Glukokortikoid
Disusun oleh: Dibimbing oleh:
Caroline Ratnasari Sarwono - 01073190113 Dr. Sylvia Tan, Sp.KK
Cindy Permata Sari - 01073190040
Pendahuluan
Kortikosteroid
Kelas dari hormon steroid yang diproduksi oleh korteks adrenal Obat tersedia bebas dan dianggap
sebagai life-saving drug
Kortikosteroid: Efek Terapeutik: (andalan terapi dermatologis)
- Glukokortikoid - Antiinflamasi
- Mineralokortikoid - Antialergi
- Androgen - Imunosurpresif Banyak digunakan dengan dosis,
indikasi, dan durasi yang kurang tepat
Sediaan:
● Topikal
● Intralesi
● Intramuskular
● Intravena
● Oral
Sekresi Kortisol
oleh Korteks
Adrenal
01
Glukokortikoid
Sistemik
3 mekanisme kerja utama glukokortikoid:
a. Efek langsung terhadap ekspresi gen
b. Efek tidak langsung pada ekspresi gen
c. Efek yang diperantarai reseptor glukokortikoid pada kaskade sekunder
Efek Selular terhadap Glukokortikoid
Inhibisi
- Monositopenia - Peningkatan
- Eosinopenia leukosit
- Sitokin
- Limfositopenia polimorfonuklear - Fungsi tumor makrofag
Indikasi
Intralesi Intramuskular
Tujuan: Tujuan:
- Memungkinkan akses langsung ke lesi yang resisten - Mengurangi efek samping (mual, muntah,
kekhawatiran terhadap kepatuhan minum obat,
Note: ketidakmampuan mencapai akses intravena)
- Konsentrasi lebih rendah → wajah
- Keloid dan alopecia areata → long acting Kelemahan:
glukokortikoid (ex: triamcinolone diacetate, triamcinolone - Penyerapan tidak menentu
acetonide) - Kurangnya kontrol dosis harian
- Lipoatrofi dan abses steril
- Long-acting glukokortikoid → Peningkatan potensi
supresi aksis HPA (efek bisa bertahan hingga 3
minggu)
Cara Pemberian Glukokortikoid Sistemik
Intravena Oral
Osteoporosis
- Terjadi pada 40% orang dengan glukokortikoid jangka panjang
- Dosis rendah prednison (2.5mg per hari) mempengaruhi
tulang dan meningkatkan patah tulang belakang dan pinggul
Avaskular Nekrosis
Gejala Klinis:
- Nyeri dan keterbatasan gerak pada satu/lebih sendi
- Evaluasi: secara teratur menanyakan pasien mengenai nyeri
dan keterbatasan gerak sendi
Penyakit Kardiovaskular
- Peningkatan risiko penyakit jantung iskemik dan gagal
jantung
- Tekanan darah, diet, lipid serum, dan kadar glukosa harus
diukur secara serial
Hiperkortisolisme
● Hipertensi
● Peningkatan aterosklerosis
● Perubahan struktural
○ Hipertrofi ventrikel
○ Fibrosis myokard
● Perubahan elektrokardiografi
Efek Samping
Gastrointestinal
- Peningkatan risiko ulkus peptikum dan perdarahan gastrointestinal → pada pasien
yang menggunakan kombinasi glukokortikoid dan antiinflamasi nonsteroid
- Profilaksis: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) → omeprazole 20mg PO
Efek Samping
● Letargi, kelemahan
● Mual
● Nafsu makan menurun
● Demam
● Hipotensi ortostatik
● Hipoglikemia
● Penurunan BB
Efek Samping
Efek Psikiatri
● Perubahan mood & kognitif, gangguan tidur
○ Wanita → depresi
○ Laki-laki → mania
● Insiden kejadian neuropsikiatri tertinggi dalam 3 bulan terapi
● Peningkatan risiko psikosis steroid → Dosis prednison >
80mg/hari
Efek Samping
Sindrom Cushing
● Moon face
● Buffalo hump
● Penebalan lemak supraklavikula
● Obesitas sentral
● Striae atrofise
● Purpura
● Dermatosis akneiformis
● Hirsutisme
Efek Samping dan Tindakan Pencegahan
Hipertensi Monitor tekanan darah dasar secara berkala
Abnormalitas metabolik Cek serum elektrolit, glukosa darah, dan lemak darah diulang segera setelah
memulai terapi glukokortikoid kemudian diulangi setiap tahunnya.
Apabila memiliki faktor risiko seperti diabetes dan hiperlipidemia, dianjurkan untuk
melakukan monitoring lebih sering.
Ulkus Peptikum Pada pasien dengan terapi obat antiinflamasi non-steroid bersamaan, mulai
profilaksis dengan Proton Pump Inhibitor.
Supresi Aksis Konsiderasi untuk pemberian dosis tunggal di pagi hari, sebaiknya setiap dua hari
Hipotalamus-Hipofisis-Adrenal (HPA) sekali
Moon Face dan Buffalo Hump Tapering off dosis glukokortikoid. Namun apabila glukokortikoid masih diperlukan,
perlu dikonsultasikan ke dokter spesialis untuk diberikan dosis terendah yang
efektif
Striae Distansae Penggunakan asam hyaluronat topical untuk meningkatkan produksi kolagen.
- Diet rendah kalori, lemak, dan natrium
- Diet tinggi protein, kalium, dan kalsium
Pola Makan - Minimalisir konsumsi kopi, alkohol, dan nikotin
- Olahraga rutin
Vaksin hidup tidak boleh diberikan setidaknya 1 bulan setelah menerima glukokortikoid dosis tinggi >
20mg/hari selama > 2 minggu
Pasien yang menerima terapi glukokortikoid setiap hari selama 3-4 minggu → diasumsikan supresi adrenal →
pengurangan dosis glukokortikoid
Algoritma tapering
- Menguji aksis HPA
Supresi Adrenal Selama masa tapering off atau dalam 1 tahun setelah pemberhentian terapi glukokortikoid → stres akibat
trauma, pemedahan, diare, ataupun demam → memicu insufisiensi adrenal → perlu dipertimbangkan
pemberian glukokortikoid dosis tinggi dalam dosis terbagi
Edukasi pasien mengenai perlindungan stres + memakan gelang / kartu yang menunjukkan mereka
menerima glukokortikoid
02
Mekanisme Kerja
01 03
Antiinflamasi Antiproliferasi
Menghambat pelepasan: Menghambat sintesis dan mitosis DNA
fosfolipase A2, faktor transkripsi, lipokortin,
p11/calpactin-binding protein, IL-1α
02 04
Imunosupresi Vasokonstriksi
Menekan efek faktor humoral Menghambat vasodilator
Daftar Potensi Kortikosteroid
Farmakokinetik
● Usia
● Cakupan dan lokasi luas permukaan tubuh
● Peradangan
● Faktor obat: konsentrasi, durasi, sarana, karakteristik intrinsik agen
Tachyphylaxis
menurunnya respon kulit terhadap terapi glukokortikoid karena pemberian obat jangka panjang dan
berulang-ulang
Efek Samping
Terapi Glukokortikoid
Efek Samping
PRINSIP DASAR
● Dosis tepat
● Waktu yang singkat
● Longterm → tapering off
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