 𝑞
𝑉𝑏 = − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
∞ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑏 0 𝑏
Vb = ...............................................
2.2Berapakah seharusnya besar sebuah muatan titik positip yang terisolasi supaya
potensial listrik pada jarak 10 cm dari muatan tersebut adalah +100 V
Penyelesaian:
q = V4πεor =
2.3 Berapakah besarnya potensial di pusat sebuah segi empat kuadratis dari
gambar di bawah. Anggaplah bahwa: q1 = 1 x 10-8 C; q2 = -2 x 10-8 C ;
q3 = 3 x 10-8C ; q4 = 2 x 10-8 C dan a = 1 m
q1 q2
a P
q4 a q3
r=
𝑛
𝑞𝑖 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑉𝑏 = ∑ = + + 𝑑𝑠𝑡
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑖 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
𝑖=1
b
Vb
dq a 0
𝒅𝒒
𝒅𝑽𝒃 =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒒
𝑽𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟖
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
B
R
a
ra rb
Dengan memperhatikan bahwa kuat medan listrik di dalam kulit bola yang
bermuatan adalah nol, dan kuat medan listrik diluar kulit bola yang bermuatan sama
seperti jika muatannya berpusat dipusat bola, maka potensial listrik di titik a adalah:
𝑅 𝑎
𝑞𝑑𝑟 𝑞
𝑉𝑎 = − ∫ 2
− ∫ 0 𝑑𝑟 =
∞ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑅 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
𝑏
𝑞 𝑞
𝑉𝑏 = − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑟 = … … … … .2.9
∞ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑏
𝑞 𝑞
𝑉= 𝑉=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
𝑞
𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀
0𝑟
r
Gambar 2.5 Grafik yang menggambarkan harga potensial listrik di dalam dan di luar
bola bermuatan
Dalam praktek banyak dijumpai system yang terdiri dari dua benda yang sama
bentuknya, misalnya dua bola konsentris, dua silinder koaksial, dua plat sejajar.
Dimana benda yang satu diberi muatan positif, dan yang lain diberi muatan negative.
Hal ini terjadi pada kapasitor.Potensial listrik pada suatu titik di antara dua bola
konsentris dapat dihitung sebagai berikut.
-q
A P
a r
b B
0
+q
Kuat medan listrik di titik p yang jaraknya dari pusat bola r adalah:
𝑞
𝐸𝑟 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝐴 𝐴
𝑞 𝑞 1 1
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = − ∫ 𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑟 = ( − )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑏
𝐵 𝐵
Potensial pada jarak r dari pusat bola dapat dihitung dengan mengintegralkan kuat
medan listrik Er dari A ke P.
𝑟
𝑞 𝑞 1 1
𝑉𝑟 − 𝑉𝐴 = − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑟 = ( − )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑎
𝐴
1 1
−𝑎
𝑟
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝐴 + 1 1 𝑉𝐴𝐵 … … … … … … .2.10
−𝑏
𝑎
Ditinjau silinder dengan jari-jari R dan panjangnya L, dimana R jauh lebih kecil
jika dibanding L. Sehingga dapat dianggap sebagai kawat tak berhingga panjang.
rp
L A P
Dengan menggunakan hukum Gauss dapat dibuktikan bahwa kuat medan listrik
di dalam silinder adalah nol. Sedang kuat medan listrik di luar silinder seperti
seolah-olah seluruh muatan terpusat di sumbu silinder. Sehingga untuk titik di
luar silinder,
𝜏
𝐸𝑟 = … … … … … … … .2.11
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Potensial di titik A dapat dicari dengan mengintegralkan kuat medan listrik dari
tak berhingga ke titik A.
𝑅 𝐴
𝜏
𝑉𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑟 − ∫ 0 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
∞ 𝑅
𝜏
𝑉𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜀 ln 𝑟 ~
0
𝜏 𝑅
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛 = 0
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
Potensial listrik di titik P (di luar silinder) dapat dicari dengan mengintegralkan
kuat medan listrik dari permukaan silinder ketitik P.(Dengan VA = 0)
𝑃
𝜏 𝑑𝑟 𝜏 𝑅
𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝐴 = − ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 … .2. 12
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑝
𝐴
Potensial listrik diantara dua silinder yang bermuatan berlawanan yang sering
dijumpai dalam praktek (bentuk kapasitor), dapat dihitung sebagai berikut:
R2
R1 r
L L>>R2
𝑟
𝜏 𝑑𝑟 𝜏 𝑟
𝑉𝑟 − 𝑉1 = − ∫ =− 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑅1
𝑅1
Maka
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑅
1
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉1 − 𝑅2 𝑉12 2.13
𝑙𝑛 𝑅
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑝
Eθ Er
P Vp
M r
A θ θ B
-q o +q
L/2 L/2
Pada dwi kutub ini jarak antara kedua muatan jauh lebih kecil jika dibanding dengan
jarak r yang ditinjau. Sehingga pada gambar diatas,
MP = OP = r ; Np = BP; sedang AM = (L/2) cos θ; ON = (L/2) cos θ.
1 −𝑞 +𝑞
𝑉𝑝 = ( + )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 − 𝐿 cos 𝜃
𝐿
2 2
1 𝑞𝐿 cos 𝜃
𝑉𝑝 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 − 𝐿2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
4
𝐿2
Karena L<<r , maka 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 diabaikan, sehingga
4
𝑞𝐿 cos 𝜃 𝑝 cos 𝜃
𝑉𝑝 = = … … … … … … . .2.14
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝜕𝑉 𝜕 𝑝 cos 𝜃 2𝑝 cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑟 = − =− ( ) =
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕 1 𝑝 cos 𝜃 𝑝 sin 𝜃
𝐸𝜃 = − =− ( ) =
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
1 2𝑝 cos 𝜃 1 𝑝 sin 𝜃
𝐸⃗ = 𝑟̂ 3
+ 𝜃̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
Kapasitansi Kapasitor.
Sistem dua konduktor yang bermuatan sama dengan tanda yang berlawanan, jika
dihubungkan dengan kutub-kutub sumber tegangan dinamakan KAPASITOR.
