NAMA : NI KOMANG FEBI MELIA GAYATRI

NIM : 1813071010

LEMBAR KERJA MAHASISWA

Pokok Bahasan : Sistem Periodik Unsur

Sub-Pokok Bahasan : Sistem Periodik Unsur dan Perkembengannya, Keperiodikan Sifat
Unsur
Tujuan :
1. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan sistem periodik unsur
2. Mahasiswa dapat menganalisis perkembangan sistem periodik unsur
3. Mahasiswa mampu menghubungkan konfigurasi elektron atom unsur dengan letaknya
dalam SPU (sistem periodik unsur-unsur).
4. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan keperiodikan sifat-sifat unsur (jari-jari ataom,
kelektronegatifan-afinitas elektron, dan energi ionisasi-potensial ionisasi) dan
kecendrungan sifat-sifat unsur seperiode dan segolongan.
5. Mahasiswa dapat menerangkan konfiguarasi elektron dalam kesetabilan unsur,
kecendrungan pola reaksi dan jenis senyawa/ikatan yang dihasilkan

Sistem Periodik Unsur dan Keperiodikan Sifat Unsur

Unsur di alam jumlahnya sangat banyak. Untuk memudahkan mempelajari unsur-

unsur tersebut, para ahli berusaha mengelompokkan unsur-unsur tersebut ke dalam sisttem
periodik. Sistem periodik mengalami perkembangan mulai dari yang sangat sederhana,
yaitu pengelompokan berdasarkan unsur logam dan bukan logam, sistem triade
Dobereiner, Hukum Oktaf Newlands, Daftar Mendeleyev, dan Sistem Periodik Modern.
Perkembangan sistem periodik ini, tidak terlepas dari kelemahan yang dimiliki oleh sistem
periodik sebelumnya. Dalam sistem perodik modern, terdapat keteraturan/kecenderungan
sifat-sifat unsur (jari-jari ataom, kelektronegatifan-afinitas elektron, dan energi ionisasi-potensial
ionisasi) seperiode dan segolongan. Letak unsur-unsur dalam sistem periodik modern sangat
berhubungan dengan konfigurasi elektron atom dari unsur bersangkutan. Dengan
mengetahui konfigurasi elektron atom suatu unsur, kita akan dapat meramalkan kesetabilan
unsur tersebut dan kecendrungan pola reaksi serta jenis ikatan yang dihasilkan.

Bacalah teks di atas dan tuliskan konsep/informasi penting yang anda diperoleh!

The elements in nature are very large. Experts try to classify these elements into periodic
systems. The periodic system evolved from the very simple, namely metal and nonmetal
groupings, Dobereiner's triade system, Newlands Octave Law, Mendeleyev's List, and the
Modern Periodic System. The development of the periodic system is inseparable from the
weaknesses of the previous periodic system. In the modern perodik system, there is an
order / tendency of the properties of elements (ataom radius, electron electronegativity, and
ionization-potential ionization energies) in a period and class. The location of elements in
the modern periodic system is closely related to the electron configuration of atoms of the
element concerned.

Tulislah Pertanyaan/Rumusan Masalah berdasarkan bacaan di atas yang mengacu pada

pencapain tujuan pembelajaran!
1. What is the periodic element system ?
2. What is the developmentin the in the periodic system of element ?
3. How to connect the electron atom element configuration with its location in SPU
(periodic system of element)?
4. How to characterize the properties of the element (atom radius, electron electron
nnegativity, and ionization potential ionization energy) and the tendency of the
properties of the properties of the elements in a period and class ?
5. How is the electron configuration in element stability, the tendency of the reaction
patten and the type of compound / bond produced ?

Mengumpulkan Informasi
Untuk menjawab permasalahan yang anda temui, bacalah buku teks kimia dasar dan
diskusikan dengan teman-temanmu dalam kelompok belajar masing-masing

