AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Diagnosis Cerebral Palsy
dan High Risk Cerebral Palsy
(Novak , et al, Early, Accurate Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy
Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment, 2017)
Diagnosis Dini Cerebral Palsy
AACPDM PATHWAYS • Secara tradisional diagnosis CP
antara 12 -24 bulan karena
gambaran klinis belum jelas dan
tidak ada penentu diagnosis dari
pemeriksaan laboratorium.
• CP adalah diagnosis klinis
berdasarkan kombinasi gambaran
klinis, gejala neurologis dan
gambaran radiologis.
• CP bisa dilakukan diagnosis dini
secara akurat dengan
menggunakan pemeriksaan
terstandar.
• Diagnosis dini memungkinkan
dilakukan intervensi dini untuk
mendapatkan hasil terbaik dari
proses neuroplastisitas otak.
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Newborn Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi < 5 bulan
(Novak , et al, Early, Accurate Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy
Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment, 2017)
Newborn Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi < 5 bulan
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Newborn Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi < 5 bulan
(Novak , et al, Early, Accurate Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy
Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment, 2017)
Newborn Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi < 5 bulan
• Fungsi gerak abnormal dideteksi dengan
Prechtl’s General Movement Asessment
(GMs) dengan MRI yang abnormal dapat
memprediksi CP 95%.
• Pemeriksaan motorik dengan Test of
Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) dapat
memprediksi CP 61-90%.
• Kombinasi pemeriksaan neurologis
Hammersmith Infant Neurological
Examinations (HINE) dengan GMs
ditambah MRI dapat memprediksi CP
dengan sensitifitas 97,86% dan
spesifisitas 99,2%.
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Newborn Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi > 5 bulan
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Infants Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi > 5 bulan
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Infants Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi > 5 bulan
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Infants Detected Risks
Deteksi Resiko Tinggi CP pada Bayi > 5 bulan
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Pemeriksaan Khusus
• Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE)
• Prechtl General Movements (GMs)
• Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP)
• Developmental Assessment of Young Children (DAYC)
• Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)
• Neuro-Sensory Motor Development Assessment
(NSDMA)
• Motor Assessment of Infants (MAI)
Pemeriksaan Neuroimaging
AACPDM, Care Pathways Early Diagnosis Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy, Accessed December 23, 2021.
https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection
Pemeriksaan Neuroimaging
WMI (White Matter Injury)
PVL (Periventricular Leukomalacia)
PVL in an infant at 28 weeks GA. (A) Transverse T1 weighted image at the mid-ventricular level showing cystic
PVL as areas of low signal within the cerebral white matter posterior and anterior to the lateral ventricles (arrows).
S J Counsell et al. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F269-F274
Pemeriksaan Neuroimaging
Germinal Matrix – IVH
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Transverse MRI, IR, performed at 40 weeks’ PMA in an infant born at 36 weeks’ GA, with
a hemorrhagic occipital parenchymal lobe infarction, associated with coagulopathy.
Intracerebral Infarction
Neonatal
Unilateral Bilateral stroke
Neonatal cerebral infarction or stroke may be defined as ‘a severe disorganization of gray
and/or white matter architecture caused by embolic, thrombotic or ischemic events’.
Cerebral Infection
The mechanism of infection and damage is also different amongst the infectious
agents, leading to more specific imaging and pathologic appearances.
Radiology Case Report, Science Direct , Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2018
Pemeriksaan Neuroimaging
Cerebellar Hemorrhage
There is abnormal low signal intensity within the white matter, presumably due to edema
from the raised intraventricular pressure. (b) T1 weighted spin echo (SE 860/20) sequence.
Sagittal (i) and transverse (ii) plane aged 23 days. The hemorrhage is resolving (arrow) (i).
(WCPT. https://world.physio/resources/policies-guidelines
diakses tanggal 20 September 2020)
History Taking
• History taking atau pengkajian riwayat adalah langkah
awal dalam sebuah pemeriksaan dengan cara
melakukan interview dengan pasien atau dengan
keluarga untuk mendapatkan informasi yang
dibutuhkan dalam menegakkan suatu diagnosis.
• Dalam history taking meliputi daftar keluhan, riwayat
prenatal, perinatal, post natal, riwayat genetik, riwayat
keluarga, riwayat medis dan riwayat pengobatan.
Transient Hypotonia
Pure Hypotonia
Bilateral Spastic /Spastic Quadriplegia
A.Spastic Quadriplegia
Symmetric Flexion
B.Spastic Quadriplegia
Symmetric Extension
C.Spastic Quadriplegia
Asymmetric Extension-Rotation
Bilateral Spastic/Spastic Diplegia
A. Standing independently
B. Sitting independently
Infantil
Spastic Hemiplegia
Acquired
Spastic Hemiplegia
Diskinetic/Athetosis
Pure Athetosis
Khoreo Athetosis
Dystonic/Tonic
Spasm
Klasifikasi CP Berdasarkan
Fungsi Motorik Kasar dengan GMFCS
https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/icdonlineversions/en/
https://apps.who.int/classifications/icfbrowser/
Contoh Diagnosis Fisioterapi
pada Cerebral Palsy
Orawan et al, Prognostic Predictors for Ambulation in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A
systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Study, Thailand, 2016.