Jika besarnya muatan kapasitor masing-masing q dan beda potensial antara kedua
konduktor dari kapasitor tersebut VAB, maka kasitansi kapasitor nya
𝑞
𝐶= 2.15
𝑉𝐴𝐵
Suatu kapasitor diberi symbol seperti gambar dibawah ini, apapun bentuk
konduktornya.
C
A B
Simbol Kapasitor.
Besarnya kasitansi kapasitor bergantung pada bentuk dan ukuran konduktor yang
membentuk system kapasitor tersebut.Ada tiga macam kapasitor menurut
bentuknya.Kapsitor lempeng sejajar, kapasitor bola konsentris, dan kapasitor silinder
koaksial.
+q -q
X1
X2
0 x
Kapasitor lempeng sejajar terdiri dari dua lempeng dengan luas masing-masing A,
jarak antara kedua lempeng d, dan muatan masing-masing –q dan +q.
Kuat medan listrik antara kedua lempeng, jika σ adalah rapat muatan bidang.
𝜎 𝑞
𝐸= =
𝜀0 𝐴𝜀0
𝑑𝑉
𝐸=−
𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
𝑞
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜀0 𝐴
𝑎 𝑎
𝑞 𝑞𝑑
𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 = − (𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑎 ) = −
𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴
𝑞𝑑
𝑉𝑎𝑏 =
𝜀𝑜 𝐴
Maka,
𝑞 𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= = … … … … … … … … 2.16
𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑑
a. Kapasitor Bola.
Kapsitor bola terdiri dari dua bola sepusat dengan jari-jari R1 dan R2.
R1 R2
+q r
-q
𝑑𝑉
𝐸𝑟 = −
𝑑𝑟
2 2
1 𝑞
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑟
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 1
𝑞 1 1
𝑉12 = ( − )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅1 𝑅2
4𝜋𝜀0
𝑞= 1 1 𝑉12
−𝑅
𝑅1 2
Jadi kapsitansi dari kapasitor dua bola konsentris yang jari-jarinya R1 dan R2 :
4𝜋𝜀0
𝐶= 1 1 … … … … … … … … 2.17
−𝑅
𝑅1 2
b. Kapasitor Silinder
R2
R1
L -q +q
𝜏 𝑞
𝐸𝑟 = =
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐿𝑟
2 2 2
𝑞
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ 𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐿𝑟
1 1 1
𝑞 𝑅2
𝑉12 = 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 𝑅1
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐿
𝑞= 𝑅 𝑉12
𝑙𝑛 𝑅2
1
Jadi kapasitansi dari kapasitor silinder koaksial dengan jari-jari R1 dan R2 adalah:
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐿
𝐶= 𝑅 2.18
𝑙𝑛 𝑅2
1
Sambungan Kapasitor
a. Sambungan Seri
+q –q +q -q +q -q
A x y b
C1 C2 C3
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑥𝑦 + 𝑉𝑦𝑏 = + +
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = = + +
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑛
1 1 1 1 1
= + + = ∑ … … … … … . .2.19
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶𝑖
𝑖=1
b. Sambungan Paralel
+q1 –q1
C1
A q +q2 -q2 B
C2
+q3 -q3
C3
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
𝑛
𝐶𝑝 = ∑ 𝐶𝑖 … … … … … 2.20
𝑖=1
Energi Kapasitor
Kapasitor dalam keadaan tidak bermuatan dan dimuati sampai q, beda potensial
ujung-ujung kapasitor Vab, maka Vab = q/C
Kemudian untuk menambah muatannya dengan dq diperlukan usaha sebesar dW,
𝑄
𝑞 1 𝑄2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑞 =
𝐶 2 𝐶
0
Usaha ini tidak hilang melainkan tetap tersimpan dalam kapasitor menjadi energy
kapaaasitor (U). Jadi energy kapasitor U adalah:
1 𝑄2 1 2 1
𝑈= = 𝐶𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑄𝑉𝑎𝑏 … … . .2.21
2 𝐶 2 2
Dielektrikum.
Bahan dielektrikum adalah bahan yang tidak mempunyai electron bebas. Jika bahan
dielektrikum tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuat medan listrik, maka muatan positif dan
muatan negatifnya tidak terpisah.
Jika dipengaruhi oleh kuat medan listrik, maka muatan negative akan ditarik ke arah
yang bertentangan dengan arah medan listrik. Sedang muatan positif akan ditarik ke
arah yang searah dengan kuat medan listrik
±±±±± + _ + _
±±±±± + + _ + _ -
±±±±± + -_ + -_
Muatan Induksi, dengan rapat muatan induksi σi, yang besarnya berbading langsung
dengan kuat medan listrik yang menyebabkannya, dan suseptibilitas listrik
dielektrikum.
σi = χ E
Misalkan rapat muatan asli σ, sedang rapat muatan induksi σi, maka kuat medan
listrik dalam dielektrikum diantara dua lempeng yang bermuatan berlawanan adalah:
𝜎 𝜎𝑖 𝜎 𝑋𝐸
𝐸= − = −
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝜀0 𝜀0
𝑋𝐸 𝑋 𝜎
𝐸+ = 𝐸 (1 + ) =
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝜀0
𝑋
Di definisikan tetapan dielektrikum 𝑘𝑒 =(1+𝜀 )
0
Maka
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= = … … … … … … 2.22
𝑘𝑒 𝜀0 𝜀
Contoh Soal
2.3 Dua buah kapasitor, masing-masing kapasitor lempeng sejajar, dengan luas
elemen 3 cm2 , jarak kedua lempeng 2 mm, dan kapasitor bola dengan jari-
jari dalam 1 mm dan jari-jari luar 3 mm.
a. Tentukan kapasitansi total jika dua kapasitor tersebut dirangkai seri.
b. Tentukan kapasitansi total jika dua kapasitor tersebut dirangkai paralel.
Penyelesaian:
𝜀0 𝐴
C1 = = ........................................................................................................
𝑑
.........................................................................................................
4𝜋𝜀0
C2 = 1 1 = ..................................................................................................
−
𝑅1 𝑅2
...................................................................................................
1 1
= ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶 = .................................................................................................
𝐶𝑠 𝑖
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
𝐶𝑝 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 = ...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
2.4 Jika kedua kapasitor pada soal di atas yang dirankai seri, diberi beda
tegangan VAB = 100 volt, tentukan tegangan jepit masing- masing kapasitor.
