KARYA TULIS AKHIR

HUBUNGAN DERAJAT PARKINSON TERHADAP KUALITAS

TIDUR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PARKINSON’S DISEASE SLEEP

SCALE 2 (PDSS 2) PADA PASIEN PARKINSON DI RSU UMM

Oleh:

Tamira Nandhia Nafis

NIM. 201810330311130

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2022
 KARYA TULIS AKHIR

HUBUNGAN DERAJAT PARKINSON TERHADAP KUALITAS

TIDUR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PARKINSON’S DISEASE SLEEP SCALE

2 (PDSS 2) PADA PASIEN PARKINSON DI RSU UMM

Oleh:
Tamira Nandhia Nafis
NIM. 201810330311130

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2022

i
 HASIL KARYA TULIS AKHIR

HUBUNGAN DERAJAT PARKINSON TERHADAP KUALITAS TIDUR

DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PARKINSON SLEEP DISEASE SLEEP

SCALE 2 (PDSS 2) PADA PASIEN PARKINSON DI RSU UMM

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan

dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh :

Tamira Nandhia Nafis

201810330311130

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2022

ii
 20
Pembimbing I

dr. Risma Karlina Sp.S B ed

Pembi ng II

dr. mad Aleq Sander, M.Kes, Sp.B ACS

NIP. 19750612205011003

Mengetahui,
kultas Kedokter n mm diyah Malang
ka

Dr. dr. Meddy Seti Sp.PD., FINASIM

iii
ATA

Tamira N

iv
v
 KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh.

Alhamdulillah, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas rahmat dan
hidayah-nya, saya telah diberi kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan karya tulis akhir
dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Shalawat serta salam semoga tercurahkan kepada
Nabi Muhammad SAW, keluarga, para sahabat, dan para sahabat beliau yang telah
membawa dunia ini dari zaman kegelapan menuju zaman terang benderang.

Karya tulis akhir ini berjudul “Hubungan Derajat Parkinson terhadap

Kualitas Tidur dengan Menggunakan Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2 (PDSS 2)
pada Pasien Parkinson di RSU UMM”. Tugas akhir ini diajukan untuk memenuhi
persyaratan Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang.

Penulis menyadari tugas akhir ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna, oleh
karena itu, penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan masukan yang membangun.
Semoga karya tulis ini dapat menambah wawasan keilmuan dan bermanfaat bagi
semua pihak.

Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh.

Malang, 20 Juli 2022

Penulis

vi
 UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

1. Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD., FINASIM, selaku Dekan Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, yang senantiasa dengan

sabar telah bersedia meluangkan waktu dalam menyampaikan ilmu untuk

mendidik para mahasiswa.

2. Dr. dr. Ruby Riana A, Sp.BP., selaku Wakil Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, atas kesediaan waktu dalam

menyampaikan ilmu dan petuah juga senantiasa selalu mengingatkan akan

kebaikan.

3. dr. Sri Adila Nurainiwati, Sp.KK., selaku Wakil Dekan II Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas kesediaan dalam

meluangkan waktu untuk mendidik para mahasiswa dengan penuh kesabaran

dan kebaikan hati.

4. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp.THT-KL., selaku Wakil Dekan III Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, yang senantiasa

memberikan kemudahan dalam bidang non akademik serta keorganisasian,

tak lupa dengan sabar mengajarkan ilmu yang berharga untuk mendidik para

mahasiswa.

5. dr. Risma Karlina Prabawati, Sp.S., M.Biomed., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I

atas kesabaran, kebaikan hati, dan juga kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktu

selama membimbing penulis sehingga penelitian dapat terselesaikan dengan

sangat baik.

vii
6. dr. Mochamad Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FINACS, selaku Dosen

Pembimbing 2 atas kebaikan hati juga kesediaan untuk meluangkan waktu di

kala kesibukan beliau dalam membimbing penulis dengan sabar agar tugas

akhir ini dapat terselesaikan dengan sangat baik.

7. dr. Hanna Cakrawati, M.Biomed., selaku Dosen Penguji atas kesediaan untuk

meluangkan waktu juga masukan dan ilmu yang sangat berharga bagi penulis.

8. Seluruh dosen Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas

segala ilmu yang diberikan kepada penulis selama menempuh pendidikan

dokter umum di Fakultas Kedokteran.

9. Seluruh Staf Tata Usaha dan Laboran Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang senantiasa membantu proses penelitian

sehingga tugas akhir skripsi dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.

10. Kedua orang tua tercinta, ibunda Nurul Hakimah dan bapak saya Suyoto atas

cinta dan kasih sayang, tidak lupa juga kedua kakak saya Muhammad

Fakhrizal Rayhan Nafis dan Khoerunnisa Herlani Lestari serta adik saya

Muhammad Yoqy Mahrus Alinafis serta do’a yang tak pernah putus dalam

setiap proses yang peneliti jalani sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat terselesaikan

dengan baik dan lancar.