Prognosis Cerebral Palsy
Berdasarkan Prediktor Kapasitas Muskuloskeletal
Mobility and Changes in Walking Ability for People with Cerebral Palsy,
Physical Disability, 2020
Prognosis Cerebral Palsy
Berdasarkan Prediktor Epilepsi
Catherine Arnaud, Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), Scientific Report 1998 -2018
4. Intervensi Fisioterapi
pada Cerebral Palsy
• Intervensi fisioterapi adalah interaksi antara
fisioterapis dan pasien dan keluarga dengan
melaksanakan berbagai prosedur dan teknik
fisioterapi yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kondisi
pasien.
• Intervensi fisioterapi bertujuan memperbaiki
kemampuan gerak dengan outcome peningkatan
fungsional (Movement Goal Functional Outcome)
(Novac et al, State of the Evidence Traffict Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Intervention for Preventing
and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy, Current Neurology and Beuroscience Reports, 2020)
(Novac et al, State of the Evidence Traffict Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Intervention for Preventing
and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy, Current Neurology and Beuroscience Reports, 2020)
(Novac et al, State of the Evidence Traffict Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Intervention for Preventing
and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy, Current Neurology and Beuroscience Reports, 2020)
Evidence Based Interventions
for Cerebral Palsy (Bailes, 2021)
(Bailes et al, Describing the Delivery of Evidence Based Physical Therapy Intervention
to Indiovidual with Cerebral Palsy, Research Report, APTA, 2021)
Evidence Based Interventions
for Cerebral Palsy (Bailes, 2021)
(Bailes et al, Describing the Delivery of Evidence Based Physical Therapy Intervention
to Indiovidual with Cerebral Palsy, Research Report, APTA, 2021)
Evidence Based Interventions
for Cerebral Palsy (Frankie, 2012, SCPE, 2019)
Inge Franki et al , The Evidence-base for Conceptual Approaches and Additional Therapies Targeting Lower Limb Function in
Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review Using The International Classification of Functioning , Disability and
Health as A Framework, J Rehabil Med 2012; 44: 396–405
Evidence Based Interventions
for Cerebral Palsy (Inge Frankie, 2012)
Inge Franki et al , The Evidence-base for Conceptual Approaches and Additional Therapies Targeting Lower Limb Function in
Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review Using The International Classification of Functioning , Disability and
Health as A Framework, J Rehabil Med 2012; 44: 396–405
Intervensi dengan Konsep Neurofasilitasi
Brunnstrom
Rood
Kabath/PNF
Intervensi dengan Konsep Neurofasilitasi
Bobath/NDT Vojta
Ayres/SI
Intervensi dengan Konsep Neurofasilitasi
Benefits and Enjoyment of a Swimming Intervention for Youth With Cerebral Palsy: An RCT Study
Declerck, Marlies; Verheul, Martine; Daly, Daniel; More
Pediatric Physical Therapy. 28(2):162-169, Summer 2016.
Intervensi dengan Hippotherapy
Hippotherapy in Rehabilitation Care for Children With Neurological Impairments and Developmental
Delays: A Case Series Kraft, Kathryn A.; Weisberg, Janet; Finch, Michael D.; More Pediatric Physical
Therapy. 31(1):E14-E21, January 2019.
Intervensi dengan Functional Activity
Functional Training
(The efficacy of functional gait training in children and young adults with cerebral palsy:
a systematic review and meta-analysis, First published: 07 March 2018)
Functional Electrical Stimulation/FES
(Mariberth Barcocy , Evidence Based Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy, 2021)
Hip Surveillance
(Mariberth Barcocy , Evidence Based Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy, 2021)
Robotic Therapy
Virtual Reality
(A robot-based gait training therapy for pediatric population with cerebral palsy: goal setting, proposal
and preliminary clinical implementation, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2018)
Physical Fittness Training
(Mariberth Barcocy , Evidence Based Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy, 2021)
Parent Training
(Novac et al, State of the Evidence Traffict Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Intervention for Preventing
and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy, Current Neurology and Beuroscience Reports, 2020)
Intervensi Berbasis Sistem Dinamis
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Module_3:_Positioning_Your_Child
Seating Support
• Posisi duduk merupakan posisi paling banyak
dilakukan di luar posisi tidur untuk melakukan
mobilitas maupun melakukan aktifitas fungsional.
Standard wheelchair
Modified weelchair
Special wheelchair
Powered Mobility
• Powered mobility adalah alat bantu mobilitas
yang bisa dikendalikan secara otomatis yang
digunakan pada anak dengan keterbatasan
dalam penggunaan alat mobilitas yang manual.
Suzan K Campbell et all, Physical Therapy for Childre, Fourth Edition, Elservier, 2012
Standing Support
Walking Support
• Aktifitas berjalan merupakan pengalaman penting
dan berjalan merupakan kemampuan yang paling
banyak diharapkan bisa dicapai pada anak dengan
disabilitas.
• Pada anak dengan disabilitas ringan dan sedang
walker support bisa dengan alat bantu yang
sederhana seperti cane, crutches atau walker, tetapi
untuk anak dengan disabilitas berat membutuhkan
alat bantu yang lebih kompleks seperti gait trainer.
Anterior vs Posterior
Orthosis
• Orthosis adalah alat
bantu yang digunakan
untuk menyangga
fungsi anggota tubuh
yang lemah
World Confederation for Physical Therapy. WCPT guideline for records management: record
keeping, storage, retrieval and disposal. UK: WCPT; 2019. (Access date 26 September 2019)
(Susan K. Effgen, Meeting the Physical Therapy Needs of Children,
2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 2013)
Pertanyaan dan Diskusi