IDENTIFIKASI SIMTOM PENGUNJUNG SKRINING

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

SKRIPSI

OLEH :
YASINTA MEGA NABILA UTOYO UNUS
NIM. 201610420311135

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2021
 IDENTIFIKASI SIMTOM PENGUNJUNG SKRINING
CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

SKRIPSI

Untuk Memenuhi Sebagai Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Sarjana Keperawatan (S.Kep)

Pada Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

OLEH :
YASINTA MEGA NABILA UTOYO UNUS
NIM. 201610420311136

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2021

i
ii
iii
iv
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT berkat rahmat dan bimbingan-Nya saya dapat

menyelesaikan skipsi dengan judul “Identifikasi Simtom Pengunjung Skrining

Coronavirus Disease 2019 di Rumah Sakit Umum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang”.

Skripsi merupakan salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana keperawatan

(S.Kep) pada Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

Saya sebagai penulis banyak menerima bimbingan dan bantuan dari berbagai

banyak pihak dalam menyusun proposal skripsi ini. Dengan ini perkenankanlah penulis

mengucapkan banyak terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya dengan kerendahan hati

kepada :

1. Bapak Faqih Ruhyanudin, M.Kep., Sp.Kep, MB selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu

Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiah Malang.

2. Ibu Nur Lailatul Masrusoh, S.Kep., Ns., MNS selaku Ketua Program Studi Ilmu

Keperawatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. Ibu Aini Alifatin, S.Kp., M.Kep selaku pembimbing yang telah memberikan banyak

ilmu, dorongan motivasi dan bimbingan dalam proses penyusunan skripsi ini

sampai selesai.

4. Papa dan Mama tersayang yang telah memberikan dukungan, do’a, semangat dan

motivasi hingga dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

5. dr. Thontowi Djauhari N.S., M.Kes. selaku Ketua Satuan Tugas Penanganan

COVID-19 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah banyak memberikan

motivasi, arahan dan pengalaman selama menjalankan tugas sebagai relawan satgas

covid-19 RSU UMM.

v
6. Mas Rindya Fery Indrawan, S.Pi., M.P. selaku ketua Mahasiswa Relawan Siaga

Bencana (MAHARESIGANA) Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang dan teman-

teman relawan yang baik hati telah memberikan inspirasi, pengalaman, ilmu, dan

canda tawa sehingga dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

7. Para dokter, perawat, relawan, cleaning service, satpam, dan lain-lain yang tulus

mengabdikan dirinya untuk melayani masyarakat selama berada di rumah sakit.

8. Teman-teman PSIK C 2016 yang telah memberikan semangat.

Serta semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam proses penyusunan proposal

skripsi ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan proposal skripsi ini masih jauh dari

kata sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis membuka diri untuk segala saran dan kritik yang

bersifat membangun demi menyempurnakan proposal skripsi ini.

Mohon maaf atas segala kesalahan dan ketidaksopanan yang telah saya perbuat.

Semoga Allah SWT senantiasa memberikan petunjuk terbaik, pencerahan, dan

kelapangan dada untuk menjalani kehidupan ini sehingga kita mampu untuk tetap

istiqomah dijalan-Nya.

Aamiin.

Malang, 21 Desember 2020

Penulis

vi
 ABSTRAK

Identifikasi Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Coronavirus Disease 2019 di Rumah Sakit

Umum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Yasinta Mega Nabila Utoyo Unus1, Aini Alifatin2