Menganalisis/Mengolah Informasi
1. Jelaskan apa yang anda pahami tentang sistem periodik unsur?
The Periodic System The element is the arrangement of elements based on the
sequence of atomic numbers and the similarity of the properties of these elements.
Called "periodic", as there are patterns of similarity in the properties of elements in
the arrangement. The modern periodic element system (periodic table) currently
used is based on a table published by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Periodic system
of elements consists of groups and periods. Groups are placed in a vertical lane in
the periodic system of modern elements. Classification is related to the properties
of the element. Elements in one group have similar properties. The period is placed
in a horizontal lane in the periodic system of chemical elements. The period of an
element shows the number of skins that have been filled with electrons (n largest)
based on electron configurations.
2. Mengapa unsur-unsur dikelompokkan dalam sistem periodik unsur?
Jawaban :
There were at first scientists doing research related to elements separately.
However, because the number of elements turned out to be very large, so it was
easy to learn it made the grouping of elements. In the beginning the elements were
grouped by Arab and Persian scientists based on the properties of metals and non-
metals. Then in its development, Lavoisier grouped based on the chemical
properties of substances so that the elements were divided into four groups, namely
gas, metal elements, non-metallic elements and soil elements. There was a rapid
 development after Jhon Dalton revealed his theory that elements are composed of
atoms which have different atomic properties and mass. So that the grouping of
elements is based on the increase in mass.
3. Jelaskan bagaimana perkembangan sistem periodik unsur?
Efforts to classify elements into certain groups have actually been done by experts
since a long time ago, but the grouping of the period is still simple. The simplest grouping
is to divide elements into groups of metals and non-metals.

1. Triade Dobereiner

Along with the development of chemistry, the efforts to group more and more
elements are carried out by experts with different bases of grouping, but the end goal is the
same, which is to facilitate learning the properties of elements. Beginning in 1829, Johan
Wolfgang Dobereiner classified elements that were very similar in nature. It turns out that
each group consists of three elements, so the group is called a triad. If the elements in a
triad are arranged according to the increase in their relative atomic mass, it turns out that
the atomic mass and the properties of the second element are the mean of the relative
atomic mass and the first and third elemental properties.

Triade 1 Triade 2 Triade 3 Triade 4 Triade 5

Li Ca S Cl Mn
Na Sr Se Br Cr
K Ba Te I Fe

2. Teori Oktaf Newland

John Alexander, in 1864 rearranged the list of more numbered elements. Newland's
composition shows that if the elements are arranged based on the increase in atomic mass,
then the first element has similar properties with the eighth element, the second element
with the ninth element, and so on. Newland's discovery was stated as the Newland Octave
Law.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
 Co dan Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Cs dan La Zr Bi & Mo Po dan Ru

At the time this Newland Octave list was compiled, elements of noble gases (He, Ne, Ar,
Kr, Xe, and Rn) had not been found. The noble gas was discovered by Rayleigh and
Ramsay in 1984. The first noble gas element found was argon gas.

This octave law has a weakness because it only applies to light elements. If continued, it
turns out that the similarity is too forced. For example, Zn has properties that are quite
different from Be, Mg, and Ca.

3. Mendeleev Periodic System

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev in 1869, made a conclusion from the chemical element that
was discovered at the time that the properties of elements were periodic functions of their
relative atomic mass and properties. That is, if the elements are arranged according to the
increase in their relative atomic mass, certain properties will repeat periodically.
Mendeleev places elements that have similar characteristics in a vertical lane, called
groups. Horizontal lanes, namely lanes of elements based on their relative increase in
atomic mass, are called periods.

Mendeleev Periodic Table

The important thing in Mendeleev's periodic system is:

• Two adjacent elements, the relative atomic mass has a difference of at least two or one
unit;
• There are empty boxes for undiscovered elements, such as 44, 68, 72, and 100;
• Can predict the nature of elements that are not yet known as ecclesiics;
• Can correct the measurement of the atomic mass error of some elements, for example Cr
= 52.0 instead of 43.3
The advantages of the Mendeleev periodic system:
• The chemical and physical properties of elements in a group are similar and change
regularly
• The highest validity of an element is the same as the group number
• Can predict the properties of elements that have not been discovered at that time and have
an empty place.