11. Teman-teman terbaik saya Tasya, Rifita, Taqiyya, Alya, Nisa, Kak Dita,

Elva, Fesli, Chechyl, Izan, Arif, Lutfi, Waldiansyah, Kak Aditya, dan Kak

Vira atas bantuan serta dukungan selama menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

viii
12. Alih Bintang Sukma Ardli Pamungkas yang senantiasa memberikan

semangat, dukungan penuh, dan membantu penulis dengan sabar untuk

menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

13. Teman-teman sejawat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang Angkatan 2018 bernama Costae 2018 atas dukungan dan kerja

samanya selama perkuliahan.

14. Semua pihak yang terlibat secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam

menyelesaikan tugas akhir, penulis menyampaikan terima kasih atas

dukungan dan bantuannya.

ix
 ABSTRAK

Nafis, Tamira Nandhia. 2022. Hubungan Derajat Parkinson Terhadap Kualitas

Tidur Dengan Menggunakan Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2 (PDSS 2)
Pada Pasien Parkinson di Rumah Sakit Umum Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang. Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing: (1) Risma Karlina Prabawati (*),
(2) Mochamad Aleq Sander (**)

Latar Belakang: Parkinson merupakan penyakit saraf dengan gejala non motorik
yang sering ditemui berupa gangguan tidur seperti insomnia, REM Behaviour
Disorder, Restless Legs Syndrome, dan Excessive Daytime Sleepiness yang
berpengaruh pada kualitas tidur. Buruknya kualitas tidur berdampak pada
neuropsikiatri sehingga alat kuesioner Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2
diperlukan agar gangguan tidur tertangani dengan optimal supaya kualitas tidur
pasien Parkinson meningkat. Perbaikan kualitas tidur pasien Parkinson
memberikan manfaat pada perubahan pola tingkah laku tidur dan irama sirkadian
sehingga gejala gangguan tidur yang dialami semakin berkurang.
Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik cross sectional. Sampel
penelitian sesuai kriteria inklusi diperoleh 30 pasien selama periode Juni.
Pengolahan data dianalisis menggunakan spearman dengan SPSS versi 25.
Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara derajat Parkinson terhadap kualitas tidur
dengan menggunakan PDSS 2 pada pasien Parkinson di Poliklinik Saraf, Rumah
Sakit Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Hasil Penelitian: Hasil uji analisis korelasi spearman menunjukkan bahwa
terdapat hubungan derajat Parkinson terhadap kualitas tidur (P = 0,924; P<0,05)
pada pasien Parkinson di RSU UMM.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan derajat Parkinson terhadap kualitas tidur pada
pasien Parkinson di RSU UMM.
Kata Kunci: Derajat Parkinson, Kualitas Tidur, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep
Scale 2 (PDSS 2), Hoehn and Yahr (H & Y), Pasien Parkinson.

(*) : Dokter, Magister Biomedik, Spesialis Saraf

(**) : Dokter, Magister Kesehatan, Spesialis Bedah Umum

x
 ABSTRACT

Nafis, Tamira Nandhia. 2022. Relationship of Parkinson’s Degree to Sleep Quality

using Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2 (PDSS 2) in Parkinson’s Patients
at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang General Hospital. Faculty of
Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Counselor: (1) Risma
Karlina Prabawati (*), (2) Mochamad Aleq Sander (**)

Background: Parkinson is a neurological disease with non-motor symptoms that are

often encountered in the form of sleep disorders such as insomnia, REM Behavior
Disorder, Restless Legs Syndrome, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness which affect
to sleep quality. Poor sleep quality has an impact on neuropsychiatry, the Parkinson's
Disease Sleep Scale 2 questionnaire is needed for improving the sleep quality of
Parkinson's patients. The quality of sleep improvement in Parkinson's patients
provides benefits that are changing sleep behavior patterns and circadian rhythms so
that the symptoms of sleep disorders are reduced.
Objective: To know the relationship between the degree of Parkinson's to sleep
quality using PDSS 2 in Parkinson's patients at the Neurology Polyclinic, the
University of Muhammadiyah Malang General Hospital.
Method: This type of research is analytic observation with a cross sectional design.
The study sample that met the inclusion criteria was obtained by 30 Parkinson’s
patients of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital during the June
period. Data processing was analyzed using Spearman with SPSS version 25.
Result: The results showed that there was a relationship between the degree of
Parkinson's to sleep quality using PDSS 2 in Parkinson's patients at the University of
Muhammadiyah Malang General Hospital (P = 0.924; P<0.05).
Conclusion: The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship
between the degree of Parkinson's to sleep quality using PDSS 2 in Parkinson's
patients at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang General Hospital.
Keyword: Parkinson’s degree, sleep quality, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2
(PDSS 2), Hoehn and Yahr (H & Y).