Penyelesaian:
A C1 X C2 B
qs = Cs . V = ........................................................................................
qs = q1 = q2 = ...................
Vax = q1 / C1 = ......................................................................................
Vxb = q2 / C2 = .....................................................................................
2.5 Jika ke dua kapasitor pada soal di atas yang dirangkai paralel, diberi beda
tegangan 100 volt, tentukan muatan yang mengalir di masing-masing
kapasitor.
Penyelesaian: C1
q1
A qtotal B
q2
C2
qtotal = q1 + q2 dan VAB = V1 = V2
q1 = C1 VAB = ..............................................................................................
q2 = C2 VAB = .............................................................................................
2.3Rangkuman
𝑏 𝑞 𝑞
Potensial oleh muatan titik. 𝑉𝑏 = − ∫∞ 4𝜋𝜀 2 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟𝑏 0 𝑟𝑏
𝒒
Potensial listrik oleh cincin yang bermuatan 𝑽𝒃 =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 √𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐
𝑅 𝑎
𝑞𝑑𝑟 𝑞
𝑉𝑎 = − ∫ − ∫ 0 𝑑𝑟 =
∞ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝑅 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
𝐶𝑝 = ∑ 𝐶𝑖
𝑖=1
Energi kapasitor:
1 𝑄2 1 2 1
𝑈= = 𝐶𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑄𝑉𝑎𝑏
2 𝐶 2 2
Jika di dalam kapasitor diisi dengan suatu bahan yang disebut bahan
dielektrikum, maka harga permitivitas yang diberikan bukan lagi permitivitas
ruang hampa εo, tetapi menjadi permitivitas bahan dielektrikum ε.
Dimana ε = ke . εo
2.4Referensi
a). Halliday & Resnick (1984). FISIKA 3th ed. : Jakarta , ERLANGGA
b). Sears. Zemansky (1985). FISIKA Cetakan ke enam ; Jakarta, BINACIPTA
c). Diktat FISIKA II; FMIPA – ITS
2.5Latihan Soal
Z
1.
+q +q
-2q -q
10 cm
P Y
10 cm +2q
-q 10 cm +q
2. +q -q +q –q +q –q
a q x y b
3. Ketiga kapasitor tersebut diatas dirangkai seperti pada gambar dibawah ini.
C2
q1 q2
a C1 x b
q3 C3
Tentukanlah kapasitansi total, Muatan masing-masing kapsitor, Vax dan Vxb , Jika Vab
= 100 Volt.
4. q1 C1
a q q2 C2 b
q3 C3
Tentukan:
a. C total
b. q total, q1, q2, q3
5.
C1 C2
qS x
a q b
q3 C3
Tentukan:
a. Kapasitansi total
b. Q total, q seri, q1, q2, q3
c. Vax dan Vxb
6. Jika kapsitor pada soal no 11 diisi dengan bahan dielektrikum dengan tetapan
dielektrikum, masing-masing untuk kapasitor lempeng sejajar ke = 3, kapasitor bola
ke = 4 dan kapasitor silinder ke = 5. Dan dirangkai seperti gambar dibawah ini.
C1
q1
a x C3 q3 b
C2
q2
Tentukanlah:
a. Kapasitansi masing-masing kapasitor
b. Kapasitansi total
c. q1, q2, q3, q total
d. Vax dan Vxb
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Arus Listrik
V dt=L
q+ V q+ V
q+ V q+ V
dQ = A.n.q.V.dt (3.1)
𝑑𝑄
i= maka i = A.n.q.V (3.2))
𝑑𝑡
Rapat arus
𝑖
𝐽 = 𝐴 (satuannya Ampere/m2) (3.3)
Konduktifitas σ adalah perbandingan antara rapat arus dengan kuat medan listrik
yang menimbulkannya.
𝐽 𝑑𝑉
𝜎= ; 𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸 = 𝜎(− )
𝐸 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 𝐿 𝑏
𝑖 = 𝐴𝜎(− 𝑑𝑥 ) ; 𝑖𝑑𝑥 = −𝐴𝜎𝑑𝑉 ; ∫0 𝑖𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 −𝐴 𝜎𝑑𝑉
𝐴𝜎
𝑖𝐿 = −𝐴𝜎(𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 ); i L= Aσ Vab ; maka 𝑖 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝐿
𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝐿
𝑖= ; jadi R (Resistansi) adalah
𝑅 𝐴𝜎
1
Resistivitas ρ adalah kebalikan dari konduktivitas 𝜌 = 𝜎, maka
𝜌𝐿
𝑅= … … … … … … … … . . (3.4)
𝐴
Satuan dari Resistansi atau tahanan adalah ohm (Ω)
Daya Listrik
Va Vb
i a b i
Arus I masuk ke kotak pada tegangan Va dan keluar pada tegangan Vb, dimana Va>
Vb.
Dalam waktu dt muatan yang masuk pada jepitan a adalah dq, dimana dq = i dt. Dan
dalam waktu yang sama muatan yang keluar dari b adalah dq juga. Jadi dalam waktu
dt ada perpindahan muatan dq dari potensial Va ke potensial Vb. Muatan dq ini
kehilangan energi potensial listrik sebesar dW, dan
𝑑𝑊
𝜀= … … … … … … … … … … (3.8)
𝑑𝑞
+-
(ε, r)
i
a R b
Diperjanjikan arah EMF didalam sumber adalah dari kutub negative ke kutub positif.
Panas yang timbul dalam tahanan R persatuan waktu adalah R.i2, dan panas yang
timbul dalam tahanan r persatuan waktu adalah r.i2, sedang tenaga yang dirubah
menjadi tenaga listrik persatuan waktu adalah ε.i. jadi,
𝜀
atau 𝑖 = 𝑅+𝑟 (3.10)
Vab = Va – Vb = i. R (3.11)
Contoh Soal:
3.1 Suatu rangkaian tertutub yang memuat satu sumber EMF (ε,r) berupa
baterai dan sebuah motor yang dihubungkan seri dengan tahanan luar R.