yasintanabila123@gmail.com1, alifatin@umm.ac.id2

Latar Belakang: Gejala-gejala pada COVID-19 sering kali munculnya tidak spesifik. Gejala
umum yang sering muncul diantaranya demam, batuk dan kelelahan. Gejala lainnya yang
jarang muncul yakni rasa nyeri, hidung tersumbat, sakit tenggorokan, sakit kepala bahkan
kehilangan indera penciuman atau pengecap. Angka kasus yang terkonfirmasi Coronavirus
Disease 2019 terus mengalami peningkatan disejumlah negara. Menurut data terbaru 9 Agustus
2020 dari World Health Organization (WHO) ada 216 negara yang terkonfirmasi kasus
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) dengan jumlah total kasus konfirmasi Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 19.462.112 jiwa.
Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel
menggunakan data sekunder dari 17 Maret – 21 Mei 2020 sejumlah 157 responden. Intrumen
penelitian menggunakan checklist yang akan diolah ke dalam microsoft excel.
Rumusan Masalah: Bagaimana Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Coronavirus Disease 2019 di
Rumah Sakit Umum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Tujuan Penelitian: Mengidentifikasi simtom pengunjung skrining Coronavirus Disease 2019 di
Rumah Sakit Umum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Hasil Penelitian : Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skrining coronavirus disease 2019 di
Rumah Sakit Umum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang pertama berdasarkan jenis
kelamin dengan gejala tertinggi batuk/pilek/nyeri tenggorokan pada perempuan 53 orang
(71,62%) sedangkan laki-laki 49 orang (59,03%), ke-2 berdasarkan usia dengan gejala tertinggi
batuk/pilek/nyeri tenggorokan pada usia dewasa 68 orang (39,53%), remaja 31 orang
(38,27%), lansia 2 orang (100%), balita 1 orang (100%) sedangkan anak tidak ada gejala. Ke-3
berdasarkan asal wilayah dengan gejala tertinggi batuk/pilek/nyeri tenggorokan pada jawa
barat 35 orang (42,16%), jawa timur 31 orang (43,05%), jakarta 22 orang (38,59%), banten 9
orang (34,61%), DIY 2 orang (66,66%), jawa tengah 2 orang (15,38%), lampung 1 orang (50%)
dan kalimantan seatan tidak ada gejala.
Kesimpulan: Identifikasi simtom pengunjuung skrining coronavirus disease 2019 bahwa
gejala yang tertinggi adalah batuk/pilek/nyeri tenggorokan. Hal ini karena virus SARS-CoV-2
masuk melewati saluran pernapasan hingga ke sismtem pernapasan (paru-paru).

Kata kunci: Coronavirus Disease 2019, Gejala, Jenis Kelamin, Usia, Asal Wilayah

1. Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

2. Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

vii
 ABSTRACT

Identification of the Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease Screening Visitors 2019 at the

General Hospital of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Yasinta Mega Nabila Utoyo Unus1, Aini Alifatin2

yasintanabila123@gmail.com1, alifatin@umm.ac.id2

Background: Symptoms in COVID-19 are often non-specific. Common symptoms that

often appear include fever, cough and fatigue. Other symptoms that rarely appear are pain,
nasal congestion, sore throat, headaches and even loss of the sense of smell or taste. The
number of confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 continues to increase in a number of
countries. According to the latest data on August 9, 2020 from the World Health Organization
(WHO), 216 countries have confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with
a total number of confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 19,462,112
people.
Methods: This study used a descriptive research design. Sampling using secondary data from
March 17 - May 21 2020 a total of 157 respondents. The research instrument uses a checklist
which will be processed into Microsoft Excel.
Problem: How the Visitor Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease Screening 2019 at the General
Hospital of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Research Purposes: Identifying the symptoms of visitors to the 2019 Coronavirus Disease
screening at the General Hospital of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Results: The results showed that the screening for coronavirus disease 2019 at the General
Hospital of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang was the first based on gender with the
highest symptoms of cough / cold / sore throat in 53 women (71.62%) while 49 men (59 ,
03%), 2nd based on age with the highest symptoms of cough / cold / sore throat in adults 68
people (39.53%), adolescents 31 people (38.27%), elderly 2 people (100%), toddlers 1 person
(100%) while the child had no symptoms. 3rd based on the region of origin with the highest
symptoms of cough / cold / sore throat in West Java 35 people (42.16%), East Java 31 people
(43.05%), Jakarta 22 people (38.59%), Banten 9 people (34.61%), DIY 2 people (66.66%),
Central Java 2 people (15.38%), Lampung 1 person (50%) and South Kalimantan had no
symptoms.
Conclusion: Identification of the symptoms of 2019 coronavirus disease screening supporters
that the highest symptom is cough / runny nose / sore throat. This is because the SARS-CoV-
2 virus enters through the respiratory tract to the respiratory system (lungs).

Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019, Symptoms, Gender, Age, Regional Origin

1. Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Malang

2. Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Malang

viii
 DAFTAR ISI

Halaman Judul ..........................................................................................................................i

Lembar Persetujuan ................................................................................................................ii
Lembar Pengesahan .............................................................................................................. iii
Surat Peryataan Keaslian Penelitian ..................................................................................... v
Kata Pengantar ....................................................................................................................... v
Abstrak ................................................................................................................................... vii
Abstract................................................................................................................................. viii
Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................................... xii
Daftar Gambar .................................................................................................................... xiii
Daftar Lampiran .................................................................................................................. xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ...................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ..................................................................................................... 4
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Bagi Peneliti ........................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2. Bagi Institut Pendidikan ..................................................................................... 4
1.4.3. Bagi Instansi Kesehatan ...................................................................................... 5
1.4.4. Bagi Pasien dan Keluarga ................................................................................... 5
1.5. Keaslian Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 6
2.1. Coronavirus ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Pengertian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ................................................. 6
2.3. Patogenesis....................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Transmisi .......................................................................................................................... 9
2.5. Faktor Resiko ................................................................................................................ 11
2.6. Definisi Operasional Kasus COVID-19 ................................................................... 15
2.7. Komplikasi ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.8. Prognosis ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.9. Komorbit ....................................................................................................................... 19

ix
2.10. Masa Inkubasi.............................................................................................................. 20
2.11. Karakteristik Gejala-Gejala COVID-19 .................................................................. 20
2.12. Varian SARS-CoV-2 Baru dari Inggris .................................................................... 23
2.13. Alur Skrining Pengujung Rumah Sakit Melalui Telepon ...................................... 24
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEP ..................................................................... 26
3.1. Kerangka Konsep ......................................................................................................... 26
3.2. Penjelasan Kerangka Konsep ...................................................................................... 28
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................. 30
4.1. Desain Penelitian........................................................................................................... 30
4.2. Kerangka Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 31
4.3. Populasi, Teknik Sampling dan Sampel Penelitian .................................................. 31
4.3.1. Populasi ............................................................................................................... 31
4.3.2. Teknik Sampling ................................................................................................ 32
4.3.3. Sampel Penelitian ............................................................................................... 32
4.4. Variabel Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 32
4.5. Definisi Operasional ..................................................................................................... 33
4.6. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 33
4.7. Instrumen Penelitian .................................................................................................... 33
4.8. Pengumpulan data ........................................................................................................ 34
4.8.1. Tahap Persiapan ................................................................................................. 34
4.8.2. Tahap Pelaksanaan ............................................................................................ 34
4.9. Pengolahan Data ........................................................................................................... 35
4.10. Analisis Data ................................................................................................................ 36
4.11. Etika Penelitian ........................................................................................................... 37
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ................................ 40
5.1. Karakteristik Umum Responden ................................................................................ 40
5.1.1. Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Jenis
Kelamin ......................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.2. Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Usia..45
5.1.3. Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Asal
Wilayah .......................................................................................................................... 48
5.1.4.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Perjalanan ...................................................................................................................... 51
5.1.5.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Psikologis....................................................................................................................... 53

x
 5.1.6.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Komorbit ....................................................................................................................... 54
5.1.7.Karakteristik Simtoma Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Lainnya........................................................................................................................... 55
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 56
6.1 Interpretasi dan Diskusi Hasil ...................................................................................... 56
6.1.1.Karakterisrtik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Coronavirus Disease 2019
Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin ......................................................................................... 56
6.1.2 Karakterisrtik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Coronavirus Disease 2019
Berdasarkan Usia .......................................................................................................... 57
6.1.3.Karakterisrtik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Coronavirus Disease 2019
Berdasarkan Asal Wilayah ........................................................................................... 59
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................... 62
7.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................................................... 62
7.2. Saran ............................................................................................................................... 64
Daftar Pustaka ...................................................................................................................... 65
Lampiran-lampiran ............................................................................................................... 72
Daftar Riwayat Hidup.......................................................................................................... 87

xi
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 4.5. Definisi Operasional……..………………………...……………………33

Tabel 5.1.1.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Jenis
Kelamin……………………………………………………...……………………42
Tabel 5.1.2.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Usia..45
Tabel 5.1.3.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Asal
Wilayah…………………………………………………………………...……….48
Tabel 5.1.4.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Perjalanan……………………………………………….………………………....51
Tabel 5.1.5.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Psikologis…………………………………………...……………….........................53
Tabel 5.1.6.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Komorbit………………………………………………………………………….54
Tabel 5.1.7.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Riwayat
Lainnya…………………………………………………………………………....55

xii
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 3.1. Kerangka Konsep…..…………………………...……………………27