4. Modern Periodic System

Approximately 45 years later, precisely in 1914, Henry G. Moseley (1887 - 1915) found
that the order of elements in the periodic system corresponds to the increase in elemental
atomic numbers. The placement of tellurium (Ar = 128) and iodine (Ar = 127) which do
not correspond to the increase in relative atomic mass, turns out to correspond to the
increase in the atomic number (atomic number Te = 52; I = 53). So, the periodic nature is
more accurately said to be a function of atomic numbers. The periodic system of modern
elements is arranged based on the increase in atomic number and similarity of properties.
The periodic system of modern elements is a refinement of the Mendeleev periodic system.
Modern Periodic System

Modern periodic systems are also known as long-form periodic systems, arranged based on
the increase in atomic numbers and similar properties. In the modern periodic system there
are horizontal lanes called upright periods and lanes called groups.
The number of periods in the periodic system is 7 and marked with numbers:
• Period 1 is called a very short period and contains 2 elements
• Period 2 is called a short period and contains 8 elements
• Period 3 is called a short period and contains 8 elements
• Period 4 is called a long period and contains 18 elements
• Period 5 is called a long period and contains 18 elements
• Period 6 is referred to as a very long period and contains 32 elements, during this period
there were elements of lanthanide, namely elements number 58 to number 71 and placed at
the bottom.
• Period 7 is referred to as an incomplete period because it may increase the number of
elements that will fill this period. Until now there were 24 elements that occupied this
period. This period has a row of elements called actinides, which are elements numbered
90 to number 103 and placed at the bottom.
The number of groups in the periodic system is 8 and is marked by Roman numerals.
There are two major groups, namely group A (main class) and class B (transition class).
Group B is located between groups IIA and group IIIA.

Group names in group A elements

• Group IA is called an alkali group
• Group IIA is called an alkaline earth class
• Group IIIA is called boron
• Group IVA is called carbon class
• The VA group is called nitrogen
• The VIA group is called the oxygen group
• Group VIIA is called the halogen class
• Group VIIIA is called a noble gas group

In period 6 class IIIB there are 14 elements that are very similar in nature, namely
lanthanide elements. In period 7 also applies the same thing and is called actinide
elements. These two series of elements are called inner transition elements.
Lanthanide and actinide elements including IIIB class are included in one group
because they have very similar properties.

4. Explain the weaknesses of the Dobereiner triade system, Newlands Octave Law,
Mendeleyev's List!
a. Weakness of Triade Dobereiner
 This triad system turns out to have a weakness. This system is less efficient because
it turns out that there are several other elements that are not included in one triad,
but have properties similar to the triad, [1] or in the fact that the number of
elements that have similar properties are not only 3
b. Weakness of Newlands Octave Law
This octave law also has weaknesses because it only applies to light elements. If it
continues, it turns out that the resemblance is too forced. For example, Zn has
properties that are quite different from Be, Mg, and Ca. The Newland Octave law
only applies to elements with low atomic masses.
c. Lack of Mendeleev periodic system
• The length of the period is not the same and the reason cannot be explained
• Some elements are not arranged based on the increase in atomic mass, for
example Te (128) before I (127).
• The difference in mass of sequential elements is not always 2, but ranges between
1 and 4 so that it is difficult to predict the mass of elements that are not yet known
exactly
• Valency of elements that are more than one is difficult to predict from its class
• Anomalies (deviations) of hydrogen elements from other elements are not explained.

4. Bagaimana hubungan konfigurasi elektron atom dari suatu unsur dengan letaknya dalam
sistem periodik?

Electron configuration states the distribution of electrons in atoms. The atomic

number indicates the number of electrons. This proves that there is a relationship
between the properties of elements with electron configurations, because the table
of the Elementary Periodic System (SPU) is arranged based on the increase in
elemental atomic numbers. In SPU the term Golongan (vertical column) and Period
(horizontal row) are known
1. Group
SPU is divided into 8 groups. Each group is divided into Main Groups (A) and
Transition Groups (B). Group numbering is based on valence electrons owned by
an element. Every element that has the same valence electron will occupy the same
class
Based on the location of the last electron in its orbitals, in the electron
configuration, the elements in the SPU are divided into 4 blocks, namely block s,
block p, block d, and block f.
• If the electron configuration ends in block s or p then it must occupy class A
• If the electron configuration ends in block d then it must occupy class B
• If the electron configuration ends in block f then it must occupy class B
(lanthanide, n = 6 and actinide, n = 7 (goal. Radioative))
In addition to determining the group number, it is determined by knowing the
number of valence electrons in the last configuration.
Example:
 11Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
It can be seen that the last electron at n = 3 has a valence electron of 1, meaning
group I and ends in the subshell s, meaning Group A, so if combined into Group IA

2. Period
SPU consists of 7 periods. The period is arranged based on the increase in atomic
number. Elements that have the same amount of skin will occupy the same row.
Thus the number of skins equals the period, so period 1 has n-1, period 2 has n = 2,
etc.
Example:
11Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
It can be seen that the last electron is at n = 3 which means that the element is
included in Period 3