(*) : Doctor, Master of Biomedical Science, Neurologist

(**) : Doctor, Master of Health, General Surgeon, Fellow of Indonesian College
of Surgery

xi
 DAFTAR ISI
KARYA TULIS AKHIR i
KARYA TULIS AKHIR ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS iv
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN
v
KATA PENGANTAR
vi
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
vii
ABSTRAK
x
ABSTRACT
xi
DAFTAR ISI
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
xviii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
xix
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
1
1.1 Latar Belakang
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah
4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
4
1.3.1 Tujuan umum
4
1.3.2 Tujuan khusus
4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian
5
1.4.1 Manfaat bagi institusi
5
1.4.2 Manfaat klinis
5
1.4.3 Manfaat masyarakat 5
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 6
2.1 Penyakit Parkinson 6
2.1.1 Definisi 6
2.1.2 Etiologi 7
2.1.3 Epidemiologi 7

xii
 2.1.4 Faktor risiko 8
2.1.5 Klasifikasi 13
2.1.6 Patofisiologi 13
2.1.7 Manifestasi klinis 16
2.1.8 Diagnosis 22
2.1.9 Penatalaksanaan 25
2.1.10 Prognosis 29
2.2 Kualitas Tidur 30
2.2.1 Definisi 30
2.2.2 Fungsi tidur 31
2.2.3 Teori dasar tidur 31
2.2.4 Mekanisme fisiologi tidur dan bangun di otak 34
2.2.4.1 Homeostasis tidur 34
2.2.4.2 Irama sirkadian 35
2.2.4.3 Tipe dan siklus tidur 36
a. Tidur Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) 37
b. Tidur Rapid Eye Movement (REM) 40
2.3 Gangguan Tidur 43
2.3.1 Tipe gangguan tidur 43
2.3.2 Hubungan gangguan tidur pada pasien Parkinson terhadap kualitas
tidur 44
2.4 Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale 2 (PDSS 2) 50
2.5 Hoehn and Yahr Scale (H&Y) 51
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN 53
3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian 53
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian 55
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN 56
4.1 Rancang Bangun Penelitian 56
4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Pelaksanaan Penelitian 56
4.3 Populasi, Sampel, dan Besar Sampel 56
4.3.1 Populasi 56

xiii
 4.3.2 Sampel 56
4.3.3 Besar sampel 56
4.3.4 Teknik sampling 57
4.3.5 Karakteristik sampel penelitian 57
4.3.5.1 Kriteria inklusi 57
4.3.5.2 Kriteria eksklusi 58
4.3.5.3 Kriteria drop out 58
4.3.6 Variabel penelitian 58
4.3.6.1 Variabel bebas 58
4.3.6.2 Variabel terikat 58
4.3.7 Definisi operasional 58
4.4 Alat dan Bahan 59
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian 60
4.5.1 Teknik pengumpulan data 60
4.6 Alur Penelitian 62
4.7 Analisis Data 62
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA 64
5.1 Distribusi Analisis Univariat Sampel Pasien Parkinson Poliklinik Saraf
RSU UMM 64
5.2 Tabulasi Silang 65
5.2.1 Tabulasi silang antara jenis kelamin pasien Parkinson
dan kualitas tidur 65
5.2.2 Tabulasi silang antara jenis kelamin pasien Parkinson dan derajat
Parkinson 66
5.2.3 Tabulasi silang antara jenis gangguan tidur dan derajat Parkinson67
5.2.3.1 Tabulasi silang antara jenis gangguan tidur insomnia dan
derajat Parkinson 67
5.2.3.2 Tabulasi silang antara jenis gangguan tidur RBD dan derajat
Parkinson 68
5.2.3.3 Tabulasi silang antara jenis gangguan tidur RLS dan derajat
Parkinson 69

xiv
 5.2.3.4 Tabulasi silang antara jenis gangguan tidur EDS dan derajat
Parkinson 69
5.3 Analisis Data Bivariat 70
5.3.1 Uji korelasi spearman antara derajat Parkinson dan kualitas tidur 71
5.3.2 Uji korelasi spearman antara kelompok usia pasien Parkinson dan
kualitas tidur dari derajat Parkinson 72
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN 74
6.1 Hubungan Jenis Kelamin dan Kualitas Tidur dari Derajat Parkinson 74
6.2 Hubungan Kelompok Usia dan Kualitas Tidur dari Derajat Parkinson 75
6.3 Hubungan Jenis Gangguan Tidur dari Derajat Parkinson 76
6.4 Hubungan Derajat Parkinson terhadap Kualitas Tidur 77
6.5 Keterbatasan Penelitian 77
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 79
7.1 Kesimpulan 79
7.2 Saran 79
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 81
LAMPIRAN 91
Lampiran 1. Pernyataan Kesediaan Menjadi Responden Penelitian 91
Lampiran 2. Kuesioner Penelitian PDSS 2 97
Lampiran 3. Kisi-kisi Instrumen Penelitian PDSS 2 99
Lampiran 4. Analisis Data 100
Lampiran 5. Layak Etik Kampus dan RSU UMM 109
Lampiran 6. Dokumentasi Penelitian 111
Lampiran 7. Surat Keterangan Bimbingan Metodologi Penelitian 112
Lampiran 8. Lembar Konsultasi Tugas Akhir 112
Lampiran 9. Hasil Plagiasi 113