Gambar 4.2. Kerangka Penelitian...…………………………...……………………31
Gambar 5.1.1. Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Jenis
Kelamin…………………………………………………………………………...43
Gambar 5.1.2.Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan
Usia………………………………………………………………………....……..46
Gambar 5.1.3. Karakteristik Simtom Pengunjung Skrining Covid-19 Berdasarkan Asal
Wilayah……………………………………………………………………………49

xiii
 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Formulir Checklist Screening Covid-19 RSU UMM ....…..…………......72

Lampiran 2. Lembar ACC Judul…………………………………………...………75
Lampiran 3. Konsultasi Bimbingan Skripsi………………………………………...76
Lampiran 4. Surat Ijin Studi Pendahuluan dan Penelitian di RSU UMM…………...80
Lampiran 5. Surat Persetujuan Ijin Penelitian di RSU UMM…………………..…...81
Lampiran 6. Surat Selesai Penelitian di RSU UMM………………………………...82
Lampiran 7. Surat Ijin Studi Pendahuluan dan Penelitian PUSKA PB (SATGAS
COVID-19 UMM)…….....................………………………………………..............83
Lampiran 8. Surat Persetujuan Ijin Penelitian di Maharesigana UMM…..…................84
Lampiran 9. Surat Selesai Penelitian di Maharesigana UMM (SATGAS COVID-19
UMM) ……………………………………………...………………………...........85
Lampiran 10. Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi…………………………………………….…..86

xiv
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ahnach, M., & Doghmi, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on bone

marrow transplantation in Morocco. The Pan African Medical Journal, 35(Supp 2),

5. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.5.22619

Ashraf, S., Nabi, M., Rasool, S. ul A., Rashid, F., & Amin, S. (2019).

Hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovarian syndrome and role of CYP gene

variants: a review. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, 20(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-019-0031-4

Bruns, D. P., Kraguljac, N. V., & Bruns, T. R. (2020). COVID-19: Facts, Cultural

Considerations, and Risk of Stigmatization. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 31(4),

326–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620917724

Cadegiani, F. A., Lim, R. K., Goren, A., McCoy, J., Situm, M., Kovacevic, M., Vañó

Galván, S., Sinclair, R., Tosti, A., & Wambier, C. G. (2020). Clinical symptoms

of hyperandrogenic women diagnosed with COVID-19. Journal of the European

Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 10, 6–9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17004

Çakır Edis, E. (2020). Chronic pulmonary diseases and COVID-19. Turkish Thoracic

Journal, 21(5), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2020.20091

Ciuca, I. M. (2020). COVID-19 in children: An ample review. Risk Management and

Healthcare Policy, 13, 661–669. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S257180

Clerkin, K. J., Fried, J. A., Raikhelkar, J., Sayer, G., Griffin, J. M., Masoumi, A., Jain,

S. S., Burkhoff, D., Kumaraiah, D., Rabbani, L. R., Schwartz, A., & Uriel, N.

(2020). COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 2019, 1648–1655.

https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941

D’Amico, F., Baumgart, D. C., Danese, S., & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2020). Diarrhea

65
 66

During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and

Management. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 18(8), 1663–1672.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001

Daoust, J. F. (2020). Elderly people and responses to COVID-19 in 27 Countries.

PLoS ONE, 15(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235590

Deng, S.-Q., & Peng, H.-J. (2020). Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to

the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Medicine,

9(2), 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020575

Dewi, S. (2014). Modul Pengantar Aplikasi Komputer (PAK 240) Prodi S1

P.Akuntansi UNY Pengampu : Annisa Ratna Sari, S.Pd 1. Pengertian Komputer,

Pak 240, 1–5.

Endra, F., Febri, B. S., & Kes, M. (2017). Pedoman Metodologi Penelitian (Statistika

Praktis). Zifatama Jawara.

Gennaro, F. Di, Pizzol, D., Marotta, C., Antunes, M., Racalbuto, V., Veronese, N., &

Smith, L. (2020). Coronavirus Diseases ( COVID-19 ) Current Status and Future

Perspectives : A Narrative Review. November 2019.

Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19. (2020). Peta Sebaran - Gugus Tugas

Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19. https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran

Gülsen, A., Yigitbas, B. A., Uslu, B., Drömann, D., & Kilinc, O. (2020). The Effect

of Smoking on COVID-19 Symptom Severity: Systematic Review and Meta-

Analysis. Pulmonary Medicine, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7590207

Hassanein, M., Radhakrishnan, Y., Sedor, J., Vachharajani, T., Vachharajani, V. T.,

Augustine, J., Demirjian, S., & Thomas, G. (2020). COVID-19 and the kidney.

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 87(10), 619–631.

https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.87a.20072
 67

Hidayat, A. A. A. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Keperawatan Dan Kesehatan. Salemba

Medika.

Izquierdo, J. L., Almonacid, C., González, Y., Rio-bermúdez, C. Del, Ancochea, J.,

Cárdenas, R., & Soriano, J. B. (2020). Early View Original article The Impact of

COVID-19 on Patients with Asthma.

Kar, S. K., Verma, N., & Saxena, S. K. (2020). Coronavirus Infection Among Children and

Adolescents. 2019, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_7

Kemenkes RI. (2020a). Kesiapan Kementrian Kesehatan RI Dalam Menghadapi

Outbreak Novel Coronavirus. Kemenkes RI, 1–26.

https://www.papdi.or.id/pdfs/817/dr Siti Nadia - Kemenkes RI.pdf

Kemenkes RI. (2020b). Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus

Disease (COVID-19). Germas, 0–115.

KEMENKES RI. (2020a). Info Corona Virus Archives - Infeksi Emerging Kementerian

Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/category/situasi-

infeksi-emerging/info-corona-virus/#.XzKQayhKjIU

KEMENKES RI. (2020b). Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease

(COVID-19) REVISI 5.

Kragholm, K., Andersen, M. P., Gerds, T. A., Butt, J. H., Østergaard, L., Polcwiartek,

C., Phelps, M., Andersson, C., Gislason, G. H., Torp-Pedersen, C., Køber, L.,

Schou, M., & Fosbøl, E. L. (2020). Association Between Male Sex and

Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—A Danish Nationwide,

Register-based Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2019(Xx), 1–6.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa924

Ladyani, F., & Kiristianingsih, A. (2019). Hubungan antara Jumlah CD4 pada pasien

yang terinfeksi HIV / AIDS dengan Infeksi Oportunistik di Rumah Sakit

 68

Umum Abdul Moeloek Bandar Lampung Tahun 2016. JK Unila, 3(1), 34–41.

Lipsky, M. S., & Hung, M. (2020). Men and COVID-19: A Pathophysiologic Review.

American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(5).

https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320954021

Miller, C., & et al. (2020). COVID-19 Evidence Update. SAHMRI, Health Translation

SA and the Commission on Excellence and Innovation in Health, May.

http://docplayer.net/186552926-Covid-19-evidence-update.html

Miller, R. (2020). Transmission and risk factors of OF COVID-19. 1–2.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737

Mirzaei, H., McFarland, W., Karamouzian, M., & Sharifi, H. (2020). COVID-19

Among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review. AIDS and Behavior,

0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02983-2

Mohamed, M. S., Moulin, T. C., & Schiöth, H. B. (2020). Sex differences in COVID-

19: the role of androgens in disease severity and progression. Endocrine.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02536-6

Moradi, F., Enjezab, B., & Ghadiri-anari, A. (2020). The role of androgens in COVID-19

Fatemeh. January.

Mueller, A. L., Mcnamara, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2020). Why does COVID-19

disproportionately affect older people? Aging, 12(10), 9959–9981.

Notoatmodjo, S. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Rineka Cipta.

Nursalam. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Keperawatan, Edisi 4. Salemba Medika.

Pan, L., & et al. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With

Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional,

Multicenter Study. The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY, 115.

https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620
 69

Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur. (2020). JATIM TANGGAP COVID-19.

http://infocovid19.jatimprov.go.id/

Pereira, M. R., & et al. (2020). COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients : Initial report

from the US epicenter. April, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15941

Poggiali, E., & et al. (2020). of Case Reports in Abdominal Pain : A Real Challenge in Novel

COVID-19 Infection. https://doi.org/10.12890/2020

Pullen, M. F., Skipper, C. P., Hullsiek, K. H., Bangdiwala, A. S., Pastick, K. A.,

Okafor, E. C., Lofgren, S. M., Rajasingham, R., Engen, N. W., Galdys, A.,

Williams, D. A., Abassi, M., & Boulware, D. R. (2020). Symptoms of COVID-

19 outpatients in the United States. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 7(7), 2–5.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa271

Putra, A. I. Y. D., Pratiwi, Made Sindy AstriYani, M. V. W., Danang, G. R.,

Gunawan, Ganesha, Ghaniy Muhammad Aminawati, Agnes Maria Aprilia

EvelynWibhawa, I. P. G. D., Aryana, & Suryawati, I. G. A. A. (2020).