+-
(ε,r)(20V,1Ω)
i
+ -
(ε’ , r’ ) R(4Ω)
(8V,1Ω )
ε.i = R i2 + r i2 + r’ i2 + ε’ i
𝜀−𝜀′ ∑𝜀
atau 𝑖 = 𝑅+𝑟+𝑟′ = ∑ 𝑅 = 2A
Tentukan i, tegangan jepit baterai, tegangan jepit motor, dan tegangan jept
hambatan 4Ω.
Penyelesaian :
Tegangan jepit baterai :....................................................................
Tegangan jepit motor : ....................................................................
Tegangan hambatan 4Ω : .................................................................
i a
i1 i2 i3 i a
ε R1 R2 R3 ε Rp
i b i b
Gambar 3.4 Tahanan (Hambatan) yang dirangkaia paralel
1 1
atau = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑅 (3.12)
𝑅𝑝 𝑖
Tiga tahanan yang dirangkai seri dan dihubungkan dengan sumber EMF
i a R1 x i a
R2 ε Rs
i b R3 y i b
Pada rangkaian seri arus yang melewati semua komponen sama, sedangkan tegangan
Vab, merupakan penjumlahan dari tegangan jepit masing-masing komponen.
R1 = 3Ω
R2 = 6Ω R4 = 4 Ω
A X B
R3 = 9Ω
R5 = 5 Ω
Tentukanlah :
a. Tahanan pengganti dari A sampai X (RAX)
b. Tahanan pengganti dari A sampai B (RAB)
c. Jika arus yang lewat tahanan 9 Ω adalah 1 Amper, berapakan arus yang
melalui tahanan 5Ω.
Penyelesaian :
1 1 1 1 1 1 11
a. = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 3 + 6 + 9 = 18
𝑅𝑝 𝑖 𝐴𝑋
RAB = ..................................
c. Jika arus yang lewat tahanan 9 Ω adalah adalah 1 amper, maka arus yang
lewat pada tahanan 6Ω adalah : 9/6 Amper.
Arus yang lewat tahanan 3 Ω adalah : 9/3 Amper. Jadi arus total yang lewat
atas adalah : 1 + 9/6 + 9/3 = 5.5 Amper.
Dengan demikian maka VAB = 5.5 x Rseri = ...............
Maka arus yang lewat tahanan 5 Ω adalah VAB / 5 = ............
3.4
3Ω
4Ω c
b d
6Ω
8Ω 6Ω
a 12V; 1Ω
Tentukan :
a. Tahanan pengganti Rad
b. Arus yang mengalir lewat baterai
Penyelesaian:
Petunjuk gunakan :
𝑛
𝑅𝑠 = ∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑖=1
Dan
𝑛
1 1
=∑
𝑅𝑝 𝑅𝑖
𝑖=1
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HUKUM KIRCHOFF
Suatu system dengan sejumlah rangkaian tertutup atau “loop” dapat diselesaiakan
dengan hokum kirchoff.
HUKUM KIRCHOFF I = Jumlah aljabar dari arus pada setiap titik cabang dari
rangkaian listrik adalah nol. Σi=0.
HUKUM KIRCHOFF II = Jumlah aljabar EMF pada suatu loop,sama dengan jumlah
aljabar dari perkalian antara arus dengan tahanan di dalam sluruh rangkaian tertutup
tersebut.
Σε=Σi.R atau Σε-Σi.R = 0
Contoh Soal:
d
Tentukan besar dan arah arus yang melewati tiap-tiap komponen.
Penyelesaian:
1. Langkah pertama adalah mengasumsikan arah arus ditiap-tiap cabang.
(seperti pada gambar diatas, yaitu i1, i2, i3.
2. Mengasumsikan arah loop untuk memudahkan dalam menuliskan persamaan
hokum kirchoff II. Untuk menghindari angka negative asumsikan arah loop
sama atau searah baterai.
3. Tuliskan persamaan hukum kirchoff II dari masing-masing loop.
4. Tuliskan persamaan hokum kirchoff I untuk titik cabang yang ditinjau.
(20V,0Ω) (12V,0Ω)
2,213 A 0,766 A
I1+I2=2,979 A
Persamaan Loop I 20 = 8 I1 + 3 I2
Persamaan Loop II 12 = 3 I1 + 7 I2
8 3 𝐼1 20
| | =
3 7 𝐼2 12
Determinan ∆ = 56-9 = 47
20 3 8 20
| | 104 | | 36
12 7 3 12
𝐼1 = = = 2,213𝐴𝐼2 = = 47 =0,766A
47 47 47
Setelah besar I1 dan I2 diketahui baru diplot arah arusnya pada gambar rangkaian.
(20V,0Ω) (12V,0Ω)
3.3 Rangkuman
Arus Listrik
Arus listrik adalah muatan listrik yang lewat persatuan waktu,
𝑑𝑄
i= maka i = A.n.q.V
𝑑𝑡
Rapat arus
Rapat arus J adalah arus persatuan luas penampang yang dilewati,
𝑖
𝐽 = 𝐴 (satuannya Ampere/m2)
1
Resistivitas ρ adalah kebalikan dari konduktivitas 𝜌 = 𝜎, maka
𝜌𝐿
𝑅=
𝐴
Satuan dari Resistansi atau tahanan adalah ohm (Ω)
Daya Listrik
P= dW/dt = i. Vab = i2.R satuannya (Watt)
𝑅𝑠 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖
Hukum Kirchoff I
Σi=0.
Hukum Kirchoff II
Σε=Σi.R atau Σε-Σi.R = 0
3.4 Referensi
a). Halliday & Resnick (1984). FISIKA 3th ed. : Jakarta , ERLANGGA
b). Sears. Zemansky (1985). FISIKA Cetakan ke enam ; Jakarta, BINACIPTA
c). Diktat FISIKA II; FMIPA – ITS
d). Schaum Serries. Rangkaian Listrik
1.
a. Hitunglah tahanan ekivalen dari rangkaian di bawah antara titik x dan y.
b. Hitunglah beda potensial antara x dan a, bila arus listrik dalam tahanan
8Ω adalah 0,5 Ω
8Ω
16Ω 20Ω
16Ω
X Y
9Ω
A 6Ω
18Ω
30V, 1Ω 8Ω
12Ω 6Ω 3Ω
2Ω
4Ω
3Ω 8V, 1Ω
2Ω
6Ω
V A
9Ω 18V, 1Ω
4. 4Ω
3Ω
5Ω 10V,1Ω
A
6Ω
2Ω
V
3Ω 20V,1Ω
Tentukanlah:
Arus yang terbaca pada ampere meter, dan tegangan yang terbaca pada volt
meter
5.