5. Tentukan letakn golongan dan periode dari unsur 14X, 18Y, dan 26Z!

Location of groups and periods of elements:

• 14X = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Then the period and class of elements 14X are period 3 and group IV A
• 18Y = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Then the period and class of element 18Y are period 3 and group VIII A
• 26Z = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Then the period and class of element 26Z are period 4 and class VIII B

6. Bandingkan tingkat kesetabilan unsur 10Adengan 16B!

10A = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
16B = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Element A is more stable than element B, because element A has 8 valence
electrons which means it meets the octet rules so that the electron configuration is
the same as a stable noble gas. Whereas element B has 6 valence electrons and does
not meet the octet rules, so that this element is unstable, it catches / receives 2– to
stabilize itself. Element B receives 2– so it becomes B2-.

7. Tuliskan konfigurasi elektron: 11D, 16E, dan 17F, serta tentukan rumus kimia zat
yang terbentuk jika D beriktan dengan F, D dengan F, E dengan E, dan F dengan F!

11D = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

The valence electrons element D is 1
16E = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Valence electrons element D is 6
17F = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
 The valence electrons element D is 7
If D binds to F then two D atoms bind to 1 atom F. The chemical formula is D2F.
If F binds to F, the F atoms bind to each other. The chemical formula is F2.
If E binds to E then the E atom will bind to each other. The chemical formula is E2.

Menyimpulakan
Tuliskan kesimpulan yang anda peroleh dari kegiatan ini?

The Periodic System The element is the arrangement of elements based on the sequence of
atomic numbers and the similarity of the properties of these elements. The modern periodic
element system (periodic table) currently used is based on a table published by Dmitri
Mendeleev in 1869. Periodic system of elements consists of groups and periods.
Lavoisier carried out grouping based on the chemical properties of substances so that the
elements were divided into four groups, namely gas elements, metal elements, non-metallic
elements and soil elements. There was a rapid development after Jhon Dalton revealed his
theory that elements are composed of atoms which have different atomic properties and
mass. So that the grouping of elements is based on the increase in mass.
Efforts to classify elements into certain groups have actually been done by experts since a
long time ago, but the grouping of the period is still simple. The simplest grouping is to
divide elements into groups of metals and non-metals.
1. Triade Dobereiner
2. Newland Octave Theory
3. Mendeleev Periodic System
4. Modern Periodic System

• Weakness of Triade Dobereiner

This triad system turns out to have a weakness. This system is less efficient because it
turns out that there are several other elements that are not included in one triad, but have
properties similar to the triad, [1] or in the fact that the number of elements that have
similar properties are not only 3
• Weakness of Newlands Octave Law
This octave law also has weaknesses because it only applies to light elements. If it
continues, it turns out that the resemblance is too forced. For example, Zn has properties
that are quite different from Be, Mg, and Ca. The Newland Octave law only applies to
elements with low atomic masses.
• Lack of the Mendeleev periodic system
o The length of the period is not the same and the reason cannot be explained
o Some elements are not arranged based on the increase in atomic mass, for example Te
(128) before I (127).
Electron configuration states the distribution of electrons in atoms. The atomic number
indicates the number of electrons. This proves that there is a relationship between the
properties of elements with electron configurations, because the table of the Elementary
Periodic System (SPU) is arranged based on the increase in elemental atomic numbers.
Location of groups and periods of elements:
• 14X = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Then the period and class of elements 14X are period 3 and group IV A
• 18Y = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Then the period and class of element 18Y are period 3 and group VIII A
• 26Z = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Then the period and class of element 26Z are period 4 and group VIII B
Element A is more stable than element B, because element A has 8 valence electrons
which means it meets the octet rules so that the electron configuration is the same as a
stable noble gas. Whereas element B has 6 valence electrons and does not meet the octet
rules, so that this element is unstable, it catches / receives 2– to stabilize itself. Element B
receives 2– so it becomes B2-.
11D = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
The valence electrons element D is 1
16E = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Valence electrons element D is 6
17F = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
The valence electrons element D is 7
If D binds to F then two D atoms bind to 1 atom F. The chemical formula is D2F.
If F binds to F, the F atoms bind to each other. The chemical formula is F2.
If E binds to E then the E atom will bind to each other. The chemical formula is E2.