Gambaran Karakteristik Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Perilaku Risiko Covid-19

Dalam Kerangka Desa Adat di Desa Gulingan, Mengwi, Bali. Jurnal Kesehatan

Andalas, 9(3), 313–319.

Shahid, Z., Kalayanamitra, R., McClafferty, B., Kepko, D., Ramgobin, D., Patel, R.,

Aggarwal, C. S., Vunnam, R., Sahu, N., Bhatt, D., Jones, K., Golamari, R., &

Jain, R. (2020). COVID-19 and Older Adults: What We Know. Journal of the

American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 926–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16472

Shi, F., & et al. (2020). 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia with

Hemoptysis as the Initial Symptom: CT and Clinical Features. Korean Journal of

Radiology, 21(5), 537–540. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0181

Shi, S. M., Bakaev, I., Chen, H., Travison, T. G., & Berry, S. D. (2020). Risk Factors,
 70

Presentation, and Course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Large, Academic

Long-Term Care Facility. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,

21(10), 1378-1383.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.027

Sukmana, M., & Yuniarti, F. A. (2020). The Pathogenesis Characteristics and

Symptom of Covid-19 in the Context of Establishing a Nursing Diagnosis.

Jurnal Kesehatan Pasak Bumi Kalimantan, 3(1), 21–28.

Sun, P., Lu, X., Xu, C., Sun, W., & Pan, B. (2020). Understanding of COVID ‐ 19 based

on current evidence. February, 548–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722

Susilo, A., Rumende, C. M., Pitoyo, C. W., Santoso, W. D., Yulianti, M., Sinto, R.,

Singh, G., Nainggolan, L., Nelwan, E. J., Khie, L., Widhani, A., Wijaya, E.,

Wicaksana, B., Maksum, M., Annisa, F., Jasirwan, O. M., Yunihastuti, E.,

Penanganan, T., New, I., … Cipto, R. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Tinjauan

Literatur Terkini Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Review of Current Literatures. 7(1), 45–67.

Tantona, M. D. (2019). Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat

Profesional, 1(November), 89–94.

http://jurnal.globalhealthsciencegroup.com/index.php/JPPP/article/download

/83/65

Tosepu, R., Effendy, D. S., Ode, L., Imran, A., & Lestari, H. (2020).

VULNERABILITY OF WEATHER ON COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN WEST

JAVA , INDONESIA. 6(4), 123–128.

Tosepu, R., Gunawan, J., Savitri, D., Ode, L., Imran, A., & Lestari, H. (2020).

Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. January.

UNICEF. (2020). Pesan dan Kegiatan Utama Pencegahan dan Pengendalian COVID-19 di

Sekolah.

WHO. (2020a). Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-

 71

topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1

WHO. (2020b). SARS-CoV-2 Variant – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland. https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-december-2020-sars-cov2-variant-

united-kingdom/en/

WHO. (2020c). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard.

https://covid19.who.int/

Widysanto, A., Wahyuni, T. D., Simanjuntak, L. H., Sunarso, S., Siahaan, S. S.,

Haryanto, H., Pandrya, C. O., Aritonang, R. C. A., Sudirman, T., Christina, N.

M., Adhiwidjaja, B., Gunawan, C., & Angela, A. (2020). Happy hypoxia in

critical COVID-19 patient: A case report in Tangerang, Indonesia. Physiological

Reports, 8(20), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14619

Xu, G., Yang, Y., Du, Y., Peng, F., Hu, P., Wang, R., Yin, M., & Li, T. (2020). Clinical

Pathway for Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 : Updates from Experience to Evidence-Based

Practice. 1.

Yuki, K., Miho Fujiogi, & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A

review. Clinical Immunology, 215(April).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427

Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. (2020). COVID-19 in Children, Pregnancy and

Neonates: A Review of Epidemiologic and Clinical Features. Pediatric Infectious

Disease Journal, 39(6), 469–477.

https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002700
 86

Lampiran 10. Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi

65