2Ω 10V, 1Ω
20V,1Ω 3Ω
4Ω
3Ω 2Ω
6.
2Ω 10V, 1Ω
20V,1Ω 3Ω
4Ω
3Ω 2Ω
7. 4Ω 4Ω
I2 – I1=0.216A
I1 I2
2Ω 3Ω 10V,1Ω
10V,1Ω
2Ω
2Ω 2,064A 2,28A
I3 3Ω
3Ω 10V,1Ω
8.
3Ω 2Ω 10V, 1Ω
20V,1Ω 2Ω 2Ω 3Ω
4Ω 10V, 1Ω 1Ω
9.
3Ω 2Ω 10V, 1Ω
20V,1Ω 2Ω 2Ω 3Ω
4Ω 3Ω 1Ω
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Medan Magnet
Pada suatu titik ada medan magnet bila muatan yang bergerak pada titik itu
mengalami gaya magnet. Medan magnet adalah medan vector, artinya besaran yang
menyatakan medan tersebut adalah besaran vector, yaitu vector induksi magnetic.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
(𝐵)
Seperti halnya dengan medan listrik, medan magnet dapat dilukiskan dengan
garis-garis induksi magnetic, yaitu garis-garis yang garis singgungnya pada setiap
titik pada garis induksi magnetic menunjukkan arah vector induksi magnetic di titik
tersebut.
Banyaknya garis-garis induksi magnet dinamakan fluks nagnetik (Φ), sedang
banyaknya garis-garis induksi magnet per satuan luas dinamakan rapat fkus magnetic
⃗ ).
(𝐵
Dalam system MKS, satuan fluks magnetic adalah Weber (W), sedang satuan rapat
fluks magnetic (W/m2).Sedang dalam satuan CGS, satuan fluks maknetik Makswell
(M), sedang rapat fluks magnetic (M/cm2).Ini yg biasa disebut Gauss. 1Gauss = 10-4
W/m2.
Secara matematik dapat dituliskan:
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∅ = ∬ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃 … … … … … … … … . (4.1)
Dalam keadaan khusus, diamna fluks magnet serba sama (uniform) dan arah medan
magnet tegak lurus bidang, maka
∅ = 𝐵. 𝐴 … … … … … … … … … (4.2)
⃗ 𝑥𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑉 ⃗)
⃗
𝐵
+q ⃗
𝑉
Gambar 4.1 Gaya yang dialami muatan listrik yang bergerak di dalam Medan
Magnet
Gaya yang dialami oleh muatan yang bergerak di dalam medan magnet, disebut gaya
Lorentz.
⃗ 𝑥𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑉 ⃗ ) … … … … … … . . (4.3)
Contoh soal:
-19
Sebuah electron muatannya -1,6. 10 Coulomb bergerak dengan kecepatan 106
m/dtk, dengan arah mengapit sudut 45o dengan sumbu x positif, dan 45o dengan
sumbu y positif, dalam medan magnet serba sama 0,2 W/m2 dengan arah mengapit
sudut 60odengan sumbu x positif, 60o dengan sumbu y positif, dan 45o dengan sumbu
z positif. Tentukan gaya pada muatan tersebut.
Penyelesaian:
Uraian vektor kecepatan kedalam bentuk vektor satuan.
F F F
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
+ V + V + V
X X X X X X X XX X X X XX X X X X
Pada kawat arus kita bayangkan ada partikel-partikel bermuatan semuanya sama
dengan q, dan bergerak dengan kecepatan V untuk semua partikel. Masing-masing
partikel akan dipengaruhi gaya sebesar qVB tegak lurus arah I dan tegak lurus arah
medan magnet. Untuk kawat sepanjang L, jumlah partikel dalam kawat adalah A.L.n
gaya pada seluruh muatan pada kawat sepanjang L adalah A.L.n.q.V.B.
Rumus diatas berlaku jika sudut antara i dan B adalah tegak lurus. Jika membentuk
sudut θ, maka persamaannya menjadi;
Arah gaya adalah arah maju sekrup kanan bila diputar dari arus i ke medan magnet
B.
Gaya pada kawat ini disebut dengan gaya Lorentz.
Z
a Fab=BiLab sin θ
Fda=BiLda sin90=BiLda
B
d θ b Y
Fcd =BiLcdSinθ c
Ditinjau kawat arus tertutup berbentuk empat persegi panjang abcd yang dilalui arus
i. Arah induksi magnetic kesumbu Y. Gaya-gaya yang bekerja dapat dilihat seperti
pada gambar. Dari gambar diatas dapat dilihat bahwa gaya yang bekerja pada kawat
ab (Fab) dan gaya yang bekerja pada kawat cd (Fcd) besarnya sama tetapi arahnya
tepat berlawanan (karena Lab = Lcd). Sehingga kedua gaya tersebut saling
meniadakan.
Jika gambar diatas dilihat dari arah atas maka akan tampak seperti gambar dibawah
ini.
Fda=B.i.Lda
Lengan ( l )
Y
Θ normal bidang kumparan
α B
B
Fbc = B.i.Lbc
Gambar 4.4 Kumparan yang dialiri arus, di dalam medan magnet (tampak atas)
Dari gambar diatas tampak bahwa antara gaya Fda dan Fbc besarnya sama karena
Lda = Lbc
Tetapi keduanya tidak berada dalam satu garis lurus, sehingga tidak saling
meniadakan, tetapi membentuk suatu kopel (momen gaya), yaitu:
dengan A adalah luas bidang kumparan. Jika kumparannya terdiri dari beberapa
lilitan, maka Momen gaya yang ditimbulkan adalah:
Teori diatas ini yang mendasari prinsip kerja dari motor listrik, galvanometer dan
lain-lain.