xv
 DAFTAR TABEL

Nomor Judul Tabel Halaman

Tabel 2.1 Perbedaan fisiologis antara tidur NREM dan REM 44
Tabel 4.1 Definisi operasional 58

Tabel 5.1 Distribusi analisis univariat responden 64

Tabel 5.2 Jenis kelamin - kualitas tidur cross tabulation 64
Tabel 5.3 Jenis kelamin - derajat parkinson cross tabulation 65
Tabel 5.4 Jenis gangguan tidur insomnia - derajat parkinson 66
cross tabulation
Tabel 5.5 Jenis gangguan tidur RBD - derajat parkinson cross 67
tabulation
Tabel 5.6 Jenis gangguan tidur RLS - derajat parkinson cross 67
tabulation
Tabel 5.7 Jenis gangguan tidur EDS - derajat parkinson cross 68
tabulation
Tabel 5.8 Hasil uji korelasi spearman antara derajat Parkinson 70
dan kualitas tidur
Tabel 5.9 Hasil uji korelasi spearman antara kelompok usia 70
pasien Parkinson dan kualitas tidur dari derajat
Parkinson

xvi
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Nomor Judul Gambar Halaman

Gambar 2.1 Jalur langsung dan tidak langsung di basal ganglia 17
pada orang normal dan pasien Parkinson

Gambar 2.2 Gambaran khas penyakit Parkinson 26

Gambar 2.3 Penanganan pada pasien dengan Parkinson 27
Gambar 2.4 Algoritma penatalaksanaan penyakit Parkinson 29
Gambar 2.5 Kelompok obat untuk penyakit Parkinson 30
Gambar 2.6 Bentukan gelombang EEG tahapan tidur pada 43
manusia
Gambar 3.1 Kerangka konsep penelitian 52
Gambar 4.1 Alur penelitian 61
Gambar 5.1 Kelompok derajat Parkinson pada jenis kelamin 67

xvii
 DAFTAR SINGKATAN

ARAS : Ascending Reticular Activating System

COMT Inhibitor : Catechol-O-methyltransferase Inhibitor
CT Scan : Computed Tomography Scan
DLB : Demensia Lewy Body
EDS : Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
EEG : Electro Encephalo Gram
GABA : Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
GPe : Globus Pallidus Externus
GPi : Globus Pallidus Internus
H&Y : Hoehn and Yahr Scale
LSVT-LOUD : Lee Silverman Voice Treatment
MAO-B Inhibitor : Monoamine Oksidase B Inhibitor
MPTP : 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MSA : Multiple System Atrophy
NREM : Non Rapid Eye Movement
PD : Parkinson Disease
PDACG : Parkinsonism-dementia-ALS complex of Guam
PDSS 2 : Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2
PLM : Periodic Limb Movements
RBD : Rapid-eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder
REM : Rapid Eye Movement
RLS : Restless Legs Syndrome
RSN : Resting-State Networks
RSU UMM : Rumah Sakit Umum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
SAHS : Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome
SCN : Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
SNc : Substantia Nigra pars Compacta
SNr : Substantia Nigra pars Retikulata
SSRI : Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
STN : Subthalamicus Nucleus
SWS : Slow-Wave-Sleep
VLPO : Ventrolateral Preoptic Area
VTA : Ventral Tegmental Area
WED : Willis-Ekbom Disease

xviii
 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Nomor Judul Gambar Halaman

Lampiran 1 Pernyataan Kesediaan Menjadi Responden 89
Penelitian
Lampiran 2 Kuesioner Penelitian PDSS 2 95
Lampiran 3 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Penelitian PDSS 2 97
Lampiran 4 Analisis Data 98
Lampiran 5 Layak Etik Kampus dan RSU UMM 107
Lampiran 6 Dokumentasi Penelitian 109
Lampiran 7 Surat Keterangan Bimbingan Metodologi Penelitian 112
Lampiran 8 Lembar Konsultasi Tugas Akhir 113
Lampiran 9 Hasil Plagiasi 114

xix
 81

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Lampiran 9. Hasil Plagiasi