Galvanometer
Galvanometer adalah alat ukur listrik (arus) dalam orde mikro. Prinsip kerja
galvano menerapkan teori momen kopel yang timbul jika ada kumparan yang dialiri
arus dan berada dalam medan magnet.Gambar galvanometer ditunjukkan pada
gambar dibawah ini.
C Cermin
a
d
U b
c S
yaitu alat untuk mengukur arus listrik. Dengan modififikasi yang dilakukan ini maka
orde pengukuran galvano menjadi lebih besar.
Voltmeter
1 mA G R1 R2 R3
RG
Ampermeter.
G
1 mA RG
R1 R2 R3
+ 100 A 10 A 1A
𝒊 𝒅𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒅𝑩 = 𝒌′
𝒓𝟐
Dimana k’ adalah tetapan yang besarnya jika dalam system MKS adalah 10-7
W/Amp.m.
𝝁𝒐
𝒌′ =
𝟒𝝅
Dengan μo adalah permeabilitas ruang hampa, yang besarnya 12,57. 10-7 W/Amp.m
Hukum Biot diatas jika ditulis dalam bentuk vector sebagai berikut:
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥𝑟)
𝜇𝑜 𝑖(𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = … … … … … … … … (4.8)
4𝜋 𝑟 3
𝜇𝑜 𝑖
𝐵= (cos 𝛼𝑏 − cos 𝛼𝑎 ) … … … … . (4.9)
4𝜋𝑎
Untuk kawat yang tak berhingga panjang, maksudnya panjangnya sangat besar jika
dibanding dengan a, atau jarak titik yang dihitung induksi magnetnya dari kawat.
𝜇𝑜 𝑖
𝐵= … … … … … … … … … . (4.10)
2𝜋𝑎
Berikut ini gambar induksi magnet oleh kawat yang dialiri arus listrik.
Gambar 4.8 Induksi Magnetik oleh kawat lurus yang dialiri arus
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arus
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Gambar 4.9 Induksi Magnetik oleh kawat lurus yang dialiri arus (tampak dari
samping)
Suatu kawat arus menimbulkan medan magnet disekelilingnya, maka jika ada di
sekitar kawat arus tadi kawat arus yang lain, yang juga dialiri arus, maka akan timbul
gaya Lorentz pada kawat tersebut.
X x x x x x x x x
x2 Fbc
x x x x x x x x x
x1
x x xb c
dx
i1 x x x x x x x x x
x x x x i2 x x x x x
Fab
x x x x x x x x x
Gambar 4.10 Dua penghantar yang dialiri listrik, yang saling didekatkan
Sedang gaya yang dialami kawat bc, menghitungnya agak berbeda, yaitu kita
harus mengambil elemen panjang dulu, karena besar medan magnet disepanjang
kawat bc berbeda-beda harganya, karena jaraknya yang berbeda-beda dari kawat
1.
𝜇𝑜 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹 = … … … … … … … … (4.13)
2𝜋𝑥
Maka;
𝑐
𝜇𝑜 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑑𝑥 𝜇𝑜 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑥2
𝐹𝑏𝑐 = ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 … … … … … … … . (4.14)
2𝜋 𝑥 2𝜋 𝑥1
𝑏
I1 i2
i1 i2
Gambar 4.11 Percobaan duakawat yang dialiri arus listrik, dan saling didekatkan
Tugas
Jelaskan percobaan yang digambarkan pada gambar 4.11
a. Mengapa jika arusnya searah, gaya yang timbul akan saling tarik menarik
b. Mengapa jika arusnya berlawanan, gaya yang timbul akan saling tolak
menolak.
Penyelesaian:
Jelaskan dengan gambar
𝜇𝑜 𝑖𝑎2
𝐵= 3 … … … … … . . (4.15)
2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2
Dengan a adalah jari-jari kawat linkaran, dan b adalah jarak titik yang dihitung kuat
medan magnetnya, dengan pusat lingkaran kawat.
Jika kita ingin kenghitung medan magnet/ induksi magnetic dipusat linkaran, berari
b=0, maka persamaan diatas menjadi:
𝜇𝑜 𝑖
𝐵= … … … … … . . (4.16)
2𝑎
𝜇𝑜 𝑖𝑁
𝐵= … … … … … … . (4.17)
2𝑎
Induksi Magnetik oleh Solenoida
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖
𝐵= (cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛼2 ) … … … … (4.18)
2𝐿
Jika panjang solenoid jauh lebih besar jika dibanding dengan jari-jarinya maka bisa
dianggap solenoid tak berhingga panjang. Maka
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖
𝐵= … … … … … … … … … . (4.19)
𝐿
iS
Intensitas magnet
𝑩 𝑵𝒊
𝑯= = … … … … … … … … (𝟒. 𝟐𝟏)
𝝁𝒐 𝑳
Untuk toroida,
𝑁𝑖
𝐻= … … … … … . . (4.22)
𝜋(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖 𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖𝑆
𝐵= + … … … … … . (4.23)
𝐿 𝐿
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖𝑆
( )
𝐿
𝑋= … … … … … … … . . (4.24)
𝐻
Maka,
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 + 𝑋𝐻 = (𝜇𝑜 + 𝑋)𝐻 = 𝜇𝐻 … … … … … . . (4.25)
Μ inilah yang disebut dengan permiabilitas bahan magnet. Disamping itu ada istilah
permiabilitas relative bahan magnet yaitu:
𝜇
𝐾𝑚 = … … … … … … … … … … … . . (4.26)
𝜇𝑜
Untuk bahan paramagnetic Km>1, sedang untuk bahan diamagnetic Km <1, dan
ferromagnetic Km>>1.
Kurva Histeriss
Adalah kurva yang menggambarkan B sebagai fungsi H, ternyata untuk bermacam-
macam bahan magnet didapat kurva yang bermacam-macam pula, tetapi ada
persamaannya seperti gambar dibawah ini.Kurva ini untuk menentukan keras
lunaknya suatu bahan magnet.
Paling lunak
4.3 Rangkuman
Fluks Magnetik
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∬ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐴
∅ = ∬ 𝐵.
Dalam keadaan khusus, diamna fluks magnet serba sama (uniform) dan arah medan
magnet tegak lurus bidang, maka
∅ = 𝐵. 𝐴
Gaya Lorentz
Gaya yang dialami oleh muatan yang bergerak di dalam medan magnet, disebut gaya
Lorentz.
⃗ 𝑥𝐵
𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑉 ⃗)
Arah gaya adalah arah maju sekrup kanan bila diputar dari arus i ke medan magnet
B.
Momen Gaya yang dialami oleh kumparan yang dialiri listrik yag berada
dalam medan magnet.
τ = B.i. A.N sin α.
Galvanometer
Galvanometer adalah alat ukur yang berkemampuan mengukur hanya dalam orde
sangat kecil, karena itu untuk dapat mengukur dalam orde yang besar, maka
galvanometer harus dimodifikasi.
𝜇𝑜 𝑖
𝐵= (cos 𝛼𝑏 − cos 𝛼𝑎 )
4𝜋𝑎
𝜇𝑜 𝑖𝑎2
𝐵= 3
2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2
Dengan a adalah jari-jari kawat linkaran, dan b adalah jarak titik yang dihitung kuat
medan magnetnya, dengan pusat lingkaran kawat.
Jika kita ingin kenghitung medan magnet/ induksi magnetic dipusat linkaran, berari
b=0, maka persamaan diatas menjadi:
𝜇𝑜 𝑖
𝐵=
2𝑎
𝜇𝑜 𝑖𝑁
𝐵=
2𝑎
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖
𝐵= (cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛼2 )
2𝐿
Jika panjang solenoid jauh lebih besar jika dibanding dengan jari-jarinya maka bisa
dianggap solenoid tak berhingga panjang. Maka
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖
𝐵=
𝐿
Suseptibilitas magnet
𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝑖𝑆
( )
𝐿
𝑋=
𝐻
Jika dalam solenoida dan Toroida diisi dengan bahan dielektrikum, maka medan
magnet yang ditimbulkan adalah:
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 + 𝑋𝐻 = (𝜇𝑜 + 𝑋)𝐻 = 𝜇𝐻
Untuk bahan paramagnetic Km>1, sedang untuk bahan diamagnetic Km <1, dan
ferromagnetic Km>>1.
4.4 Referensi
a). Halliday & Resnick (1984). FISIKA 3th ed. : Jakarta , ERLANGGA
b). Sears. Zemansky (1985). FISIKA Cetakan ke enam ; Jakarta, BINACIPTA
c). Diktat FISIKA II; FMIPA – ITS
d). Schaum Serries. Rangkaian Listrik
10 A 2X108 m/s
5 cm
4. Sebuah kawat dialiri arus listrik 10 A, seperti pada gambar di bawah. Ada
sebuah muatan listrik 4x10-8C, bergerak dengan kecepatan 2x108 m/s dengan
arah tegak lurus dan menjauhi kawat. Hitunglah gaya lorent yang dialami,
dan gambarkan arahnya.
10 A
2x108 m/s
5 cm
5. Sebuah kawat dialiri arus listrik 10 A, seperti pada gambar di bawah. Ada
sebuah muatan listrik 4x10-8C, bergerak dengan kecepatan 2x108 m/s dengan
arah tegak lurus dan menuju kawat. Hitunglah gaya lorent yang dialami, dan
gambarkan arahnya.
10 A
2x108 m/s
5 cm
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Magnet
Ketika batang magnet diam tidak bergerak, maka tidak terdapat arus yang mengalir
didalam kumparan.Tetapi ketika magnet digerakkan maju mundur, maka galvano
menunjukkan simpangan yang artinya ada arus didalam kumparan.Hal ini
disebabkan karena adanya perubahan fluks magnetic.Atau ada fluks-fluks magnetic
yang terpotong oleh kumparan tadi.
I II
G saklar
a a’
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xc
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
V V
L x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
d
x x bx x x x x x x x b’ x x x x
ds = V.dt
Gambar 5.3 GGLInduksi yang timbul karena adanya penghantar yang bergerak
dalam medan magnet
Misalkan pada saat t, kedua penghantar membentuk luasan acdb dan besar fluks
magnetiknya:
Φ = B ( luasan acdb)
Pada saat t+dt kemudian, batabg ab sampai di a’b’ dengan menempuh jarak ds=V.dt.
Luasan yang dibentuk oleh kedua penghantar pada saat itu adalah a’cdb’ dan fluks
magnetiknya menjadi:
Φ = B ( luasan a’cdb’)
Sehingga fluks magnetiknya berkurang sebesar:
-∆Φ = B ( luasan acdb – luasan a’dcb’) = B (luasan aa’b’b)
= B.L.V.dt
DINAMO FARADAY
X X X X X X X X X X
b
X X X X X
a dθ ω
X X X X
rb ra
X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
GGL induksi dapat diambil melalui sikat-sikat yang diletakkan disinggungkan pada
permukaan luar dan dalam yaitu: b dan a.
Besarnya GGL induksi :
1 1
𝑑∅ 𝐵 (2 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑏 𝑑𝜃 − 2 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝜃) 1
𝐸=− = = 𝐵𝜔(𝑟𝑏2 − 𝑟𝑎2 ) … … … (5.3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
1
𝐸= 𝐵𝜔𝑅 2 … … … … … … … … . . (5.4)
2
Suatu kumparan kawat penghantar dengan N lilitan, diletakkan secara tegak lurus
dalam medan magnet serba sama dengan induksi magnetic B
Kumparan ini dapat berputar dengan kecepatan ω terhadap sumbu putar. Ketika
normal bidang sedang membentuk sudut α terhadap B maka:
α B
𝑑∅
𝐸 = −𝑁 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑁𝐵𝐿𝑑 ω sin 𝜔𝑡 … … … … … . (5.6)
𝑑𝑡
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 … … … … … … … . (5.7)
5.3 RANGKUMAN
Dari percobaan faraday diatas dapat disimpulkan, bahwa untuk menimbulkan GGL
induksi ada dua cara:
1. Menggerakkan suatu penghantar di dalam medan magnet yang tetap, contoh
aplikasinya adalah Generator, Dynamo Faraday.
2. Suatu penghantar yang tidak digerakkan didalam medan magnet, tetapi
medan magnetnya yang memang berubah terhadap waktu. Sebagai contoh
adalah transformator yang memang dialiri oleh arus yang berubah sebagai
fungsi waktu.(arus bolak balik).
Rumus GGL Induksi dari batang penghubung yang digerakkan dalam medan magnet
𝑑∅
𝐸=− = 𝐵. 𝐿. 𝑉
𝑑𝑡
GGL Induksi dari Dinamo Faraday
1
𝐸= 𝐵𝜔𝑅 2
2
GGL Induksi dari Generator
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
Dengan Em = NBLdω = NBAω
5.4 Referensi
a). Halliday & Resnick (1984). FISIKA 3th ed. : Jakarta , ERLANGGA
b). Sears. Zemansky (1985). FISIKA Cetakan ke enam ; Jakarta, BINACIPTA
c). Diktat FISIKA II; FMIPA – ITS
d). Schaum Serries. Rangkaian Listrik
b. GGL induksi rata-rata, bila GGL induksi yang dihasilkan koil dirubah
menjadi GGL induksi berubah arah.
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Jadi antara tegangan dan arus sefase. Jika digambarkan sebagai berikut:
V, i Vm
Im
T= 2π/ω
Im Vm
Im Vm
Contoh Soal
6.1 Resistor 40 Ohm dihubungkan tegangan bolak balik maksimum 120 Volt,
frekwensi 60 hezt. Tentukan arus yang mengalir dalam rangkaian tersebut.
Penyelesaian:
V = 120 Sin (120πt )
I = (Vm/R) Sin (120πt)
I = 3 Sin (120πt)
V
i
L
Gambar 6.3 Induktor pada rangkaian AC
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑉 − 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 0atau𝑉 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 (6.2)
𝑑𝑖
= 𝐼𝑚 ω cos 𝜔𝑡 … … … … … . (6.3)
𝑑𝑡
Vm
Im
T= 2π/ω
Vm
Vm
Im
Im
Gambar 6.5 Diagram Phasor Tegangan dam arus, untuk Induktor dalam rangkaian
AC
𝑞 1
𝑉= = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 … … … … … … (6.4)
𝐶 𝐶
1 −𝐼𝑚
𝑉= ∫ 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐶 𝜔𝐶
𝐼𝑚 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉= sin (𝜔𝑡 − ) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 sin (𝜔𝑡 − ) = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − ) … … . (6.5)
𝜔𝐶 2 2 2
Sehingga jika diperhatikan dari dua persamaan di atas maka, tegangan tertinggal
terhadap arus sebesar π/2 radian atau 90o.
V,i Vm
Im
T=2π/ω
Vm
Im
Im
Vm
Diagram Impedansi
Dalam rangkaian arus bolak balikseperti pada rangkaian arus searah berlaku hokum
ohm.
V = I. Z (6.6)
Dimana Z = impedansi rangkaian.
Untuk mencari impadansi dapat digunakan digram phasor/ diagram impedansi dan
dipandang sebagaimana vector.
XL
XC
XL Z 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
XL = ω L = 2πf L
θ R tg θ = XL / R
R 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
1
XC Z 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
Tg θ=-XC/ R
Rangkaian L-C
XL
𝑍 = √(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
XL
XL-XC Z 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
(𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )
θ R 𝑡𝑔𝜃 = 𝑅
XC
Rangkaian akan mempunyai fase positif jika XL > XC artinya tegangan akan
mendahului arus. Tetapi jika XL < XC maka fasenya akan negative, artinya tegangan
akan tertinggal terhadap arus.
Sama seperti dalam rangkaian listrik arus searah, bahwa dalam rangkaian seri, arus
yang mengalir dalam rangkaian adalah sama, sedangkan tegangannya merupakan
penjumlahan dari tegangan jepit masing-masing komponen.
Dalam arus bolak balik diagram phasor untuk impedansi dan tegangan sama, jadi
fase dalam tegangan sama dengan fase impedansinya.
V = Z. I
Vm = Z. Im
VR = Im. R Sin ωt
VL = Im.XL
Im(XL-XC) Vm = Im. Z
Θ (VR)m = Im.R
VC=Im .XC
Gambar 6.10 Diagram phasor tegangan
Fasenya akan positif jika XL > XC, dan negate jika XC> XL
IR R
IL L
IC C
I
Dalam rangkaian parallel, tegangan pada masing-masing cabang sama, tetapi arus
yang lewat sumber merpakan penjumlahan dari arus di tiap-tiap cabang.
Misalnya tagangan V = Vm Sin ωt. Maka:
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑅 = sin 𝜔𝑡 (6.8)
𝑅
𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝐼𝐿 = sin(𝜔𝑡 − ) (6.9)
𝑋𝐿 2
𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝐼𝐶 = sin(𝜔𝑡 + ) (6.10)
𝑋𝐶 2
IC
IC-IL I
θ IR
Jika sudut fasenya positif artinya arus mendahului tegangan, dan jika sudut fasenya
negative artinya arus tertinggal terhadap tegangan.
Harga efektif dari arus AC (Ief) adalah sama dengan arus searah yang menimbulkan
panas yang sama dalam resistor yang sama dalam suatu periode/ interval waktu yang
sama.
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
Kecepatan perubahan panas dalam resistor,
𝑃 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
𝑇
2
1 2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑇
2 𝑚
0
Panas yang ditimbulkan arus searah Ief dalam waktu yang sama adalah:
2
𝑊 = 𝐼𝑒𝑓 𝑅𝑇 (6.11)
2
1 2
𝐼𝑒𝑓 𝑅𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑇
2
𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑒𝑓 = (6.12)
√2
𝑉𝑚
Dan 𝑉𝑒𝑓 = (6.13)
√2
Daya listrik hanya timbul pada resistor. Daya tersebut dihasilkan oleh tegangan
efektif pada resistor akibat arus efektif, sehingga:
(𝑉𝑅 )𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜃
𝑃 = (𝑉𝑅 )𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓 = = = 𝑉𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓 cos 𝜃 (6.14)
2 2
RESONANSI
1 1
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 = √ (6.15)
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